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Coyle JP, Johnson C, Jensen J, Farcas M, Derk R, Stueckle TA, Kornberg TG, Rojanasakul Y, Rojanasakul LW. Variation in pentose phosphate pathway-associated metabolism dictates cytotoxicity outcomes determined by tetrazolium reduction assays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8220. [PMID: 37217524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrazolium reduction and resazurin assays are the mainstay of routine in vitro toxicity batteries. However, potentially erroneous characterization of cytotoxicity and cell proliferation can arise if verification of baseline interaction of test article with method employed is neglected. The current investigation aimed to demonstrate how interpretation of results from several standard cytotoxicity and proliferation assays vary in dependence on contributions from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Non-tumorigenic Beas-2B cells were treated with graded concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 24 and 48 h prior to cytotoxicity and proliferation assessment with commonly used MTT, MTS, WST1, and Alamar Blue assays. B[a]P caused enhanced metabolism of each dye assessed despite reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential and was reversed by 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN)-a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. These results demonstrate differential sensitivity of standard cytotoxicity assessments on the PPP, thus (1) decoupling "mitochondrial activity" as an interpretation of cellular formazan and Alamar Blue metabolism, and (2) demonstrating the implicit requirement for investigators to sufficiently verify interaction of these methods in routine cytotoxicity and proliferation characterization. The nuances of method-specific extramitochondrial metabolism must be scrutinized to properly qualify specific endpoints employed, particularly under the circumstances of metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme P Coyle
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Caroline Johnson
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jake Jensen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariana Farcas
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kornberg
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Liying W Rojanasakul
- HELD/ACIB, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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2
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Pecchillo Cimmino T, Ammendola R, Cattaneo F, Esposito G. NOX Dependent ROS Generation and Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032086. [PMID: 36768405 PMCID: PMC9916913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a group of high reactive molecules with dualistic natures since they can induce cytotoxicity or regulate cellular physiology. Among the ROS, the superoxide anion radical (O2·-) is a key redox signaling molecule prominently generated by the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme family and by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Notably, altered redox balance and deregulated redox signaling are recognized hallmarks of cancer and are involved in malignant progression and resistance to drugs treatment. Since oxidative stress and metabolism of cancer cells are strictly intertwined, in this review, we focus on the emerging roles of NOX enzymes as important modulators of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. The NOX family includes seven isoforms with different activation mechanisms, widely expressed in several tissues. In particular, we dissect the contribute of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 enzymes in the modulation of cellular metabolism and highlight their potential role as a new therapeutic target for tumor metabolism rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pecchillo Cimmino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Ammendola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (G.E.)
| | - Gabriella Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore S.c.a.r.l., 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (G.E.)
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Saneyasu T, Nakamura T, Honda K, Kamisoyama H. IGF-1 knockdown inhibits phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in chicken embryonic myotubes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 65:101478. [PMID: 35717687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether auto/paracrine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) contributes to the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in chicken myotubes. METHODS Chicken myotubes were treated with IGF-1 siRNA, and then total RNA and protein were harvested for real-time PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Treatment with IGF-1 siRNA inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, but not of ribosomal protein S6, in chicken myotubes. Interestingly, IGF-1 siRNA downregulated the expression of IGF-2. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that auto/paracrine IGF-1 contributes to Akt and ERK phosphorylation in chicken myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaoki Saneyasu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamisoyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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4
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Kong L, Sun Y, Sun H, Zhang AH, Zhang B, Ge N, Wang XJ. Chinmedomics Strategy for Elucidating the Pharmacological Effects and Discovering Bioactive Compounds From Keluoxin Against Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:728256. [PMID: 35431942 PMCID: PMC9008273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.728256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Keluoxin (KLX) is an active agent in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, its mechanism, targets, and effective constituents against DR are still unclear, which seriously restricts its clinical application. Chinmedomics has the promise of explaining the pharmacological effects of herbal medicines and investigating the effective mechanisms. The research results from electroretinography and electron microscope showed that KLX could reduce retinal dysfunction and pathological changes by the DR mouse model. Based on effectiveness, we discovered 64 blood biomarkers of DR by nontargeted metabolomics analysis, 51 of which returned to average levels after KLX treatment including leukotriene D4 and A4, l-tryptophan, 6-hydroxymelatonin, l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The metabolic pathways involved were phenylalanine metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, etc. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and protein 70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) might be potential targets of KLX against DR. This was related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and AMPK signaling pathways. We applied the chinmedomics strategy, integrating serum pharm-chemistry of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with metabolomics, to discover astragaloside IV (AS-IV), emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and other compounds, which were the core effective constituents of KLX when against DR. Our study was the first to apply the chinmedomics strategy to discover the effective constituents of KLX in the treatment of DR, which fills the gap of unclear effective constituents of KLX. In the next step, the research of effective constituents can be used to optimize prescription preparation, improve the quality standard, and develop an innovative drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xi-jun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Functional Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Wang M, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu H. Total Glucosides of Peony Protect Cardiomyocytes against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Reversing Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6632413. [PMID: 33354278 PMCID: PMC7735829 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6632413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Total glucosides of peony (TGP) are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. We explored the protective effects of TGP on cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and inflammation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by focusing on mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics. Our study demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide significantly repressed cardiomyocyte viability and promoted cell apoptosis through induction of the mitochondrial death pathway. TGP treatment sustained cardiomyocyte viability, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. Molecular investigation indicated that hydrogen peroxide caused mitochondrial dynamics disruption and bioenergetics reduction in cardiomyocytes, but this alteration could be normalized by TGP. We found that disruption of mitochondrial dynamics abolished the regulatory effects of TGP on mitochondrial bioenergetics; TGP modulated mitochondrial dynamics through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway; and inhibition of AMPK alleviated the protective effects of TGP on mitochondria. Our results showed that TGP treatment reduces cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and inflammation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by correcting mitochondrial dynamics and enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics. Additionally, the regulatory effects of TGP on mitochondrial function seem to be mediated through the AMPK pathway. These findings are promising for myocardial injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Tianjin First Central hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 exacerbates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury through disrupting mitochondrial quality control. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101777. [PMID: 33166869 PMCID: PMC7658715 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The death of cardiomyocytes either through apoptosis or necroptosis is the pathological feature of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5), a mitochondrially-localized serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, functions as a novel inducer of necroptosis. However, intense debate exists regarding the effect of PGAM5 on I/R-related cardiomyocyte death. Using cardiac-specific PGAM5 knockout (PGAM5CKO) mice, we comprehensively investigated the precise contribution and molecular mechanism of PGAM5 in cardiomyocyte death. Our data showed that both PGAM5 transcription and expression were upregulated in reperfused myocardium. Genetic ablation of PGAM5 suppressed I/R-mediated necroptosis but failed to prevent apoptosis activation, a result that went along with improved heart function and decreased inflammation response. Regardless of PGAM5 status, mitophagy-related cell death was not apparent following I/R. Under physiological conditions, PGAM5 overexpression in primary cardiomyocytes was sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte necroptosis rather than apoptosis. At the sub-cellular levels, PGAM5 deficiency increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and transcript levels, normalized mitochondrial respiration, repressed mitochondrial ROS production, and prevented abnormal mPTP opening upon I/R. Molecular investigation demonstrated that PGAM5 deletion interrupted I/R-mediated DrpS637 dephosphorylation but failed to abolish I/R-induce Drp1S616 phosphorylation, resulting in partial inhibition of mitochondrial fission. In addition, declining Mfn2 and OPA1 levels were restored in PGAM5CKO cardiomyocytes following I/R. Nevertheless, PGAM5 depletion did not rescue suppressed mitophagy upon I/R injury. In conclusion, our results provide an insight into the specific role and working mechanism of PGAM5 in driving cardiomyocyte necroptosis through imposing mitochondrial quality control in cardiac I/R injury.
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Bin J, Bai T, Zhao Q, Duan X, Deng S, Xu Y. Parkin overexpression reduces inflammation-mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis through activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:451-456. [PMID: 33012239 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1825488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been acknowledged as one of the pathological alterations in various cardiovascular disorders. Parkin has been found to be associated with mitochondrial protection. In the present study, we explored the influence of Parkin overexpression on cardiomyocyte induced by LPS-mediated inflammation response. Our results demonstrated that cardiomyocyte viability was reduced and apoptotic rate was increased upon LPS treatment, an effect that may be caused by cardiomyocyte oxidative stress. At the molecular levels, LPS treatment promoted ROS production, a result that was followed by a drop in the levels of anti-oxidants. Interestingly, Parkin overexpression significantly promoted cardiomyocyte survival and this cardioprotective was attributable to the anti-oxidative property. Parkin overexpression enhanced the expression of anti-oxidative factors such as GSH, SOD and GPX, resulting into depressed ROS production. Further, we found that Parkin modulated cellular anti-oxidative capacity through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. This finding demonstrates that oxidative stress could be considered as the core of inflammation response. Further, therapeutic approaches targeting Parkin would improve cardiomyocyte anti-oxidative capacity through activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Bin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Taizhu Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Qingxi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Suxin Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
| | - Yunjun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hengyang Hospital, Southern Medical University (Hengyang Central Hospital), Hengyang, China
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Eccardt AM, Pelzel RJ, Mattathil L, Moon YA, Mannino MH, Janowiak BE, Fisher JS. A peroxidase mimetic protects skeletal muscle cells from peroxide challenge and stimulates insulin signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1214-C1225. [PMID: 32348172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide have been implicated in causing metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. Heme groups, either by themselves or when incorporated into proteins, have been shown to scavenge peroxide and demonstrate protective effects in various cell types. Thus, we hypothesized that a metalloporphyrin similar in structure to heme, Fe(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin (FeTBAP), would be a peroxidase mimetic that could defend cells against oxidative stress. After demonstrating that FeTBAP has peroxidase activity with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and NADH as reducing substrates, we determined that FeTBAP partially rescued C2C12 myotubes from peroxide-induced insulin resistance as measured by phosphorylation of AKT (S473) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1, Y612). Furthermore, we found that FeTBAP stimulates insulin signaling in myotubes and mouse soleus skeletal muscle to about the same level as insulin for phosphorylation of AKT, IRS-1, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (S9). We found that FeTBAP lowers intracellular peroxide levels and protects against carbonyl formation in myotubes exposed to peroxide. Additionally, we found that FeTBAP stimulates glucose transport in myotubes and skeletal muscle to about the same level as insulin. We conclude that a peroxidase mimetic can blunt peroxide-induced insulin resistance and also stimulate insulin signaling and glucose transport, suggesting a possible role of peroxidase activity in regulation of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Eccardt
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ross J Pelzel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lyn Mattathil
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yerin A Moon
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark H Mannino
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Kaneko M, Ishikawa M, Ishihara K, Nakanishi S. Cell-Membrane Permeable Redox Phospholipid Polymers Induce Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4447-4456. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kaneko
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahito Ishikawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakanishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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