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Zhou X, Chen H, Huang D, Guan G, Ma X, Cai W, Liao J, Guan T. Reduced expression of cathepsin F predicts poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13556. [PMID: 38866930 PMCID: PMC11169360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in the regulation and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The cysteine cathepsin is one of the major proteases involved in ECM remodeling and has been shown to be aberrantly expressed in multiple cancer types. However, the clinical significance and biological function of distinct cysteine cathepsins in ccRCC remain poorly understood. In this study, several bioinformatics databases, including UALCAN, TIMER, GEPIA and the Human Protein Atlas datasets, were used to analyze the expression and prognostic value of different cysteine cathepsin family members in ccRCC. We found that the expression level of CTSF was downregulated in tumor tissues and closely related to the poor survival of ccRCC patients. Further in vitro experiments suggested that CTSF overexpression suppressed the proliferation and migration of ccRCC cells. Moreover, the expression of CTSF was shown to be associated with several immune-infiltrating cells and immunomodulators in ccRCC. These results indicated that CTSF might be a promising diagnostic and prognostic marker in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Huayan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Guixian Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heyuan People's Hospital, Heyuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524001, China.
| | - Jing Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524001, China.
| | - Tangming Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524001, China.
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2
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Voronina MV, Frolova AS, Kolesova EP, Kuldyushev NA, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. The Intricate Balance between Life and Death: ROS, Cathepsins, and Their Interplay in Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4087. [PMID: 38612897 PMCID: PMC11012956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular survival hinges on a delicate balance between accumulating damages and repair mechanisms. In this intricate equilibrium, oxidants, currently considered physiological molecules, can compromise vital cellular components, ultimately triggering cell death. On the other hand, cells possess countermeasures, such as autophagy, which degrades and recycles damaged molecules and organelles, restoring homeostasis. Lysosomes and their enzymatic arsenal, including cathepsins, play critical roles in this balance, influencing the cell's fate toward either apoptosis and other mechanisms of regulated cell death or autophagy. However, the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cathepsins in these life-or-death pathways transcends a simple cause-and-effect relationship. These elements directly and indirectly influence each other's activities, creating a complex web of interactions. This review delves into the inner workings of regulated cell death and autophagy, highlighting the pivotal role of ROS and cathepsins in these pathways and their intricate interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya V. Voronina
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasia S. Frolova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kolesova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikita A. Kuldyushev
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Koch I, Slovik M, Zhang Y, Liu B, Rennie M, Konz E, Cogne B, Daana M, Davids L, Diets IJ, Gold NB, Holtz AM, Isidor B, Mor-Shaked H, Neira Fresneda J, Niederhoffer KY, Nizon M, Pfundt R, Simon M, Stegmann A, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Wevers M, Barakat TS, Yanovsky-Dagan S, Atanassov BS, Toth R, Gao C, Bustos F, Harel T. USP27X variants underlying X-linked intellectual disability disrupt protein function via distinct mechanisms. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302258. [PMID: 38182161 PMCID: PMC10770416 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders with intellectual disability (ND/ID) are a heterogeneous group of diseases driving lifelong deficits in cognition and behavior with no definitive cure. X-linked intellectual disability disorder 105 (XLID105, #300984; OMIM) is a ND/ID driven by hemizygous variants in the USP27X gene encoding a protein deubiquitylase with a role in cell proliferation and neural development. Currently, only four genetically diagnosed individuals from two unrelated families have been described with limited clinical data. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the disorder are unknown. Here, we report 10 new XLID105 individuals from nine families and determine the impact of gene variants on USP27X protein function. Using a combination of clinical genetics, bioinformatics, biochemical, and cell biology approaches, we determined that XLID105 variants alter USP27X protein biology via distinct mechanisms including changes in developmentally relevant protein-protein interactions and deubiquitylating activity. Our data better define the phenotypic spectrum of XLID105 and suggest that XLID105 is driven by USP27X functional disruption. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of XLID105 variants will provide molecular insight into USP27X biology and may create the potential for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intisar Koch
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Maya Slovik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- https://ror.org/01cqmqj90 Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuling Zhang
- https://ror.org/0207yh398 Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- https://ror.org/0207yh398 Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Martin Rennie
- https://ror.org/00vtgdb53 School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emily Konz
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Benjamin Cogne
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Muhannad Daana
- Child Development Centers, Clalit Health Care Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Laura Davids
- Department of Neurosciences, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Illja J Diets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nina B Gold
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
- https://ror.org/03wevmz92 Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander M Holtz
- https://ror.org/03wevmz92 Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- https://ror.org/01cqmqj90 Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juanita Neira Fresneda
- https://ror.org/03czfpz43 Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Y Niederhoffer
- https://ror.org/0160cpw27 Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Meh Simon
- https://ror.org/0575yy874 Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Apa Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marijke Wevers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Discovery Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shira Yanovsky-Dagan
- https://ror.org/01cqmqj90 Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boyko S Atanassov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- https://ror.org/0207yh398 Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Francisco Bustos
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Tamar Harel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- https://ror.org/01cqmqj90 Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Xing Y, Ba-Tu J, Dong C, Cao X, Li B, Jia X, Juan Y, Lv X, Zhang H, Qin N, Han W, Wang D, Qi X, Wang Y, Hao X, Zhang S, Du X, Wang H, Wang M. Phosphorylation of USP27X by GSK3β maintains the stability and oncogenic functions of CBX2. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:782. [PMID: 38030604 PMCID: PMC10687032 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromobox protein homolog 2 (CBX2) exerts a multifaceted impact on the progression of aggressive cancers. The proteasome-dependent pathway is crucial for modulating CBX2 regulation, while the specific regulatory roles and mechanisms of deubiquitinating enzymes targeting CBX2 remain poorly understood. Mass spectrometry analysis identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 27X (USP27X) as a deubiquitinating enzyme that targets CBX2. Overexpression of USP27X significantly enhances CBX2 levels by promoting deubiquitination, while deficiency of USP27X leads to CBX2 degradation, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis. Furthermore, it has been revealed that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) can directly bind to and phosphorylate USP27X, thereby enhancing the interaction between USP27X and CBX2 and leading to further stabilization of the CBX2 protein. Clinically, the co-expression of high levels of USP27X and CBX2 in breast cancer tissues is indicative of a poor prognosis for patients with this disease. These findings collectively underscore the critical regulatory role played by USP27X in modulating CBX2, thereby establishing the GSK3β-USP27X-CBX2 axis as a pivotal driver of malignant progression in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jirimu Ba-Tu
- Medical Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chongyang Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yu Juan
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaojie Lv
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Na Qin
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wuri Han
- College of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xulu Hao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
- The Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Huanyun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Minjie Wang
- Medical Experimental Center of Basic Medical School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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5
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Li Y, Zhu J, Yu Z, Zhai F, Li H, Jin X. Regulation of apoptosis by ubiquitination in liver cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:4832-4871. [PMID: 37970337 PMCID: PMC10636691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process critical to cell development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Defective apoptosis is a crucial step in the malignant transformation of cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where the apoptosis rate is higher than in normal liver tissues. Ubiquitination, a post-translational modification process, plays a precise role in regulating the formation and function of different death-signaling complexes, including those involved in apoptosis. Aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) in liver cancer (LC), such as cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs), X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), and linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), can contribute to HCC development by promoting cell survival and inhibiting apoptosis. Therefore, the review introduces the main apoptosis pathways and the regulation of proteins in these pathways by E3s and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). It summarizes the abnormal expression of these regulators in HCC and their effects on cancer inhibition or promotion. Understanding the role of ubiquitination in apoptosis and LC can provide insights into potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zongdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fengguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Lee TG, Woo SM, Seo SU, Kim S, Park JW, Chang YC, Kwon TK. Inhibition of USP2 Enhances TRAIL-Mediated Cancer Cell Death through Downregulation of Survivin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12816. [PMID: 37628997 PMCID: PMC10454696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 2 (USP2) is a deubiquitinase belonging to the USPs subfamily. USP2 has been known to display various biological effects including tumorigenesis and inflammation. Therefore, we aimed to examine the sensitization effect of USP2 in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. The pharmacological inhibitor (ML364) and siRNA targeting USP2 enhanced TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cancer cell death, but not normal cells. Mechanistically, USP2 interacted with survivin, and ML364 degraded survivin protein expression by increasing the ubiquitination of survivin. Overexpression of survivin or USP2 significantly prevented apoptosis through cotreatment with ML364 and TRAIL, whereas a knockdown of USP2 increased sensitivity to TRAIL. Taken together, our data suggested that ML364 ubiquitylates and degrades survivin, thereby increasing the reactivity to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Gyeom Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.G.L.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.K.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.G.L.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.K.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.G.L.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.K.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.G.L.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.K.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jong-Wook Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.G.L.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.K.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.G.L.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.K.); (J.-W.P.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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7
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Mou J, Zheng W, Wei D, Li D, Fan R, Tang Q. CD200-CD200R affects cisplatin and paclitaxel sensitivity by regulating cathepsin K-mediated p65 NF-κB signaling in cervical cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19220. [PMID: 37654464 PMCID: PMC10465862 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD200-CD200R plays a critical role in regulating the human tumor microenvironment, but its role in cervical cancer remains unclear. Methods A total of 62 paraffin blocks of tumor tissues were collected from cervical cancer patients. Expression of CD200 and cathepsin K (CTSK) in cancer tissues and para-cancerous tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Stably transfected CD200 cells were established in HeLa and SiHa cells. Human THP-1 monocytes were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages. HeLa and SiHa cells were cultured in conditioned medium from M2 macrophages to observe the effects of CD200-CD200R on invasion, CTSK, p65NF-κB, and cisplatin or paclitaxel sensitivity in cervical cancer cells. HeLa cells were injected to induce xenograft tumors in mice, and a CTSK inhibitor, MK-0822, was used to confirm the regulation of CTSK and paclitaxel sensitivity by CD200-CD200R in vivo. Results A significant decrease in CD200 and CTSK expression was found in tumor cancer tissues compared with para-cancerous tissues. Only CD200 overexpression did not affect cervical cell invasion, but CD200-CD200R could enhance the cell invasion and resistance to cisplatin or paclitaxel. Meanwhile, expression of CTSK and p-p65NF-κB in cancer cells stably transfected with CD200 was obviously increased after culture in conditioned medium from M2 macrophages compared with transfection with the plasmid control. In vivo, CTSK inhibition significantly suppressed the effects of CD200-CD200R overexpression on the response to paclitaxel by suppressing the CTSK-mediated NF-κB pathway. Conclusions CD200-CD200R regulates CTSK-mediated NF-κB pathway to affect cisplatin or paclitaxel sensitivity in cervical cancer, which provides a possible immunotherapeutic target and combination strategy for advanced cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Mou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Dalei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, 264000, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Yantai Raphael Biotechnology Co.,Ltd, 264200, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, 264000, China
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8
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Kwon TK. Cathepsin K inhibition induces Raptor destabilization and mitochondrial dysfunction via Syk/SHP2/Src/OTUB1 axis-mediated signaling. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:366. [PMID: 37330581 PMCID: PMC10276854 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Raptor signaling pathway is a critical point of intervention in the invasion and progression of cancer. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src-mediated phosphorylation of OTUB1-Y26 plays a critical role in Raptor stabilization, whereas cathepsin K inhibitor (odanacatib; ODN) and knockdown (siRNA) induce Raptor destabilization. However, the mechanisms involved in cathepsin K inhibition-induced OTUB1-Y26 phosphorylation in Raptor stabilization have not been yet elucidated. This study showed that cathepsin K inhibition activates SHP2, a tyrosine phosphatase, that dephosphorylates OTUB1 and destabilizes Raptor, whereas SHP2 deletion and pharmacological inhibition increase OTUB1-Y26 phosphorylation and Raptor expression. SHP2 deletion also led to the inhibition of ODN-induced mitochondrial ROS, fusion, and dysfunction. Furthermore, cathepsin K inhibition phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) at Y525 and Y526, resulting in the SHP2-mediated dephosphorylation of OTUB1-Y26. Collectively, our findings identified Syk not only as an upstream tyrosine kinase required for SHP2 activation but also showed a critical mechanism that regulates ODN-induced Raptor downregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, Syk/SHP2/Src/OTUB1 axis-mediated signaling can act as a therapeutic target in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang B, Cui L, Hu Q, Hu B, Cao K, Shan W, Shi H, Wang R. Cathepsin K promotes the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through induction of SIAH1 ubiquitination and degradation. iScience 2023; 26:106852. [PMID: 37250786 PMCID: PMC10209540 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven in absentia homolog 1 (SIAH1) was reported to be downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and played an important role in HCC progression; however, the underlying reason remains unknown. Here, we found that Cathepsin K (CTSK), a protein potentially interacting with SIAH1, inhibits SIAH1 protein level. CTSK was highly expressed in HCC tissues. CTSK inhibition or downregulation suppressed HCC cell proliferation, whereas CTSK overexpression had the opposite effect; it promotes HCC cell proliferation by regulating the SIAH1/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, wherein promotes SIAH1 ubiquitination. Neural precursor cells expressing developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) was found to be a potential upstream ubiquitin ligase of SIAH1. Further, CTSK could mediate SIAH1 ubiquitination and degradation by increasing SIAH1 autoubiquitination and recruiting NEDD4 to ubiquitinate SIAH1. Finally, the roles of CTSK were confirmed in a xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, oncogenic CTSK was upregulated in human HCC tissues and accelerated HCC cell proliferation by downregulating SIAH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Licheng Cui
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghe Hu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuan Cao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wengang Shan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengliang Shi
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renhao Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Elhendawy HA, Soliman S. Clinicopathological correlation of Cathepsin K expression in salivary gland carcinomas; relation to patients` outcome. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:66. [PMID: 37198626 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) represent various groups of tumors that demonstrate marked diversity in their prognosis owing to different histology and clinical characteristics. One of the poor prognostic indicators is distant metastasis which is considered the major reason for death in SGC patients. Discovering new biomarkers is urgently required to aid in the detection of cancer onset and progression. Cathepsin K (CTSK), the lysosomal cysteine protease has a principal role in cancer invasion and progression through interaction with the tumor microenvironment, degradation of extracellular membrane proteins and destruction of the elastic lamina of blood vessels. In the English literature, little information was present about the role of CTSK in SGCs. The current study aimed to assess the immunohistochemical expression of CTSK in SGCs and correlate its expression to different clinicopathologic parameters. METHODS The retrospective study applied to 45 cases of SGCs categorized as high-grade (33 cases) and low-grade SGCs (12 cases) following the criteria of WHO classification (2017) of head and neck tumors. All patients` clinicopathological and follow-up records were retrieved. The following statistical tests were used to study the variance of CTSK expression in SGCs concerning different clinicopathological parameters; Pearson`s Chi-square test, unpaired two-tailed student t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Post Hoc tests. Disease-free survival (DFS) and Overall survival (OS) were calculated and displayed with the Kaplan-Meier strategy and analyzed with the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed with Cox regression. A P-value lesser than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Strong CTSK expression was significantly related to high-grade SGCs (P = 0.000), large infiltrating carcinomas (P = 0.000), presence of nodal (P = 0.041) and distant metastasis (P = 0.009), advanced TNM clinical stage (P = 0.000), the incidence of recurrence (P = 0.009), and reduced DFS (P = 0.006). Distant metastasis was the independent predictor for DFS using Cox regression model. CONCLUSIONS CTSK has a great role in cancer progression by triggering many signaling pathways. Its level in cancerous tissue is considered an effective index for predicting the severity and prognosis of cancer. Therefore, we indicate its utility as a prognostic tool and therapeutic target for cancer treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Ahmed Elhendawy
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samar Soliman
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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11
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Kim MW, Lee EW, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Phosphorylation of OTUB1 at Tyr 26 stabilizes the mTORC1 component, Raptor. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:82-93. [PMID: 35927303 PMCID: PMC9883261 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Raptor plays a critical role in mTORC1 signaling. High expression of Raptor is associated with resistance of cancer cells to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Here, we found that OTUB1-stabilized Raptor in a non-canonical manner. Using biochemical assays, we found that the tyrosine 26 residue (Y26) of OTUB1 played a critical role in the interaction between OTUB1 and Raptor. Furthermore, non-receptor tyrosine kinases (Src and SRMS kinases) induced phosphorylation of OTUB1 at Y26, which stabilized Raptor. Interestingly, phosphorylation of OTUB1 at Y26 did not affect the stability of other OTUB1-targeted substrates. However, dephosphorylation of OTUB1 destabilized Raptor and sensitized cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, we detected high levels of phospho-OTUB1 and Raptor in samples of patients with renal clear carcinoma. Our results suggested that regulation of OTUB1 phosphorylation may be an effective and selective therapeutic target for treating cancers via down-regulation of Raptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Min Wook Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, 41061, South Korea.
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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12
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA. Combined effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes and cadmium on human lung cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87844-87857. [PMID: 35821329 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Co-exposure of widely used single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and ubiquitous cadmium (Cd) to humans through ambient air is unavoidable. Studies on joint toxicity of SWCNTs and Cd in human cells are scarce. We aimed to investigate the joint effects of SWCNTs and Cd in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Results showed that SWCNTs were safe while Cd induce significant toxicity to A549 cells. Remarkably, Cd-induced cell viability reduction, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, cell cycle arrest, dysregulation of apoptotic gene (p53, bax, bcl-2, casp3, and casp9), and mitochondrial membrane potential depletion were significantly mitigated following SWCNTs co-exposure. Cd-induced intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxidation were significantly attenuated by SWCNT co-exposure. Moreover, glutathione depletion and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes after Cd exposure were also effectively abrogated by co-exposure of SWCNTs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry study indicated that higher adsorption of Cd on SCWNTs might decreased cellular uptake and the toxic potential of Cd in A549 cells. Our work warranted further research to explore the potential mechanism of joint effects of SWCNTs and Cd at in vivo levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Woo SM, Kim S, Seo SU, Kim S, Park JW, Kim G, Choi YR, Hur K, Kwon TK. Inhibition of USP1 enhances anticancer drugs-induced cancer cell death through downregulation of survivin and miR-216a-5p-mediated upregulation of DR5. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:821. [PMID: 36153316 PMCID: PMC9509337 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1) is a deubiquitinase involved in DNA damage repair by modulating the ubiquitination of major regulators, such as PCNA and FANCD2. Because USP1 is highly expressed in many cancers, dysregulation of USP1 contributes to cancer therapy. However, the role of USP1 and the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy remain unclear. In this study, we found high USP1 expression in tumor tissues and that it correlated with poor prognosis in RCC. Mechanistically, USP1 enhanced survivin stabilization by removing ubiquitin. Pharmacological inhibitors (ML23 and pimozide) and siRNA targeting USP1 induced downregulation of survivin expression. In addition, ML323 upregulated DR5 expression by decreasing miR-216a-5p expression at the post-transcriptional level, and miR-216a-5p mimics suppressed the upregulation of DR5 by ML323. Inhibition of USP1 sensitized cancer cells. Overexpression of survivin or knockdown of DR5 markedly prevented the co-treatment with ML323 and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results of in vitro were proved in a mouse xenograft model, in which combined treatment significantly reduced tumor size and induced survivin downregulation and DR5 upregulation. Furthermore, USP1 and survivin protein expression showed a positive correlation, whereas miR-216a-5p and DR5 were inversely correlated in RCC tumor tissues. Taken together, our results suggest two target substrates of USP1 and demonstrate the involvement of survivin and DR5 in USP1-targeted chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Woo
- grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Seok Kim
- grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Seung Un Seo
- grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Park
- grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Gyeonghwa Kim
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Yu-Ra Choi
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Keun Hur
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea ,grid.412091.f0000 0001 0669 3109Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
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Cathepsin K: A Versatile Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Various Cancers. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:5963-5987. [PMID: 36005209 PMCID: PMC9406569 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a common malignant disease, is one of the predominant causes of diseases that lead to death. Additionally, cancer is often detected in advanced stages and cannot be radically cured. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and easily detectable markers to identify and monitor cancer onset and progression as early as possible. Our aim was to systematically review the relevant roles of cathepsin K (CTSK) in various possible cancers in existing studies. CTSK, a well-known key enzyme in the bone resorption process and most studied for its roles in the effective degradation of the bone extracellular matrix, is expressed in various organs. Nowadays, CTSK has been involved in various cancers such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, bone cancer, renal carcinoma, lung cancer and other cancers. In addition, CTSK can promote tumor cells proliferation, invasion and migration, and its mechanism may be related to RANK/RANKL, TGF-β, mTOR and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Clinically, some progress has been made with the use of cathepsin K inhibitors in the treatment of certain cancers. This paper reviewed our current understanding of the possible roles of CTSK in various cancers and discussed its potential as a biomarker and/or novel molecular target for various cancers.
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15
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Lee SG, Kim MY, Lee HS, Choi YH, Kim SH, Chang YC, Min KJ, Kwon TK. BAP1 phosphorylation-mediated Sp1 stabilization plays a critical role in cathepsin K inhibition-induced C-terminal p53-dependent Bax upregulation. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102336. [PMID: 35584569 PMCID: PMC9117696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K inhibitor (odanacatib; ODN) and cathepsin K knockdown (siRNA) enhance oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis through p53-dependent Bax upregulation. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism behind enhancement of oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis by ODN. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms of ODN-induced Bax upregulation. Here, we demonstrated that ODN-induced Bax upregulation required p53, but it was independent of p53 transcriptional activity. Various mutants of the DNA-binding domain of p53 induced Bax upregulation in ODN-treated cells. p53 functional domain analysis showed that the C-terminal domain of p53 participates in the physical interaction and stabilization of Sp1, a major transcription factor of Bax. We screened a specific siRNA encoding 50 deubiquitinases and identified that BAP1 stabilizes Sp1. The knockdown or catalytic mutant form of BAP1 abolished the ODN-induced upregulation of Sp1 and Bax expression. Mechanistically, ODN induced BAP1 phosphorylation and enhanced Sp1-BAP1 interaction, resulting in Sp1 ubiquitination and degradation. Interestingly, ODN-induced BAP1 phosphorylation and DNA damage were modulated by the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial ROS scavengers prevented DNA damage, BAP1-mediated Sp1 stabilization, and Bax upregulation by ODN. BAP1 downregulation by siRNA inhibited apoptosis induced by the combined treatment of ODN and oxaliplatin/etoposide. Therefore, Sp1 is a crucial transcription factor for ODN-induced Bax upregulation, and Sp1 stabilization is regulated by BAP1. Odanacatib (ODN) enhances oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis by upregulating Bax. ODN-mediated Bax upregulation is independent of p53 transcriptional activity. C-terminal domain of p53 induces Sp1 stabilization linked to BAP1 phosphorylation. ODN-mediated mitochondrial ROS generation causes BAP1 phosphorylation and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47227, South Korea
| | - Hyun Shik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47227, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, 42472, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, 41061, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea; Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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16
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Itch and autophagy-mediated NF-κB activation contributes to inhibition of cathepsin D-induced sensitizing effect on anticancer drugs. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:552. [PMID: 35715412 PMCID: PMC9205942 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cathepsin D (Cat D) sensitizes cancer cells to anticancer drugs via RNF183-mediated downregulation of Bcl-xL expression. Although NF-κB activation is involved in the upregulation of RNF183 expression, the molecular mechanism of NF-κB activation by Cat D inhibition is unknown. We conducted this study to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying Cat D-mediated NF-κB activation. Interestingly, Cat D inhibition-induced IκB degradation in an autophagy-dependent manner. Knockdown of autophagy-related genes (ATG7 and Beclin1) and lysosome inhibitors (chloroquine and bafilomycin A1) blocked IκB degradation via Cat D inhibition. Itch induced K63-linked ubiquitination of IκB and then modulated the protein stability of IκB by Cat D inhibition. Inhibition of Cat D-mediated Itch activation was modulated by the JNK signaling pathway, and phosphorylated Itch could bind to IκB, resulting in polyubiquitination of IκB. Additionally, inhibition of Cat D increased autophagy flux via activation of the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 pathway. Therefore, our results suggested that Cat D inhibition activated NF-κB signaling via degradation of autophagy-dependent IκB, which is associated with the upregulation of RNF183, an E3 ligase of Bcl-xL. Cat D inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through Bcl-xL degradation via upregulation of RNF183.
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17
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Im SS, Jang Y, Han E, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee HS, Nam JO, Gabrielson E, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Cathepsin D as a potential therapeutic target to enhance anticancer drug-induced apoptosis via RNF183-mediated destabilization of Bcl-xL in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35121737 PMCID: PMC8816936 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cat D) is well known for its roles in metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and carcinogenesis in cancer. Despite Cat D being a promising target in cancer cells, effects and underlying mechanism of its inhibition remain unclear. Here, we investigated the plausibility of using Cat D inhibition as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of Cat D markedly enhanced anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in human carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models. The inhibition destabilized Bcl-xL through upregulation of the expression of RNF183, an E3 ligase of Bcl-xL, via NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Cat D inhibition increased the proteasome activity, which is another important factor in the degradation of proteins. Cat D inhibition resulted in p62-dependent activation of Nrf2, which increased the expression of proteasome subunits (PSMA5 and PSMB5), and thereby, the proteasome activity. Overall, Cat D inhibition sensitized cancer cells to anticancer drugs through the destabilization of Bcl-xL. Furthermore, human renal clear carcinoma (RCC) tissues revealed a positive correlation between Cat D and Bcl-xL expression, whereas RNF183 and Bcl-xL expression indicated inverse correlation. Our results suggest that inhibition of Cat D is promising as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
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18
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The deubiquitinase Usp27x as a novel regulator of cFLIP L protein expression and sensitizer to death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2022; 27:112-132. [PMID: 35044632 PMCID: PMC8863773 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Death receptors are transmembrane proteins that can induce the activation of caspase-8 upon ligand binding, initiating apoptosis. Recent work has highlighted the great molecular complexity of death receptor signalling, in particular through ubiquitination/deubiquitination. We have earlier defined the deubiquitinase Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 27x (Usp27x) as an enzyme capable of stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim. Here, we report that enhanced expression of Usp27x in human melanoma cells leads to the loss of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) and sensitizes to Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) or Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-induced extrinsic apoptosis through enabling enhanced processing of caspase-8. The loss of cFLIPL upon overexpression of Usp27x was not due to reduced transcription, could be partially counteracted by blocking the ubiquitin proteasome system and was independent of the known cFLIPL destabilizing ubiquitin E3-ligases Itch and DTX1. Instead, Usp27x interacted with the E3-ligase TRIM28 and reduced ubiquitination of TRIM28. Reduction of cFLIPL protein levels by Usp27x-induction depended on TRIM28, which was also required for polyI:C-induced cell death. This work defines Usp27x as a novel regulator of cFLIPL protein expression and a deubiquitinase in fine tuning death receptor signalling pathways to execute apoptosis.
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19
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Woo SM, Seo SU, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Melatonin induces apoptotic cell death through Bim stabilization by Sp1-mediated OTUD1 upregulation. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12781. [PMID: 34826170 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland, regulates the circadian rhythms and also plays an oncostatic role in cancer cells. Previously, we showed that melatonin induces the expression of Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the melatonin-mediated Bim upregulation through post-translational regulation. We found that ovarian tumor domain-containing protein 1 (OTUD1), a deubiquitinase belonging to the OTU protein family, is upregulated by melatonin at the mRNA and protein levels. OTUD1 knockdown inhibited melatonin-induced Bim upregulation and apoptosis in cancer cells. OTUD1 directly interacted with Bim and inhibited its ubiquitination. Melatonin-induced OTUD1 upregulation caused deubiquitination at the lysine 3 residue of Bim, resulting in its stabilization. In addition, melatonin-induced activation of Sp1 was found to be involved in OTUD1 upregulation at the transcriptional level, and pharmacological inhibition and genetic ablation of Sp1 (siRNA) interrupted melatonin-induced OTUD1-mediated Bim upregulation. Furthermore, melatonin reduced tumor growth and induced upregulation of OTUD1 and Bim in a mouse xenograft model. Notably, Bim expression levels correlated with OTUD1 levels in patients with renal clear cell carcinoma. Thus, our results demonstrated that melatonin induces apoptosis by stabilizing Bim via Sp1-mediated OTUD1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), New Drug Development Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
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Yoon JY, Woo SM, Seo SU, Song SR, Lee SG, Kwon TK. Lucanthone, Autophagy Inhibitor, Enhances the Apoptotic Effects of TRAIL through miR-216a-5p-Mediated DR5 Upregulation and DUB3-Mediated Mcl-1 Downregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010017. [PMID: 35008442 PMCID: PMC8744864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A lucanthone, one of the family of thioxanthenones, has been reported for its inhibitory effects of apurinic endonuclease-1 and autophagy. In this study, we investigated whether lucanthone could enhance tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in various cancer cells. Combined treatment with lucanthone and TRAIL significantly induced apoptosis in human renal carcinoma (Caki and ACHN), prostate carcinoma (PC3), and lung carcinoma (A549) cells. However, combined treatment did not induce apoptosis in normal mouse kidney cells (TCMK-1) and normal human skin fibroblast (HSF). Lucanthone downregulated protein expression of deubiquitinase DUB3, and a decreased expression level of DUB3 markedly led to enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Ectopic expression of DUB3 inhibited combined treatment with lucanthone and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Moreover, lucanthone increased expression level of DR5 mRNA via downregulation of miR-216a-5p. Transfection of miR-216a-5p mimics suppressed the lucanthone-induced DR5 upregulation. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that lucanthone enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation by downregulation of miR-216a-5p and DUB3-dependent Mcl-1 downregulation in human renal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Yoon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - So Rae Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (S.M.W.); (S.U.S.); (S.R.S.); (S.G.L.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-258-7358
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Kim S, Park JW, Lee HS, Bae YS, Kim SH, Im SS, Seo JH, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Inhibition of cathepsin K sensitizes oxaliplatin-induced apoptotic cell death by Bax upregulation through OTUB1-mediated p53 stabilization in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 2021; 41:550-559. [PMID: 34785775 PMCID: PMC8782718 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K is highly expressed in various types of cancers. However, the effect of cathepsin K inhibition in cancer cells is not well characterized. Here, cathepsin K inhibitor (odanacatib; ODN) and knockdown of cathepsin K (siRNA) enhanced oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in multiple cancer cells through Bax upregulation. Bax knockdown significantly inhibited the combined ODN and oxaliplatin treatment-induced apoptotic cell death. Stabilization of p53 by ODN played a critical role in upregulating Bax expression at the transcriptional level. Casein kinase 2 (CK2)-dependent phosphorylation of OTUB1 at Ser16 played a critical role in ODN- and cathepsin K siRNA-mediated p53 stabilization. Interestingly, ODN-induced p53 and Bax upregulation were modulated by the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial ROS scavengers prevented OTUB1-mediated p53 stabilization and Bax upregulation by ODN. These in vitro results were confirmed by in mouse xenograft model, combined treatment with ODN and oxaliplatin significantly reduced tumor size and induced Bax upregulation. Furthermore, human renal clear carcinoma (RCC) tissues revealed a strong correlation between phosphorylation of OTUB1(Ser16) and p53/Bax expression. Our results demonstrate that cathepsin K inhibition enhances oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing OTUB1 phosphorylation via CK2 activation, thereby promoting p53 stabilization, and hence upregulating Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Un Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Young-Seuk Bae
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, 41061, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea. .,Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Wang H, Wang X, Li P, Dong M, Yao SQ, Tang B. Fluorescent probes for visualizing ROS-associated proteins in disease. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11620-11646. [PMID: 34659698 PMCID: PMC8442704 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of proteins, including catalytic and expression dysfunction, is directly related to the development of various diseases in living organisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) could regulate protein expression by redox modification or cellular signal pathway and thus influence the development of disease. Determining the expression level and activity of these ROS-associated proteins is of considerable importance in early-stage disease diagnosis and the identification of new drug targets. Fluorescence imaging technology has emerged as a powerful tool for specific in situ imaging of target proteins by virtue of its non-invasiveness, high sensitivity and good spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we summarize advances made in the past decade for the design of fluorescent probes that have contributed to tracking ROS-associated proteins in disease. We envision that this review will attract significant attention from a wide range of researchers in their utilization of fluorescent probes for in situ investigation of pathological processes synergistically regulated by both ROS and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Mingyan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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Zhang W, Dong Z, Li D, Li B, Liu Y, Zheng X, Liu H, Zhou H, Hu K, Xue Y. Cathepsin K deficiency promotes alveolar bone regeneration by promoting jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and differentiation via glycolysis pathway. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13058. [PMID: 34053135 PMCID: PMC8249792 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To clarify the possible role and mechanism of Cathepsin K (CTSK) in alveolar bone regeneration mediated by jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (JBMMSC). Materials and Methods Tooth extraction models of Ctsk knockout mice (Ctsk‐/‐) and their wildtype (WT) littermates were used to investigate the effect of CTSK on alveolar bone regeneration. The influences of deletion or inhibition of CTSK by odanacatib (ODN) on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of JBMMSC were assessed by CCK‐8, Western blot and alizarin red staining. To explore the differently expressed genes, RNA from WT and Ctsk‐/‐ JBMMSC was sent to RNA‐seq. ECAR, glucose consumption and lactate production were measured to identify the effect of Ctsk deficiency or inhibition on glycolysis. At last, we explored whether Ctsk deficiency or inhibition promoted JBMMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation through glycolysis. Results We found out that Ctsk knockout could promote alveolar bone regeneration in vivo. In vitro, we confirmed that both Ctsk knockout and inhibition by ODN could promote proliferation of JBMMSC, up‐regulate expression of Runx2 and ALP, and enhance matrix mineralization. RNA‐seq results showed that coding genes of key enzymes in glycolysis were significantly up‐regulated in Ctsk‐/‐ JBMMSC, and Ctsk deficiency or inhibition could promote glycolysis in JBMMSC. After blocking glycolysis by 3PO, the effect of Ctsk deficiency or inhibition on JBMMSC’s regeneration was blocked subsequently. Conclusions Our findings revealed that Ctsk knockout or inhibition could promote alveolar bone regeneration by enhancing JBMMSC regeneration via glycolysis. These results shed new lights on the regulatory mechanism of CTSK on bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Xi'an, China
| | - Dengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueni Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaijin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Cathepsin K: A Novel Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarker for Renal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102441. [PMID: 34069976 PMCID: PMC8157838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our understanding of renal tumors has increased in the last years with the description of several novel entities. The expanding morphological spectrum complicates the pathologist’s diagnosis, often requiring immunohistochemical analysis. The role of cathepsin K immunoexpression is widened as a diagnostic tool in several renal tumors. This review describes the usefulness of cathepsin K in the differential diagnosis of renal neoplasms, highlighting the biological knowledge underpinning its expression. Moreover, cathepsin K seems to be a downstream marker of different genetic alterations, with a possible role as a predictive marker that may prospectively guide the development of therapeutic approaches as a molecular target. Abstract Cathepsin K is a papain-like cysteine protease with high matrix-degrading activity. Among several cathepsins, cathepsin K is the most potent mammalian collagenase, mainly expressed by osteoclasts. This review summarizes most of the recent findings of cathepsin K expression, highlighting its role in renal tumors for diagnostic purposes and as a potential molecular target. Indeed, cathepsin K is a recognized diagnostic tool for the identification of TFE3/TFEB-rearranged renal cell carcinoma, TFEB-amplified renal cell carcinoma, and pure epithelioid PEComa/epithelioid angiomyolipoma. More recently, its expression has been observed in a subgroup of eosinophilic renal neoplasms molecularly characterized by TSC/mTOR gene mutations. Interestingly, both TSC mutations or TFE3 rearrangement have been reported in pure epithelioid PEComa/epithelioid angiomyolipoma. Therefore, cathepsin K seems to be a downstream marker of TFE3/TFEB rearrangement, TFEB amplification, and mTOR pathway activation. Given the established role of mTOR inhibitors as a pharmacological option in renal cancers, cathepsin K could be of use as a predictive marker of therapy response and as a potential target. In the future, uropathologists may implement the use of cathepsin K to establish a diagnosis among renal tumors with clear cells, papillary architecture, and oncocytic features.
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MM, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A. Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3) Nanoparticles Exert Cytotoxicity through Oxidative Stress in Human Lung Carcinoma (A549) Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2309. [PMID: 33266501 PMCID: PMC7700150 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles (BT NPs) have shown exceptional characteristics such as high dielectric constant and suitable ferro-, piezo-, and pyro-electric properties. Thus, BT NPs have shown potential to be applied in various fields including electro-optical devices and biomedicine. However, very limited knowledge is available on the interaction of BT NPs with human cells. This work was planned to study the interaction of BT NPs with human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. Results showed that BT NPs decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of caspase-3 and -9 enzyme activity were also observed following BT NP exposure. BT NPs further induced oxidative stress indicated by induction of pro-oxidants (reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide) and reduction of antioxidants (glutathione and several antioxidant enzymes). Moreover, BT NP-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were effectively abrogated by N-acetyl-cysteine (an ROS scavenger), suggesting that BT NP-induced cytotoxicity was mediated through oxidative stress. Intriguingly, the underlying mechanism of cytotoxicity of BT NPs was similar to the mode of action of ZnO NPs. At the end, we found that BT NPs did not affect the non-cancerous human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90). Altogether, BT NPs selectively induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells via oxidative stress. This work warrants further research on selective cytotoxicity mechanisms of BT NPs in different types of cancer cells and their normal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.A.); (M.A.M.K.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.A.); (M.A.M.K.); (H.A.A.)
| | - M.A. Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.A.); (M.A.M.K.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hisham A. Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.A.); (M.A.M.K.); (H.A.A.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MAM. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Attenuate Cytotoxic and Oxidative Stress Response of Pb in Human Lung Epithelial (A549) Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8221. [PMID: 33172159 PMCID: PMC7664418 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Combined exposure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and trace metal lead (Pb) in ambient air is unavoidable. Most of the previous studies on the toxicity of SWCNTs and Pb have been conducted individually. There is a scarcity of information on the combined toxicity of SWCNTs and Pb in human cells. This work was designed to explore the combined effects of SWCNTs and Pb in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. SWCNTs were prepared through the plasma-enhanced vapor deposition technique. Prepared SWCNTs were characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. We observed that SWCNTs up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL was safe, while Pb induced dose-dependent (5-100 µg/mL) cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Importantly, cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, lipid peroxidation, and induction of caspase-3 and -9 enzymes following Pb exposure (50 µg/mL for 24 h) were efficiently attenuated by the co-exposure of SWCNTs (10 µg/mL for 24 h). Furthermore, generation of Pb-induced pro-oxidants (reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide) and the reduction of antioxidants (antioxidant enzymes and glutathione) were also mitigated by the co-exposure of SWCNTs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry results suggest that the adsorption of Pb on the surface of SWCNTs could attenuate the bioavailability and toxicity of Pb in A549 cells. Our data warrant further research on the combined effects of SWCNTs and Pb in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.A.); (M.A.M.K.)
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Woo SM, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Magnolol Enhances the Therapeutic Effects of TRAIL through DR5 Upregulation and Downregulation of c-FLIP and Mcl-1 Proteins in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194591. [PMID: 33050112 PMCID: PMC7582760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnolol is a biologically active compound, isolated from the Chinese herb Magnolia, that regulates antiproliferative, anticancer, antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities. We found that magnolol sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death via upregulation of DR5 and downregulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and Mcl-1 in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. Mechanistically, magnolol increased ATF4-dependent DR5 expression at the transcription level, and knockdown of ATF4 markedly inhibited magnolol-induced DR5 upregulation. Silencing DR5 with siRNA prevented combined treatment with magnolol and TRAIL-induced apoptosis and PARP cleavage. Magnolol induced proteasome-mediated Mcl-1 downregulation, while magnolol-induced c-FLIP downregulation was regulated, at least in part, by lysosomal degradation. Our results revealed that magnolol enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis via ATF4-dependent DR5 upregulation and downregulation of c-FLIP and Mcl-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.M.W.); (K.-j.M.)
| | - Kyoung-jin Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.M.W.); (K.-j.M.)
- New Drug Development Center, Deagu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 80 Chembok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Korea; (S.M.W.); (K.-j.M.)
- Center for Forensic Pharmaceutical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-258-7358
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Yang H, Heyer J, Zhao H, Liang S, Guo R, Zhong L. The Potential Role of Cathepsin K in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184136. [PMID: 32927648 PMCID: PMC7571067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cathepsin K has been found overexpressed in several malignant tumors. However, there is little information regarding the involvement of Cathepsin K in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (2) Methods: Cathepsin K expression was tested in human NSCLC cell lines A549 and human embryo lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells using Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Cathepsin K was transiently overexpressed or knocked down using transfection with a recombinant plasmid and siRNA, respectively, to test the effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. (3) Results: Expression of Cathepsin K was increased significantly in A549 cells and diffused within the cytoplasm compared to the MRC-5 cells used as control. Cathepsin K overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells, accompanied by mTOR activation. Cathepsin K knockdown reversed the above malignant behavior and inhibited the mTOR signaling activation, suggesting that Cathepsin K may promote the progression of NSCLC by activating the mTOR signaling pathway. (4) Conclusion: Cathepsin K may potentially represent a viable drug target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Jasmine Heyer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shengxian Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; (H.Y.); (H.Z.); (S.L.)
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (L.Z.)
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Upregulation of DR5 and Downregulation of Survivin by IITZ-01, Lysosomotropic Autophagy Inhibitor, Potentiates TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Renal Cancer Cells via Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092363. [PMID: 32825566 PMCID: PMC7564912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively is able to increase apoptosis in cancer cells as agent with minimum toxicity to noncancerous cells. However, all cancer cells are not sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, we showed the sub-lethal concentrations of a lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor, IITZ-01, sensitizes cancer cells (renal, lung, and breast carcinoma) to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation and survivin downregulation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Knockdown of DR5 or overexpression of survivin inhibited combined treatment with IITZ-01 and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. IITZ-01 downregulated protein expression of Cbl, ubiquitin E3 ligase, and decreased expression level of Cbl markedly led to increase DR5 protein expression and TRAIL sensitivity. Moreover, IITZ-01 decreased expression level of survivin protein via downregulation of deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X) expression. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that IITZ-01 enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through DR5 stabilization by downregulation of Cbl and USP9X-dependent survivin ubiquitination and degradation in renal carcinoma cells.
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MAM, Alhadlaq HA. Alleviating effects of reduced graphene oxide against lead-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1228-1238. [PMID: 32220024 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Broad application of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and ubiquitous lead (Pb) pollution may increase the possibility of combined exposure of humans. Information on the combined effects of rGO and Pb in human cells is scarce. This work was designed to explore the potential effects of rGO on Pb-induced toxicity in human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells. Prepared rGO was polycrystalline in nature. The formation of a few layers of visible creases and silky morphology due to high aspect ratio was confirmed. Low level (25 μg/mL) of rGO was not toxic to A549 cells. However, Pb exposure (25 μg/mL) induced cell viability reduction, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme leakage with rounded morphology in A549 cells. Remarkably, Pb-induced cytotoxicity was significantly mitigated by rGO co-exposure. Pb-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cell cycle arrest and higher activity of caspase-3 and -9 enzymes were also alleviated by rGO co-exposure. Moreover, we observed that Pb exposure causes generation of pro-oxidants (e.g., reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and antioxidant depletion (e.g., glutathione and antioxidant enzymes). In addition, the effects of Pb on pro-oxidant and antioxidant markers were significantly reverted by GO co-exposure. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry suggested that due to the adsorption of Pb on rGO sheets, accessibility of Pb ions for A549 cells was limited. Hence, rGO reduced the toxicity of Pb in A549 cells. This research warrants further study to work on detailed underlying mechanisms of the mitigating effects of rGO against Pb-induced toxicity on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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