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Cobley JN. 50 shades of oxidative stress: A state-specific cysteine redox pattern hypothesis. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102936. [PMID: 37875063 PMCID: PMC10618833 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is biochemically complex. Like primary colours, specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant inputs can be mixed to create unique "shades" of oxidative stress. Even a minimal redox module comprised of just 12 (ROS & antioxidant) inputs and 3 outputs (oxidative damage, cysteine-dependent redox-regulation, or both) yields over half a million "shades" of oxidative stress. The present paper proposes the novel hypothesis that: state-specific shades of oxidative stress, such as a discrete disease, are associated with distinct tell-tale cysteine oxidation patterns. The patterns are encoded by many parameters, from the identity of the oxidised proteins, the cysteine oxidation type, and magnitude. The hypothesis is conceptually grounded in distinct ROS and antioxidant inputs coalescing to produce unique cysteine oxidation outputs. And considers the potential biological significance of the holistic cysteine oxidation outputs. The literature supports the existence of state-specific cysteine oxidation patterns. Measuring and manipulating these patterns offer promising avenues for advancing oxidative stress research. The pattern inspired hypothesis provides a framework for understanding the complex biochemical nature of state-specific oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cobley
- Cysteine redox technology Group, Life Science Innovation Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK.
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Wang S, Guo J, Liu X, Tian W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, E M, Fang S. Sexual dimorphism in mitochondrial dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: evidence from a population-based cohort study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 37264434 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sex-based differences in diabetes remain poorly understood. Mitochondrial metabolite methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation reflects mitochondrial dysfunction which is involved in sex-specific pathophysiological responses biologically. We aimed to investigate the sex-specific associations between mortality risk and MMA in adults with the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS This cohort study included 24,164 adults (12,123 females and 12,041 males) from the NHANES study during 1999-2014. Both sexes were separately categorized as those with no diabetes, prediabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and diagnosed diabetes. Circulating MMA level was measured at baseline by mass-spectrometric detection. Mortality status was ascertained from baseline until December 31, 2015. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 11.1 years, 3375 deaths were documented. Males had a particularly higher mortality than females in adults with diagnosed diabetes compared to differences in those with no diabetes, prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes (sex differences in mortality rate per 1000 person-years across diabetic status: 0.62, 1.44, 5.78, and 9.77, p < 0.001). Notably, the sex-specific difference in associations between MMA and mortality was significant only in adults with diagnosed diabetes (p for interaction = 0.028), not in adults with no diabetes and prediabetes. Adjusted HRs (95%CIs) per doubling of MMA for all-cause mortality were 1.19 (1.04-1.37) in females with diagnosed diabetes versus 1.58 (1.36-1.86) in male counterparts. In addition, MMA levels had an insignificant or weak correlation with sex hormone profiles at baseline, regardless of diabetes status and sex. CONCLUSIONS Sex difference in mortality risk was especially significant in diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Increasing equivalent exposure to mitochondrial metabolite MMA was associated with a greater excess risk of future mortality in males with diabetes than in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - JunChen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, 154000, Jiamusi, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yige Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Mingyan E
- Department of Thoracic Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Nangang District, China.
| | - Shaohong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Lynch S, Boyett JE, Smith MR, Giordano-Mooga S. Sex Hormone Regulation of Proteins Modulating Mitochondrial Metabolism, Dynamics and Inter-Organellar Cross Talk in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:610516. [PMID: 33644031 PMCID: PMC7905018 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.610516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and worldwide. Sex-related disparities have been identified in the presentation and incidence rate of CVD. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in both the etiology and pathology of CVD. Recent work has suggested that the sex hormones play a role in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, metabolism, and cross talk with other organelles. Specifically, the female sex hormone, estrogen, has both a direct and an indirect role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α, dynamics through Opa1, Mfn1, Mfn2, and Drp1, as well as metabolism and redox signaling through the antioxidant response element. Furthermore, data suggests that testosterone is cardioprotective in males and may regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α and dynamics via Mfn1 and Drp1. These cell-signaling hubs are essential in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and cell viability, ultimately impacting CVD survival. PGC-1α also plays a crucial role in inter-organellar cross talk between the mitochondria and other organelles such as the peroxisome. This inter-organellar signaling is an avenue for ameliorating rampant ROS produced by dysregulated mitochondria and for regulating intrinsic apoptosis by modulating intracellular Ca2+ levels through interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. There is a need for future research on the regulatory role of the sex hormones, particularly testosterone, and their cardioprotective effects. This review hopes to highlight the regulatory role of sex hormones on mitochondrial signaling and their function in the underlying disparities between men and women in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lynch
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate School, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James E Boyett
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha Giordano-Mooga
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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