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Srisawat K, Stead CA, Hesketh K, Pogson M, Strauss JA, Cocks M, Siekmann I, Phillips SM, Lisboa PJ, Shepherd S, Burniston JG. People with obesity exhibit losses in muscle proteostasis that are partly improved by exercise training. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300395. [PMID: 37963832 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This pilot experiment examines if a loss in muscle proteostasis occurs in people with obesity and whether endurance exercise positively influences either the abundance profile or turnover rate of proteins in this population. Men with (n = 3) or without (n = 4) obesity were recruited and underwent a 14-d measurement protocol of daily deuterium oxide (D2O) consumption and serial biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle. Men with obesity then completed 10-weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), encompassing 3 sessions per week of cycle ergometer exercise with 1 min intervals at 100% maximum aerobic power interspersed by 1 min recovery periods. The number of intervals per session progressed from 4 to 8, and during weeks 8-10 the 14-d measurement protocol was repeated. Proteomic analysis detected 352 differences (p < 0.05, false discovery rate < 5%) in protein abundance and 19 (p < 0.05) differences in protein turnover, including components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. HIIT altered the abundance of 53 proteins and increased the turnover rate of 22 proteins (p < 0.05) and tended to benefit proteostasis by increasing muscle protein turnover rates. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with compromised muscle proteostasis, which may be partially restored by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connor A Stead
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Hesketh
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Pogson
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Matt Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ivo Siekmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulo J Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sam Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport, & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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Casas-Martinez JC, Samali A, McDonagh B. Redox regulation of UPR signalling and mitochondrial ER contact sites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:250. [PMID: 38847861 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have a synergistic relationship and are key regulatory hubs in maintaining cell homeostasis. Communication between these organelles is mediated by mitochondria ER contact sites (MERCS), allowing the exchange of material and information, modulating calcium homeostasis, redox signalling, lipid transfer and the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. MERCS are dynamic structures that allow cells to respond to changes in the intracellular environment under normal homeostatic conditions, while their assembly/disassembly are affected by pathophysiological conditions such as ageing and disease. Disruption of protein folding in the ER lumen can activate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), promoting the remodelling of ER membranes and MERCS formation. The UPR stress receptor kinases PERK and IRE1, are located at or close to MERCS. UPR signalling can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on whether the disruption in protein folding or ER stress is transient or sustained. Adaptive UPR signalling via MERCS can increase mitochondrial calcium import, metabolism and dynamics, while maladaptive UPR signalling can result in excessive calcium import and activation of apoptotic pathways. Targeting UPR signalling and the assembly of MERCS is an attractive therapeutic approach for a range of age-related conditions such as neurodegeneration and sarcopenia. This review highlights the emerging evidence related to the role of redox mediated UPR activation in orchestrating inter-organelle communication between the ER and mitochondria, and ultimately the determination of cell function and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Casas-Martinez
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Apoptosis Research Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
- Apoptosis Research Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Meng Q, Su CH. The Impact of Physical Exercise on Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress: Balancing the Benefits and Risks. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:573. [PMID: 38790678 PMCID: PMC11118032 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review comprehensively evaluates the effects of physical exercise on oxidative and nitrosative stress, mainly focusing on the role of antioxidants. Using a narrative synthesis approach, data from empirical studies, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2004 and 2024 were collated from databases like PubMed, EBSCO (EDS), and Google Scholar, culminating in the inclusion of 41 studies. The quality of these studies was rigorously assessed to ensure the clarity of objectives, coherence in arguments, comprehensive literature coverage, and depth of critical analysis. Findings revealed that moderate exercise enhances antioxidant defenses through hormesis, while excessive exercise may exacerbate oxidative stress. The review also highlights that while natural dietary antioxidants are beneficial, high-dose supplements could impede the positive adaptations to exercise. In conclusion, the review calls for more focused research on tailored exercise and nutrition plans to further understand these complex interactions and optimize the health outcomes for athletes and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- School of Physical Education, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
- Sport and Health Research Center, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chun-Hsien Su
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111369, Taiwan
- College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111369, Taiwan
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Calabrese EJ, Nascarella M, Pressman P, Hayes AW, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Calabrese V, Agathokleous E. Hormesis determines lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102181. [PMID: 38182079 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This paper addresses how long lifespan can be extended via multiple interventions, such as dietary supplements [e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, sulforaphane, complex phytochemical mixtures (e.g., Moringa, Rhodiola)], pharmaceutical agents (e.g., metformin), caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, exercise and other activities. This evaluation was framed within the context of hormesis, a biphasic dose response with specific quantitative features describing the limits of biological/phenotypic plasticity for integrative biological endpoints (e.g., cell proliferation, memory, fecundity, growth, tissue repair, stem cell population expansion/differentiation, longevity). Evaluation of several hundred lifespan extending agents using yeast, nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), multiple insect and other invertebrate and vertebrate models (e.g., fish, rodents), revealed they responded in a manner [average (mean/median) and maximum lifespans] consistent with the quantitative features [i.e., 30-60% greater at maximum (Hormesis Rule)] of the hormetic dose response. These lifespan extension features were independent of biological model, inducing agent, endpoints measured and mechanism. These findings indicate that hormesis describes the capacity to extend life via numerous agents and activities and that the magnitude of lifespan extension is modest, in the percentage, not fold, range. These findings have important implications for human aging, genetic diseases/environmental stresses and lifespan extension, as well as public health practices and long-term societal resource planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences; University of Massachusetts, Morrill I - Room N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Marc Nascarella
- Mass College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University; School of Arts and Sciences, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management; College of Public Health; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD) University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology; Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology; Nanjing 210044, China
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Henriquez-Olguin C, Meneses-Valdes R, Kritsiligkou P, Fuentes-Lemus E. From workout to molecular switches: How does skeletal muscle produce, sense, and transduce subcellular redox signals? Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:355-365. [PMID: 37923089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is crucial for maintaining human health and overall quality of life. Acute exercise introduces a multifaceted intracellular stress, with numerous post-translational modifications believed to underpin the health benefits of sustained exercise training. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are posited to serve as second messengers, triggering cytoprotective adaptations such as the upregulation of enzymatic scavenger systems. However, a significant knowledge gap exists between the generation of oxidants in muscle and the exact mechanisms driving muscle adaptations. This review delves into the current research on subcellular redox biochemistry and its role in the physiological adaptations to exercise. We propose that the subcellular regulation of specific redox modifications is key to ensuring specificity in the intracellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henriquez-Olguin
- The August Krogh Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark; Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Roberto Meneses-Valdes
- The August Krogh Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
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Okoye CN, Koren SA, Wojtovich AP. Mitochondrial complex I ROS production and redox signaling in hypoxia. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102926. [PMID: 37871533 PMCID: PMC10598411 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC) pump protons to generate a protonmotive force (Δp) that drives OXPHOS. Complex I is an electron entry point into the ETC. Complex I oxidizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and transfers electrons to ubiquinone in a reaction coupled with proton pumping. Complex I also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) under various conditions. The enzymatic activities of complex I can be regulated by metabolic conditions and serves as a regulatory node of the ETC. Complex I ROS plays diverse roles in cell metabolism ranging from physiologic to pathologic conditions. Progress in our understanding indicates that ROS release from complex I serves important signaling functions. Increasing evidence suggests that complex I ROS is important in signaling a mismatch in energy production and demand. In this article, we review the role of ROS from complex I in sensing acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie N Okoye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Shon A Koren
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Vasileiadou O, Nastos GG, Chatzinikolaou PN, Papoutsis D, Vrampa DI, Methenitis S, Margaritelis NV. Redox Profile of Skeletal Muscles: Implications for Research Design and Interpretation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1738. [PMID: 37760040 PMCID: PMC10525275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscles contain varying proportions of Type I and II fibers, which feature different structural, metabolic and functional properties. According to these properties, skeletal muscles are labeled as 'red' or 'white', 'oxidative' or 'glycolytic', 'slow-twitch' or 'fast-twitch', respectively. Redox processes (i.e., redox signaling and oxidative stress) are increasingly recognized as a fundamental part of skeletal muscle metabolism at rest, during and after exercise. The aim of the present review was to investigate the potential redox differences between slow- (composed mainly of Type I fibers) and fast-twitch (composed mainly of Type IIa and IIb fibers) muscles at rest and after a training protocol. Slow-twitch muscles were almost exclusively represented in the literature by the soleus muscle, whereas a wide variety of fast-twitch muscles were used. Based on our analysis, we argue that slow-twitch muscles exhibit higher antioxidant enzyme activity compared to fast-twitch muscles in both pre- and post-exercise training. This is also the case between heads or regions of fast-twitch muscles that belong to different subcategories, namely Type IIa (oxidative) versus Type IIb (glycolytic), in favor of the former. No safe conclusion could be drawn regarding the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes either pre- or post-training. Moreover, slow-twitch skeletal muscles presented higher glutathione and thiol content as well as higher lipid peroxidation levels compared to fast-twitch. Finally, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production was higher in fast-twitch muscles compared to slow-twitch muscles at rest. This redox heterogeneity between different muscle types may have ramifications in the analysis of muscle function and health and should be taken into account when designing exercise studies using specific muscle groups (e.g., on an isokinetic dynamometer) or isolated muscle fibers (e.g., electrical stimulation) and may deliver a plausible explanation for the conflicting results about the ergogenic potential of antioxidant supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vasileiadou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - George G. Nastos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Papoutsis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitra I. Vrampa
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikos V. Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece; (O.V.); (G.G.N.); (P.N.C.); (D.P.)
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Sah DK, Arjunan A, Lee B, Jung YD. Reactive Oxygen Species and H. pylori Infection: A Comprehensive Review of Their Roles in Gastric Cancer Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1712. [PMID: 37760015 PMCID: PMC10525271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and makes up a significant component of the global cancer burden. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most influential risk factor for GC, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifying it as a Class I carcinogen for GC. H. pylori has been shown to persist in stomach acid for decades, causing damage to the stomach's mucosal lining, altering gastric hormone release patterns, and potentially altering gastric function. Epidemiological studies have shown that eliminating H. pylori reduces metachronous cancer. Evidence shows that various molecular alterations are present in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions associated with an H. pylori infection. However, although H. pylori can cause oxidative stress-induced gastric cancer, with antioxidants potentially being a treatment for GC, the exact mechanism underlying GC etiology is not fully understood. This review provides an overview of recent research exploring the pathophysiology of H. pylori-induced oxidative stress that can cause cancer and the antioxidant supplements that can reduce or even eliminate GC occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bora Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyang Ro 264, Jeonnam, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (D.K.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyang Ro 264, Jeonnam, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (D.K.S.); (A.A.)
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