1
|
Novel potent (dihydro)benzofuranyl piperazines as human histamine receptor ligands - Functional characterization and modeling studies on H 3 and H 4 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 30:115924. [PMID: 33333448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histamine acts through four different receptors (H1R-H4R), the H3R and H4R being the most explored in the last years as drug targets. The H3R is a potential target to treat narcolepsy, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia and several other CNS-related conditions, while H4R blockade leads to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Our group has been exploring the dihydrobenzofuranyl-piperazines (LINS01 series) as human H3R/H4R ligands as potential drug candidates. In the present study, a set of 12 compounds were synthesized from adequate (dihydro)benzofuran synthons through simple reactions with corresponding piperazines, giving moderate to high yields. Four compounds (1b, 1f, 1g and 1h) showed high hH3R affinity (pKi > 7), compound 1h being the most potent (pKi 8.4), and compound 1f showed the best efficiency (pKi 8.2, LE 0.53, LLE 5.85). BRET-based assays monitoring Gαi activity indicated that the compounds are potent antagonists. Only one compound (2c, pKi 7.1) presented high affinity for hH4R. In contrast to what was observed for hH3R, it showed partial agonist activity. Docking experiments indicated that bulky substituents occupy a hydrophobic pocket in hH3R, while the N-allyl group forms favorable interactions with hydrophobic residues in the TM2, 3 and 7, increasing the selectivity towards hH3R. Additionally, the importance of the indole NH in the interaction with Glu5.46 from hH4R was confirmed by the modeling results, explaining the affinity and agonistic activity of compound 2c. The data reported in this work represent important findings for the rational design of future compounds for hH3R and hH4R.
Collapse
|
2
|
Klein Herenbrink C, Verma R, Lim HD, Kopinathan A, Keen A, Shonberg J, Draper-Joyce CJ, Scammells PJ, Christopoulos A, Javitch JA, Capuano B, Shi L, Lane JR. Molecular Determinants of the Intrinsic Efficacy of the Antipsychotic Aripiprazole. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1780-1792. [PMID: 31339684 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Partial agonists of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) have been developed to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia without causing the side effects elicited by antagonists. The receptor-ligand interactions that determine the intrinsic efficacy of such drugs, however, are poorly understood. Aripiprazole has an extended structure comprising a phenylpiperazine primary pharmacophore and a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one secondary pharmacophore. We combined site-directed mutagenesis, analytical pharmacology, ligand fragments, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the D2R-aripiprazole interactions that contribute to affinity and efficacy. We reveal that an interaction between the secondary pharmacophore of aripiprazole and a secondary binding pocket defined by residues at the extracellular portions of transmembrane segments 1, 2, and 7 determines the intrinsic efficacy of aripiprazole. Our findings reveal a hitherto unappreciated mechanism for fine-tuning the intrinsic efficacy of D2R agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Verma
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - J. Robert Lane
- Division of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Corrêa MF, Barbosa ÁJR, Teixeira LB, Duarte DA, Simões SC, Parreiras-E-Silva LT, Balbino AM, Landgraf RG, Bouvier M, Costa-Neto CM, Fernandes JPS. Pharmacological Characterization of 5-Substituted 1-[(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl]piperazines: Novel Antagonists for the Histamine H 3 and H 4 Receptors with Anti-inflammatory Potential. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:825. [PMID: 29184503 PMCID: PMC5694482 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The histamine receptors (HRs) are traditional G protein-coupled receptors of extensive therapeutic interest. Recently, H3R and H4R subtypes have been targeted in drug discovery projects for inflammation, asthma, pain, cancer, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s diseases, which includes searches for dual acting H3R/H4R ligands. In the present work, nine 1-[(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)methyl]piperazine (LINS01 series) molecules were synthesized and evaluated as H3R and H4R ligands. Our data show that the N-allyl-substituted compound LINS01004 bears the highest affinity for H3R (pKi 6.40), while the chlorinated compound LINS01007 has moderate affinity for H4R (pKi 6.06). In addition, BRET assays to assess the functional activity of Gi1 coupling indicate that all compounds have no intrinsic activity and act as antagonists of these receptors. Drug-likeness assessment indicated these molecules are promising leads for further improvements. In vivo evaluation of compounds LINS01005 and LINS01007 in a mouse model of asthma showed a better anti-inflammatory activity of LINS01007 (3 g/kg) than the previously tested compound LINS01005. This is the first report with functional data of these compounds in HRs, and our results also show the potential of their applications as anti-inflammatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Álefe J R Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Larissa B Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego A Duarte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarah C Simões
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Parreiras-E-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro M Balbino
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Richardt G Landgraf
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João P S Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang X, Zhou H, Qu H, Liu W, Huang X, Shun Y, He L. Effect of Shenxinning decoction on ventricular remodeling in AT1 receptor-knockout mice with chronic renal insufficiency. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:391-7. [PMID: 25097276 PMCID: PMC4118531 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.135950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To observe the efficacy of Shenxinning Decoction (SXND) in ventricular remodeling in AT1 receptor-knockout (AT1-KO) mice with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Materials and Methods: AT1-KO mice modeled with subtotal (5/6) nephrectomy were intervened with SXND for 12 weeks. Subsequently, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), echocardiography (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVDD; left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LVDS; fractional shortening, FS; and ejection fraction, EF), collagen types I and III in the heart and kidney, myocardial mitochondria, and cardiac transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) of the AT1-KO mice were compared with the same model with nephrectomy only and untreated with SXND. Results: AT1-KO mice did not affect the process of CRI but it could significantly affect cardiac remodeling process. SXND decreased to some extent the AT1-KO mice's BUN, SCr, BNP, and cardiac LVDD, LVDS, and BNP, improved FS and EF, lowered the expression of collagen type I and III in heart and kidney, increased the quantity of mitochondria and ameliorated their structure, and down-regulated the expression of TGF-β1. Conclusion: SXND may antagonize the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and decrease uremia toxins, thereby ameliorating ventricular remodeling in CRI. Furthermore, SXND has a mechanism correlated with the improvement of myocardial energy metabolism and the down-regulation of TGF-β1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yang
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Qu
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Huang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Shun
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun He
- Institute of Kidney Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chamlian M, Bastos EL, Maciel C, Capurro ML, Miranda A, Silva AF, Torres MDT, Oliveira VX. A study of the anti-plasmodium activity of angiotensin II analogs. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:575-80. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Chamlian
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Erick L. Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Ceres Maciel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Margareth L. Capurro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Adriana F. Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Marcelo Der T. Torres
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André SP Brazil
| | - Vani X. Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scholten DJ, Canals M, Maussang D, Roumen L, Smit MJ, Wijtmans M, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R. Pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1617-1643. [PMID: 21699506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and their peptidergic ligands are interesting therapeutic targets due to their involvement in various immune-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HIV-1 infection and cancer. To tackle these diseases, a lot of effort has been focused on discovery and development of small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists. This has been rewarded by the market approval of two novel chemokine receptor inhibitors, AMD3100 (CXCR4) and Maraviroc (CCR5) for stem cell mobilization and treatment of HIV-1 infection respectively. The recent GPCR crystal structures together with mutagenesis and pharmacological studies have aided in understanding how small-molecule ligands interact with chemokine receptors. Many of these ligands display behaviour deviating from simple competition and do not interact with the chemokine binding site, providing evidence for an allosteric mode of action. This review aims to give an overview of the evidence supporting modulation of this intriguing receptor family by a range of ligands, including small molecules, peptides and antibodies. Moreover, the computer-assisted modelling of chemokine receptor-ligand interactions is discussed in view of GPCR crystal structures. Finally, the implications of concepts such as functional selectivity and chemokine receptor dimerization are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Scholten
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Canals
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Maussang
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Roumen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Smit
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Wijtmans
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C de Graaf
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Drug discovery efforts targeting G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have been immensely successful in creating new cardiovascular medicines. Currently marketed GPCR drugs are broadly classified as either agonists that activate receptors or antagonists that prevent receptor activation by endogenous stimuli. However, GPCR couple to a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways beyond classical G-protein signals, and these signals can be independently activated by biased ligands to vastly expand the potential for new drugs at these classic targets. By selectively engaging only a subset of a receptor's potential intracellular partners, biased ligands may deliver more precise therapeutic benefit with fewer side effects than current GPCR-targeted drugs. In this review, we discuss the history of biased ligand research, the current understanding of how biased ligands exert their unique pharmacology, and how research into GPCR signaling has uncovered previously unappreciated capabilities of receptor pharmacology. We focus on several receptors to illustrate the approaches taken and discoveries made, and how these are steadily illuminating the intricacies of GPCR pharmacology. Discoveries of biased ligands targeting the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and of separable pharmacology suggesting the potential value of biased ligands targeting the β-adrenergic receptors and nicotinic acid receptor GPR109a highlight the powerful clinical promise of this new category of potential therapeutics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sivertsen B, Lang M, Frimurer TM, Holliday ND, Bach A, Els S, Engelstoft MS, Petersen PS, Madsen AN, Schwartz TW, Beck-Sickinger AG, Holst B. Unique interaction pattern for a functionally biased ghrelin receptor agonist. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20845-60. [PMID: 21402696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the conformationally constrained D-Trp-Phe-D-Trp (wFw) core of the prototype inverse agonist [D-Arg(1),D-Phe(5),D-Trp(7,9),Leu(11)]substance P, a series of novel, small, peptide-mimetic agonists for the ghrelin receptor were generated. By using various simple, ring-constrained spacers connecting the D-Trp-Phe-D-Trp motif with the important C-terminal carboxyamide group, 40 nm agonism potency was obtained and also in one case (wFw-Isn-NH(2), where Isn is isonipecotic acid) ~80% efficacy. However, in contrast to all previously reported ghrelin receptor agonists, the piperidine-constrained wFw-Isn-NH(2) was found to be a functionally biased agonist. Thus, wFw-Isn-NH(2) mediated potent and efficacious signaling through the Gα(q) and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, but in contrast to all previous ghrelin receptor agonists it did not signal through the serum response element, conceivably the Gα(12/13) pathway. The recognition pattern of wFw-Isn-NH(2) with the ghrelin receptor also differed significantly from that of all previously characterized unbiased agonists. Most importantly, wFw-Isn-NH(2) was not dependent on GluIII:09 (Glu3.33), which otherwise is an obligatory TM III anchor point residue for ghrelin agonists. Molecular modeling and docking experiments indicated that wFw-Isn-NH(2) binds in the classical agonist binding site between the extracellular segments of TMs III, VI, and VII, interacting closely with the aromatic cluster between TMs VI and VII, but that it does so in an opposite orientation as compared with, for example, the wFw peptide agonists. It is concluded that the novel peptide-mimetic ligand wFw-Isn-NH(2) is a biased ghrelin receptor agonist and that the selective signaling pattern presumably is due to its unique receptor recognition pattern lacking interaction with key residues especially in TM III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Sivertsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosenkilde MM, Benned-Jensen T, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. The minor binding pocket: a major player in 7TM receptor activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:567-74. [PMID: 20870300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
From the deep part of the main ligand-binding crevice, a minor, often shallower pocket extends between the extracellular ends of transmembrane domains (TM)-I, II, III and VII of 7TM receptors. This minor binding pocket is defined by a highly conserved kink in TM-II that is induced by a proline residue located in one of two adjacent positions. Here we argue that this minor binding pocket is important for receptor activation. Functional coupling of the receptors seems to be mediated through the hydrogen bond network located between the intracellular segments of these TMs, with the allosteric interface between TM-II and TM-VII being of particular significance. Importantly, the minor binding pocket, especially the proline-kink in TM-II, is involved in G protein versus arrestin pathway-biased signaling, for example in the angiotensin AT1 system. Consequently, this pocket could be specifically targeted in the development of functionally biased drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
An indel in transmembrane helix 2 helps to trace the molecular evolution of class A G-protein-coupled receptors. J Mol Evol 2009; 68:475-89. [PMID: 19357801 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-009-9214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large family of transmembrane receptors. Helical distortions play a major role in the overall fold of these receptors. Most are related to conserved proline residues. However, in transmembrane helix 2, the proline pattern is not conserved, and when present, proline may be located at position 2.58, 2.59, or 2.60. Sequence analysis, three-dimensional data mining, and molecular modeling were undertaken to investigate the origin of this unusual pattern. Taken together, the data strongly support the assumption that an indel led to two structural motifs for helix 2: a bulged structure in P2.59 and P2.60 receptors and a "typical" proline kink in P2.58 receptors. The proline pattern of helix 2 can be used as an evolutionary marker and helps to trace the molecular evolution of class A GPCRs. Two indel events yielding functional receptors occurred independently. One indel arose very early in GPCR evolution, in a bilaterian ancestor, before the protostome-deuterostome divergence. This indel led to the split between the P2.58 somatostatin/opioid receptors and other peptide receptors with the P2.59 pattern. A second indel also occurred in insect opsins and corresponds to a deletion. Subfamilies with proline at position 2.59 or no proline expanded earlier, whereas P2.60 receptors remained marginal throughout evolution. P2.58 receptors underwent rapid expansion in vertebrates with the development of the chemokine and purinergic receptor subfamilies from somatostatin/opioid-related ancestors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on sexual reproduction of five strains from the ascomyceteOrbilia. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
12
|
Functional assessment of angiotensin II and bradykinin analogues containing the paramagnetic amino acid TOAC. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|