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Çakır M, Saçmacı H. The relationship of salusins with Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and acute ischemic stroke: A preliminary study. Neurosci Lett 2024; 824:137683. [PMID: 38350537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis play important roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS). Salusin-α and salusin-β peptides, which were shown to be present in many tissues, including the central nervous system, were also shown to be associated with apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In the present study, the relationship between Salusin-α and salusin-β peptides and AD, PD, and AIS were investigated. A total of 179 people were included in the present study, including 46 AD, 44 PD, 42 AIS, and 47 controls. Plasma Salusin-α and salusin-β levels were measured with the ELISA Method. The plasma salusin-β levels of AD, PD, and AIS patients were lower than the control group at significant levels (p < 0.05). It was also found that there were correlations between salusin-α and salusin-β levels and age, triglyceride, LDL-c, total cholesterol, and hemoglobin levels. In this study, we found that salusin- β, an endogenous neuropeptide, was associated with AD, PD and AIS. The low level of salusin-β in these diseases in which neuronal damage occurs may be related to the neuroprotective properties of this endogenous peptide. Further studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between salusin-β and the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Çakır
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yozgat Bozok, Yozgat, 66200, Turkey.
| | - Hikmet Saçmacı
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yozgat Bozok, Yozgat, 66200, Turkey.
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Chen MX, Deng BY, Liu ST, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Salusins: advance in cardiovascular disease research. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:363-369. [PMID: 36508340 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salusins are discovered in 2003 and divided into salusin-α and salusin-β, which are bioactive peptides with hemodynamic and mitotic activity and mainly distributed in plasma, urine, endocrine glands and kidneys. A large number of studies have shown that salusins can regulate lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and vascular proliferation. Despite the profound and diverse physiological properties of salusins, the exact mechanism of their cardiovascular effects remains to be determined. The potential mechanisms of action of salusins in cardiovascular-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction and myocarditis, and their use as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are discussed. This review aims to provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of clinical cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bo-Yan Deng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shu-Ting Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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The Clinical Significance of Salusins in Systemic Sclerosis-A Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050848. [PMID: 36899991 PMCID: PMC10001236 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease manifesting with progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Its pathogenesis is strictly associated with vascular disfunction and damage. Salusin-α and salusin-β, endogenous peptides regulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vascular smooth muscle proliferation, may potentially play a role in SSc pathogenesis. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of salusins in sera of patients with SSc and healthy controls and to evaluate correlations between the salusins levels and selected clinical parameters within the study group. Materials and methods: 48 patients with SSc (44 women; mean age, 56.4, standard deviation, 11.4) and 25 adult healthy volunteers (25 women; mean age, 55.2, standard deviation, 11.2) were enrolled. All patients with SSc were treated with vasodilators and twenty-seven of them (56%) also received immunosuppressive therapy. Results: Circulating salusin-α was significantly elevated in patients with SSc in comparison to healthy controls (U = 350.5, p = 0.004). Patients with SSc receiving immunosuppression had higher serum salusin-α concentrations compared with those without immunosuppressive therapy (U = 176.0, p = 0.026). No correlation was observed between salusins concentrations and skin or internal organ involvement parameters. Conclusions: Salusin-α, a bioactive peptide mitigating the endothelial disfunction, was elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis receiving vasodilators and immunosuppressants. Increased salusin-α concertation may be associated with the initiation of atheroprotective processes in patients with SSc managed pharmacologically, which requires verification in future studies.
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Demir I, Tekin S, Vardi N, Sandal S. Intracerebroventricular salusin-β infusion to rats increases hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis hormones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 310:113820. [PMID: 34015344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salusin-β (Sal-β), which originates from preprosalusin, is a multifunctional hormone with a peptide structure. Sal-β exists in the hypothalamus and can stimulate the pituitary gland. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of Sal-β on hormones that play roles in the male reproductive system. Forty male Wistar Albino rats were used in the study. No infusions were performed on the control group, and infusions were applied to the infusion groups (artificial cerebrospinal fluid to the sham group, 2 and 20 nM Sal-β to the experimental group) through intracerebroventricular infusion for 7 days at 10 μl/hour rate. The animals were decapitated after 7 days of infusion; and the hypothalamus, testicles, and blood tissue samples were collected. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA levels were determined from the hypothalamus tissues by using the Real Time-PCR Method, and the serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels were determined using the ELISA method. Also, Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining Method was used for histopathological evaluations in the testicle tissues. As a result, Sal-β infusion increased GnRH mRNA levels in hypothalamus tissues (p < 0.05) besides, serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels of the rats were higher at significant levels following Sal-β infusion compared to the control and sham group (p < 0.05). In the histological examination of the testicle tissues, Sal-β application was found to decrease the seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelial thickness (p < 0.05). This evidence is the first, indicating that Sal-β, which is administered to male rats with central infusion, stimulates hypothalamus and pituitary tissues, and causes increased secretion of male reproductive hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Demir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey.
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey.
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey.
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The importance of circulating levels of salusin-α, salusin-β, and heregulin-β1 in atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease. Clin Biochem 2020; 87:19-25. [PMID: 33031820 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between the severity of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) and circulating levels of salusin-α, salusin-β and heregulin-β1 has been investigated. In addition, the relationship with these peptides and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has been investigated. METHODS The study was conducted on 55 volunteers who had normal coronary angiography (CAG) as the control group, 35 volunteers with the degree of coronary artery stenosis below 50% in CA as the non-critical stenosis group, 37 volunteers with narrowing of one coronary artery above 50% as single vessel group and 41 volunteers with narrowing of more than one coronary artery above 50% as multi-vessel group. One hundred and thirteen volunteers have been included to CAD group. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in serum salusin-α levels between groups. Serum salusin-β ve hsCRP levels were significantly lower in control group compared to other groups and CAD group. There was no statistically significant difference in salusin-β and salusin-α levels in reciprocal comparison of other groups other than heregulin-β1 levels. Heregulin-β1 levels were significantly lower in 'non-critical occlusion' and 'multiple artery occlusion' groups compared to control group. Heregulin-β1 levels in 'single artery occlusion' group were significantly higher than control, 'non-critical occlusion' and 'multiple artery occlusion' groups. CONCLUSION Salusin-α levels does not indicate any significant differences between any groups in our study however the relationship of salusin-α with salusin- β and heregulin-β1 levels drives to cogitate that these peptides can be used as biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in CAD. We think that these peptides will be used in laboratories routinely in future in addition to hsCRP for CAD.
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Wang WJ, Jiang X, Gao CC, Chen ZW. Salusin-α mitigates diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of the Akt/mTORC1/p70S6K signaling pathway in diabetic rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:283-290. [PMID: 31665937 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1683572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salusin-α is a bioactive peptide that protects against atherosclerosis and hepatosteatosis. Serum salusin-α level is declined in patients suffering with renal insufficiency. However, it is still undefined whether salusin-α plays a role in diabetic nephropathy. The present study was designed to investigate the potential roles of salusin-α in diabetic renal disease. Herein, we demonstrated that the salusin-α levels in both plasma and kidney tissues from diabetic rats were obviously downregulated. Exogenous administration of salusin-α eliminated the typical characteristics of diabetic nephropathy. Salusin-α treatment decreased renal fibrosis, which was related with reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells. Injection of salusin-α suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via attenuation of NADPH oxidase subunits protein expressions and recovery of the antioxidant system. Mechanistically, the activated Akt/mTORC1/p70S6K signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy was counteracted by salusin-α treatment. Our results demonstrated that salusin-α exerted protective effect against diabetic nephropathy via reduced oxidative stress and fibrosis, dependent on inactivation of the Akt/mTORC1/p70S6K signaling cascade. Salusin-α may be considered as a promising target for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Blood Purification, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Blood Purification, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Chang-Chun Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Blood Purification, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Blood Purification, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
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Çakır M, Sabah-Özcan S, Saçmacı H. Increased level of plasma salusin-α and salusin-β in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 30:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sipahi S, Genc AB, Acikgoz SB, Yildirim M, Aksoy YE, Vatan MB, Dheir H, Altındis M. Relationship of salusin-alpha and salusin-beta levels with atherosclerosis in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Singapore Med J 2018; 60:210-215. [PMID: 30311629 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2018123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients undergoing haemodialysis, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, characterised by accelerated atherosclerosis and increased inflammation, are elevated. Salusins are newly defined molecules in the atherosclerotic processes, and while salusin-alpha (Sal-α) acts as an antiatherogenic factor, salusin-beta (Sal-β) has a proatherogenic role. Their roles are as yet undefined in patients undergoing haemodialysis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, salusin levels, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) from the common carotid artery and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured for 180 patients undergoing haemodialysis and 90 healthy controls. RESULTS Mean Sal-α and Sal-β levels in patients undergoing haemodialysis (Sal-α: 726.4 ± 578.7 pg/mL; Sal-β: 1,080.4 ± 757.1 pg/mL) and healthy controls (Sal-α: 325.8 ± 303.7 pg/mL; Sal-β: 268.1 ± 409.0 pg/mL) were determined. Negative correlation was observed between Sal-α levels and CIMT (patients undergoing haemodialysis: r = -0.330, p < 0.0001; healthy controls: r = -0.223, p = 0.035) and PWV (patients undergoing haemodialysis: r = -0.210, p = 0.005; healthy controls: r = -0.378, p < 0.0001) in both groups. In patients undergoing haemodialysis, positive correlation was observed between Sal-β/Sal-α ratio and CIMT (r = 0.190, p = 0.012) and PWV (r = 0.155, p = 0.041). On subgroup analysis, Sal-α levels were found to be low in patients with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION Patients undergoing haemodialysis have higher Sal-β and Sal-α levels, and their higher Sal-β/Sal-α ratio, in comparison with healthy controls, might have cardiovascular risk implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Sipahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ahmed Bilal Genc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Seyyid Bilal Acikgoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yakup Ersel Aksoy
- Department of Radiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bulent Vatan
- Department of Cardiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Hamad Dheir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Altındis
- Department of Microbiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
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Xie FJ, Chai C, Zhu P, Li B, Cai HY, Lu Y, Cao N. The cardiovascular functions of salusin-β mediated by muscarinic receptors, glutamate receptors or L-type calcium channels within the rostral ventrolateral medulla of rats. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:812-819. [PMID: 28371124 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salusin-α and salusin-β are newly identified bioactive peptides of 28 and 20 amino acids, respectively, that were initially predicted using in silico analyses and are widely distributed in the endocrine system, hematopoietic system, and central nervous system. The goal of our study was to investigate the cardiovascular effect of salusin-β microinjections into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in anesthetized rats and study their mechanism of action. Microinjection of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) into the RVLM did not affect the blood pressure (BP) or heart rate (HR) in anesthetized rats. Topical application of salusin-β into the RVLM produced a dose-dependently increase of BP in anesthetized rats. Microinjection of higher dose salusin-β produced significant tachycardia. Prior application of the L-NAME into the RVLM of rats did not alter the hypertension and tachycardia induced by intra-RVLM salusin-β. Notable, the cardiovascular functions elicited by intra-RVLM salusin-β were significantly decreased by pretreatment with Nic, KYN and atropine. In conclusion, the present study shows that the hypertension and tachycardia induced by intra-RVLM salusin-β might be partly mediated, at least in our opinion, by muscarinic receptors, glutamate receptors or L-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jia Xie
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 DongGang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chen Chai
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 DongGang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, San Ai Tang Hospital, 74 Jing-Ning Road, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 DongGang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Intensive Care Unit, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, San Ai Tang Hospital, 74 Jing-Ning Road, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Nong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 DongGang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Cakir M, Duzova H, Taslidere A, Orhan G, Ozyalin F. Protective effects of salusin-α and salusin-β on renal ischemia/reperfusion damage and their levels in ischemic acute renal failure. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:122-133. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1283056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F Ozyalin
- Biochemistry, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Usta Atmaca H, Akbas F. IS SALUSIN-ALPHA A NEW MARKER OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK IN HYPOTHYROIDISM? ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2017; 13:53-59. [PMID: 31149148 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Salusins are multifunctional endogenous peptides shown in human and rat tissues. Serum salusin α level is decreased in coronary artery disease and lack of salusin α enhances coronary atherosclerosis. Hypothyroidism is a chronic inflammatory disease that has a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Here we aimed to search the relationship of overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism with salusin α and other inflammatory markers, also the effect of L-thyroxine treatment on these findings. Material and Methods 32 patients with overt hypothyroidism taking L-thyroxine treatment, 18 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism without treatment and 25 healthy patients as control group were included in the study. Serum salusin α, TNF α, sCRP, glucose, insulin and lipid levels were tested for all groups and results were evaluated with SPSS statistical analysis method. Results HDL, sCRP, salusin mean values were statistically significantly different in all 3 groups. HDL level was statistically significantly higher in control group compared to treatment group. sCRP level was higher and salusin level was lower in both treatment and non-treatment hypothyroidism groups compared to control group. When treatment and non-treatment hypothyroidism groups were compared, there was no statistically significant difference for salusin α, but HDL level was high and insulin level was low statistically significant in treatment group. Conclusions Salusin α that is shown to be protective for coronary artery disease and hypertension, is found to be significantly low in hypothyroidism, thus it is a marker that increases the cardiovascular disease risk in this specific patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Usta Atmaca
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Samatya, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Akbas
- Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Samatya, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lu Y, Wu YS, Chen DS, Wang MM, Wang WZ, Yuan WJ. Microinjection of salusin-beta into the nucleus tractus solitarii inhibits cardiovascular function by suppressing presympathetic neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats. Physiol Res 2014; 64:161-71. [PMID: 25317687 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salusin-beta is newly identified bioactive peptide of 20 amino acids, which is widely distributed in hematopoietic system, endocrine system, and the central nervous system (CNS). Although salusin-beta extensively expressed in the CNS, the central cardiovascular functions of salusin-beta are unclear. Our main objective was to determine the cardiovascular effect of microinjection of salusin-beta into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in anesthetized rats. Bilateral or unilateral microinjection of salusin-beta (0.94-94 microg/rat) into the NTS dose-dependently decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Bilateral NTS microinjection of salusin-beta (9.4 microg/rat) did not alter baroreflex sensitivity. Prior application of the glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (0.19 microg/rat, n=9) into the NTS did not alter the salusin-beta (9.4 microg/rat) induced hypotension and bradycardia. However, pretreatment with the GABA receptor agonist muscimol (0.5 ng/rat) within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) completely abolished the hypotension (-14+/-5 vs. -3+/-5 mm Hg, P<0.05) and bradycardia (-22+/-6 vs. -6+/-5 bpm, P<0.05) evoked by intra-NTS salusin-beta (9.4 microg/rat). In addition, we found that vagotomy didn't influence the actions of salusin-beta (9.4 microg/rat) in the NTS. In conclusion, our present study shows that microinjection of salusin-beta into the NTS significantly produces hypotension and bradycardia, presumably by suppressing the activities of presympathetic neurons in the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, San Ai Tang Hospital, Lanzhou, PR China. ; Department of Physiology and Key Lab of Ministry of Education in Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, PR China.
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Ogawa A, Fujimoto K, Hayashi A, Chida S, Sato K, Takai K, Masaki T, Suzuki A, Kamata Y, Takano K, Koyama T, Shichiri M. Physiological fluctuations of human plasma total salusin-β, an endogenous parasympathomimetic/proatherosclerotic peptide. Peptides 2014; 59:83-8. [PMID: 25063054 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salusin-β is an endogenous bioactive peptide that systemically exerts acute parasympathomimetic hemodynamic actions and locally induces atherogenesis. Due to its unique physicochemical characteristics to immediately adhere to all types of plastic and glassware, its plasma concentrations have only been successfully determined very recently. Using a total of 50 healthy adults (median age 28 years, range 24-57 years), we evaluated whether circulating salusin-β levels are affected by the autonomic nervous functions. Plasma total salusin-β levels obtained during daytime ambulatory monitoring of heart rate variability showed strong negative correlations with variables reflecting parasympathetic nervous activity, high frequency amplitude (HF; r=-0.27, p=0.0018) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD; r=-0.19, p=0.0292), but did not with low frequency amplitude (LF) or LF/HF, variables influenced by sympathetic nervous activity. Because early morning nadir in the diurnal variation of plasma total salusin-β levels appeared to follow the nighttime parasympathetic nervous activity peak as quantified by HF and RMSSD, we determined whether parasympathetic stimulation reduces plasma salusin-β levels. Both Valsalva maneuver (p<0.05) and urination (p<0.05) significantly reduced plasma total salusin-β levels. Despite the fact that salusin-β is the sole endogenous parasympathomimetic peptide identified to date, the current results argue against the contention that physiological parasympathetic augmentation is the consequences of upregulated circulating salusin-β. Rather, circulating salusin-β levels are suppressed following physiological parasympathetic stimulation and appear to constitute a negative feedback relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoma Chida
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kuninobu Takai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuguto Masaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Takano
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Koca SS, Özgen M, Işık B, Dağlı MN, Üstündağ B, Işık A. Serum salusin-α levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Eur J Rheumatol 2014; 1:14-17. [PMID: 27708865 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2014.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc), chronic inflammatory diseases, demonstrate an increased incidence of cardiovascular manifestations and subclinical atherosclerotic disease. Salusin-α is a novel bioactive peptide that suppresses the formation of macrophage foam cells, and its serum level is significantly lower in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. The aims of the study were to assess serum salusin-α level and its potential association with the predictors of atherosclerosis in SLE and SSc. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 20 SLE and 22 SSc patients and 23 healthy controls (HC). All of the participants were female. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and salusin-α levels, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined. RESULTS Salusin-α levels were lower and the IMTs were higher in the SLE and SSc groups than in the HC group. The salusin-α level was correlated with neither the disease activity scores nor cytokine levels and IMT in the SLE and SSc groups, although it was correlated with triglyceride level in the SLE group (r=-0.564, p=0.012), and with HOMA-IR index in the HC group (r=0.485, p=0.019). CONCLUSION The present preliminary study may support the idea that SSc leads to subclinical atherosclerosis, as in SLE. Moreover, it can be concluded that the decreased salusin-α levels in SLE and SSc may contribute to subclinical atherosclerosis. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed to demonstrate this contribution in SLE and SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Serdar Koca
- Department of Rheumatology, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Metin Özgen
- Department of Rheumatology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Bahar Işık
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Hospital of Aydın, Aydın, Turkey
| | | | - Bilal Üstündağ
- Department of Biochemistry, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Işık
- Department of Rheumatology, Fırat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazığ, Turkey
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15
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Salusins: potential use as a biomarker for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:965140. [PMID: 24251033 PMCID: PMC3819761 DOI: 10.1155/2013/965140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human salusin- α and salusin- β are related peptides produced from prosalusin. Bolus injection of salusin- β into rats induces more profound hypotension and bradycardia than salusin- α . Central administration of salusin- β increases blood pressure via release of norepinephrine and arginine-vasopressin. Circulating levels of salusin- α and salusin- β are lower in patients with essential hypertension. Salusin- β exerts more potent mitogenic effects on human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and fibroblasts than salusin- α . Salusin- β accelerates inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells and monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Human macrophage foam cell formation is stimulated by salusin- β but suppressed by salusin- α . Chronic salusin- β infusion into apolipoprotein E-deficient mice enhances atherosclerotic lesions; salusin- α infusion reduces lesions. Salusin- β is expressed in proliferative neointimal lesions of porcine coronary arteries after stenting. Salusin- α and salusin- β immunoreactivity have been detected in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques, with dominance of salusin- β in macrophage foam cells, VSMCs, and fibroblasts. Circulating salusin- β levels increase and salusin- α levels decrease in patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that salusin- β and salusin- α may contribute to proatherogenesis and antiatherogenesis, respectively. Increased salusin- β and/or decreased salusin- α levels in circulating blood and vascular tissue are closely linked with atherosclerosis. Salusin- α and salusin- β could be candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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16
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Fujimoto K, Hayashi A, Kamata Y, Ogawa A, Watanabe T, Ichikawa R, Iso Y, Koba S, Kobayashi Y, Koyama T, Shichiri M. Circulating levels of human salusin-β, a potent hemodynamic and atherogenesis regulator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76714. [PMID: 24098553 PMCID: PMC3789687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using bioinformatics analysis, we previously identified salusin-β, an endogenous bioactive peptide with diverse physiological activities. Salusin-β is abundantly expressed in the neuroendocrine system and in systemic endocrine cells/macrophages. Salusin-β acutely regulates hemodynamics and chronically induces atherosclerosis, but its unique physicochemical characteristics to tightly adhere to all types of plastic and glassware have prevented elucidation of its precise pathophysiological role. To quantitate plasma total salusin-β concentrations, we produced rabbit and chicken polyclonal antibodies against the C- and N-terminal end sequences, circumvented its sticky nature, and successfully established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Salusin-β was abundantly present in the plasma of healthy volunteers, ranging from 1.9 to 6.6 nmol/L. Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that a single immunoreactive salusin-β peak coincided with synthetic authentic salusin-β. Plasma salusin-β concentrations were unaffected by postural changes and by potent vasopressin release stimuli, such as hypertonic saline infusion or smoking. However, salusin-β concentrations showed significant circadian variation; concentrations were high during the daytime and reached the lowest concentrations in the early morning. Plasma salusin-β levels in subjects with diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease showed distinctly higher levels than healthy controls. Patients with panhypopituitarism combined with complete central diabetes insipidus also showed significantly higher plasma salusin-β levels. Therefore, the ELISA system developed in this study will be useful for evaluating circulating total salusin-β levels and for confirming the presence of authentic salusin-β in human plasma. The obtained results suggest a limited contribution of the neuroendocrine system to peripheral total salusin-β concentrations and a role for plasma total salusin-β concentrations as an indicator of systemic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamata
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raishi Ichikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iso
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichi Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hematology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ren AJ, Liang Q, Wang R, Ji HY, Wu Y, Shi JS, Lin L, Yuan WJ. Effects of Salusin-β on action potential and ionic currents in ventricular myocytes of rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:166-72. [PMID: 22846709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Salusin-β is a regulatory peptide that exerts negative inotropic effect on ventricular muscle, but its electrophysiological effects on ventricular myocytes are still unknown. METHODS Action potential and channel currents such as sodium current (I(N) (a) ), transient outward potassium current (I(to) ), steady-state potassium current (I(sus) ), sodium-calcium exchange current (I(N) (aCa) ) and inward rectifier potassium current (I(K) (1) ) were measured in ventricular myocytes isolated from 12 to 16 weeks rats by whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. RESULTS Salusin-β dose-dependently shortened the duration of action potential in rat ventricular myocytes. Furthermore, salusin-β significantly inhibited I(N) (aCa) and increased I(to) , but did not affect I(N) (a) , I(sus) and I(K) (1) . CONCLUSION These results suggest that the effect of salusin-β on action potential may be partly attributed to a decrease in inward currents and an increase in outward currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jing Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai; China
| | | | - Rong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan; China
| | - Hai-Yu Ji
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan; China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan; China
| | - Jing-Song Shi
- Department of Endocrinology; Nanjing Military General Hospital; Nanjing; China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Physiology; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai; China
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Aydin S, Eren MN, Aydin S, Ozercan IH, Dagli AF. The bioactive peptides salusins and apelin-36 are produced in human arterial and venous tissues and the changes of their levels during cardiopulmonary bypass. Peptides 2012; 37:233-9. [PMID: 22884920 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of CPB on salusin-α, salusin-β and apelin-36 bioactive peptides in people who are planned to undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation due to coronary artery disease and to explore whether these peptides are produced in human aortic, saphenous and arterial tissues. The study included age and BMI matched 15 patients who underwent CABG operation by CPB. In order to determine salusin-α, salusin-β and apelin-36 levels, venous blood samples were collected before induction of anesthesia (T1), before CPB (T2), 5 min before the removal of cross-clamp (T3), 5 min after the removal of cross-clamp (T4), upon arrival in the intensive care (T5), at postoperative 24th hour (T6) and 72nd hour (T7). Salusin and apelin expressions of the tissues were shown by immunohistochemical method. Peptide amounts of sera and tissues were measured using ELISA. Salusins production by vessels occurs in fibroblast cells of the media in the aorta and smooth muscle cells of the media in the LIMA and saphena. Apelin is produced by endothelial cells of the intima and fibroblast cells of the media in the aorta and by smooth muscle cells of the media in the LIMA and saphena. Changes in the levels of salusin-β and apelin-36 were significant during CPB. Salusin-α, salusin-β and apelin-36 are locally synthesized in the arteries and veins. Salusins and apelin-36 might be important markers in the CPB, and also that salusin-β was more specific in comparison to salusin-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Aydin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig State Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
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Watanabe T, Sato K, Itoh F, Wakabayashi K, Shichiri M, Hirano T. Endogenous bioactive peptides as potential biomarkers for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. SENSORS 2012; 12:4974-85. [PMID: 22666071 PMCID: PMC3355454 DOI: 10.3390/s120404974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with high medical costs and rates of disability. It is therefore important to evaluate the use of cardiovascular biomarkers in the early diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). We have screened a variety of recently identified bioactive peptides candidates in anticipation that they would allow detection of atherosclerotic CAD. Especially, we have focused on novel anti-atherogenic peptides as indicators and negative risk factors for CAD. In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies indicated that human adiponectin, heregulin-β1, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and salusin-α, peptides of 244, 71, 30, and 28 amino acids, respectively, attenuate the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions by suppressing macrophage foam cell formation via down-regulation of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1. Circulating levels of these peptides in the blood are significantly decreased in patients with CAD compared to patients without CAD. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that salusin-α is a more useful biomarker, with better sensitivity and specificity, compared with the others for detecting CAD. Therefore, salusin-α, heregulin-β1, adiponectin, and/or GLP-1, alone or in various combinations, may be useful as biomarkers for atherosclerotic CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-City, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (F.I.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-42-676-6983; Fax: +81-42-676-4323
| | - Kengo Sato
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-City, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (F.I.)
| | - Fumiko Itoh
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-City, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (F.I.)
| | - Kohei Wakabayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Tsutomu Hirano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; E-Mail:
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20
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The roles of salusins in atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Ozgen M, Koca SS, Dagli N, Balin M, Ustundag B, Isik A. Serum salusin-alpha level in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 167:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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