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Le Mentec H, Monniez E, Legrand A, Monvoisin C, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Podechard N. A New In Vivo Zebrafish Bioassay Evaluating Liver Steatosis Identifies DDE as a Steatogenic Endocrine Disruptor, Partly through SCD1 Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043942. [PMID: 36835354 PMCID: PMC9959061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which starts with liver steatosis, is a growing worldwide epidemic responsible for chronic liver diseases. Among its risk factors, exposure to environmental contaminants, such as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC), has been recently emphasized. Given this important public health concern, regulation agencies need novel simple and fast biological tests to evaluate chemical risks. In this context, we developed a new in vivo bioassay called StAZ (Steatogenic Assay on Zebrafish) using an alternative model to animal experimentation, the zebrafish larva, to screen EDCs for their steatogenic properties. Taking advantage of the transparency of zebrafish larvae, we established a method based on fluorescent staining with Nile red to estimate liver lipid content. Following testing of known steatogenic molecules, 10 EDCs suspected to induce metabolic disorders were screened and DDE, the main metabolite of the insecticide DDT, was identified as a potent inducer of steatosis. To confirm this and optimize the assay, we used it in a transgenic zebrafish line expressing a blue fluorescent liver protein reporter. To obtain insight into DDE's effect, the expression of several genes related to steatosis was analyzed; an up-regulation of scd1 expression, probably relying on PXR activation, was found, partly responsible for both membrane remodeling and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Mentec
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Monniez
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Legrand
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- UMR 1236-MOBIDIC, INSERM, Université Rennes, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence:
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Effect of Tempeh on Gut Microbiota and Anti-Stress Activity in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312660. [PMID: 34884465 PMCID: PMC8658004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus oryzae is a fungus used to ferment tempeh in Indonesia and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption by the USA FDA. We previously assessed the effect of a tempeh extract on cortisol levels in zebrafish but did not include behavioral studies. Here, we measured the GABA content in three strains of Rhizopus oryzae, two isolated by us (MHU 001 and MHU 002) and one purchased. We then investigated the effect of tempeh on cortisol and the gut microbiota in a zebrafish experimental model. GABA concentration was the highest in MHU 002 (9.712 ± 0.404 g kg−1) followed by our MHU 001 strain and the purchased one. The fish were divided into one control group fed a normal diet and three experimental groups fed soybean tempeh fermented with one of the three strains of Rhizopus oryzae. After two weeks, individual fish were subjected to unpredicted chronic stress using the novel tank diving test and the tank light–dark test. Next-generation sequencing was used to analyze gut microbial communities and RT-PCR to analyze the expression of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) gene and of other genes involved in serotonin signaling/metabolism in gut and brain. Tempeh-fed zebrafish exhibited increased exploratory behavior (less stress) in both tank tests. They also had significantly reduced gut Proteobacteria (include E. coli) (51.90% vs. 84.97%) and significantly increased gut Actinobacteria (include Bifidobacterium spp.) (1.80% vs. 0.79%). The content of Bifidobacteriumadolescentis, a “psychobiotic”, increased ten-fold from 0.04% to 0.45%. Tempeh also increases BDNF levels in zebrafish brain. Rhizopus oryzae MHU 001 greatly improved the anti-stress effect of tempeh and microbiota composition in zebrafish gut.
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Shankar P, McClure RS, Waters KM, Tanguay RL. Gene co-expression network analysis in zebrafish reveals chemical class specific modules. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:658. [PMID: 34517816 PMCID: PMC8438978 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish is a popular animal model used for high-throughput screening of chemical hazards, however, investigations of transcriptomic mechanisms of toxicity are still needed. Here, our goal was to identify genes and biological pathways that Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 2 (AHR2) Activators and flame retardant chemicals (FRCs) alter in developing zebrafish. Taking advantage of a compendium of phenotypically-anchored RNA sequencing data collected from 48-h post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish, we inferred a co-expression network that grouped genes based on their transcriptional response. RESULTS Genes responding to the FRCs and AHR2 Activators localized to distinct regions of the network, with FRCs inducing a broader response related to neurobehavior. AHR2 Activators centered in one region related to chemical stress responses. We also discovered several highly co-expressed genes in this module, including cyp1a, and we subsequently show that these genes are definitively within the AHR2 signaling pathway. Systematic removal of the two chemical types from the data, and analysis of network changes identified neurogenesis associated with FRCs, and regulation of vascular development associated with both chemical classes. We also identified highly connected genes responding specifically to each class that are potential biomarkers of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we created the first zebrafish chemical-specific gene co-expression network illuminating how chemicals alter the transcriptome relative to each other. In addition to our conclusions regarding FRCs and AHR2 Activators, our network can be leveraged by other studies investigating chemical mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Shankar
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, 28645 East Highway 34, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ryan S McClure
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific National Northwest Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, 28645 East Highway 34, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Biological Sciences Division, Pacific National Northwest Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, 28645 East Highway 34, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Cassar S, Dunn C, Ramos MF. Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Ocular Toxicity Testing: A Review of Ocular Anatomy and Functional Assays. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:438-454. [PMID: 33063651 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320964748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics make their way into organisms from diverse sources including diet, medication, and pollution. Our understanding of ocular toxicities from xenobiotics in humans, livestock, and wildlife is growing thanks to laboratory animal models. Anatomy and physiology are conserved among vertebrate eyes, and studies with common mammalian preclinical species (rodent, dog) can predict human ocular toxicity. However, since the eye is susceptible to toxicities that may not involve a histological correlate, and these species rely heavily on smell and hearing to navigate their world, discovering visual deficits can be challenging with traditional animal models. Alternative models capable of identifying functional impacts on vision and requiring minimal amounts of chemical are valuable assets to toxicology. Human and zebrafish eyes are anatomically and functionally similar, and it has been reported that several common human ocular toxicants cause comparable toxicity in zebrafish. Vision develops rapidly in zebrafish; the tiny larvae rely on visual cues as early as 4 days, and behavioral responses to those cues can be monitored in high-throughput fashion. This article describes the comparative anatomy of the zebrafish eye, the notable differences from the mammalian eye, and presents practical applications of this underutilized model for assessment of ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cassar
- Preclinical Safety, 419726AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Dunn
- Preclinical Safety, 419726AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Chien LC, Wu YH, Ho TN, Huang YY, Hsu T. Heat stress modulates nucleotide excision repair capacity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early and mid-early embryos via distinct mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124653. [PMID: 31473528 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Discharge of heated effluent at 8-12 °C above ambient into water areas is known to retard the growth of aquatic organisms due to heat stress. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) maintains genome integrity by removing helix-distorting adducts such as UV-induced DNA lesions. This study explored how NER in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at different hours post fertilization (hpf) responded to + 8.5 °C heat shock for 30 min. Our transcription-based repair assay monitoring the ability of zebrafish extracts to upregulate a UV-suppressed gene expression detected a 2-fold increase of NER capacity in 10 hpf early embryos after heat stress. In contrast, heat stress caused a mild inhibition of NER capacity in 24 hpf mid-early embryos. Heat-treated and untreated 10 hpf zebrafish extracts displayed similar levels of UV-damaged-DNA binding activities, while an apparently weaker (6-4) photoproduct (6-4 PP) binding activity was present in heat-stressed 24 hpf zebrafish extracts. Heat stress enhanced UV-induced NER in 10 hpf embryos by increasing the efficiency of damage incision/excision based on both genomic DNA electrophoresis and terminal deoxytransferase (TdT)-mediated end labeling assay. UV-irradiated embryos preexposed to heat stress produced a significantly larger amount of NER-associated DNA fragments about 20-30 nucleotides in length than embryos only heat-treated or irradiated. Correlated with its inhibitory effect on 6-4 PP damage recognition, heat stress downregulated damage incision/excision activities in 24 hpf embryos. Hence, thermal stress may positively or negatively modulate NER capacity in zebrafish embryos at different stages by targeting at the step of DNA incision/excision or damage recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Chun Chien
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Nan Ho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Yun Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Todd Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ho TN, Paul GV, Chen YH, Hsu T. Heat stress upregulates G-T mismatch binding activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos preexposed and nonexposed to a sublethal level of cadmium (Cd). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:179-188. [PMID: 30471498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
G-T mispair frequently appears in eukaryotic DNA due to the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine paired with guanine and is therefore an important target for DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Our earlier studies showed the downregulation of G-T binding activities in cadmium (Cd)-exposed (Danio rerio) embryos. Since elevation of water temperature was reported to increase Cd toxicity in zebrafish, this study explored whether heat stress affected zebrafish mismatch binding capacity in the absence or presence of Cd. Heat stress (37 °C for 30 min) induced heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression in embryos at 10 and 24 h post fertilization (hpf). Heat stress weakly upregulated normal G-T sensing machinery and inhibited G-T recognition activity in embryos preexposed to 3 μM Cd for 9 h. Either heat shock or a 23-h Cd treatment alone caused a 1.7-fold stimulation of G-T binding capacity in 24 hpf embryos and heat stress of Cd-preexposed embryos further enhanced G-T binding activity to 2.5 fold of control. Normal and Cd-downregulated loop binding activities in 10 and 24 hpf embryos were almost unreactive to heat shock. Heat stress-upregulated G-T sensing in nonexposed, but not in Cd-preexposed, 24 hpf embryos correlated with stronger gene activities encoding MMR-linked mismatch detecting factors MutS homolog 2 and 6 plus a higher DNA binding activity of the transcription factor Sp1 that regulates msh2/msh6 expression. Our results suggested the importance of heat shock response in facilitating the correction of G-T mismatch in developing zebrafish even under Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Nan Ho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd. Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ganjai Vikram Paul
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd. Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Hung Chen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd. Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Todd Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2, Pei-Ning Rd. Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Zamora LY, Miguel KC, Lu Z. The alcohol-sensitive period during early octavolateral organ development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1194-1203. [PMID: 28105691 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), completely preventable developmental disabilities characterized by permanent birth defects. However, specific gestational timing when developing organs are most sensitive to alcohol exposure is unclear. In this study, we examined the temporal effects of embryonic alcohol exposure on octavolateral organs in zebrafish (Danio rerio), including inner ears and lateral line neuromasts that function in hearing, balance, and hydrodynamic detection, respectively. To determine an alcohol-sensitive period in the first 24 hours post fertilization (hpf), Et(krt4:EGFP)sqet4 zebrafish that express green fluorescent protein in sensory hair cells were treated in 2% alcohol for 2, 3, and 5-hours. Octavolateral organs of control and alcohol-exposed larvae were examined at 3, 5, and 7 days post fertilization (dpf). Using confocal and light microscopy, we found that alcohol-exposed larvae had significantly smaller otic vesicles and saccular otoliths than control larvae at 3 dpf. Only alcohol-exposed larvae from 12-17 hpf had smaller otic vesicles at 5 dpf, smaller saccular otoliths at 7 dpf and fewer saccular hair cells, neuromasts and hair cells per neuromast at 3 dpf. In addition, auditory function was assessed by microphonic potential recordings from inner ear hair cells in response to 200-Hz stimulation. Hearing sensitivity was reduced for alcohol-exposed larvae from 7-12 and 12-17 hpf. Our results show that 12-17 hpf is an alcohol-sensitive time window when morphology and function of zebrafish octavolateral organs are most vulnerable to alcohol exposure. This study implies that embryonic alcohol exposure timing during early development can influence severity of hearing deficits. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilliann Y Zamora
- University of Miami, Department of Biology, Coral Gables, Florida.,University of Miami, Neuroscience Program, Miami, Florida
| | - Kayla C Miguel
- University of Miami, Neuroscience Program, Miami, Florida
| | - Zhongmin Lu
- University of Miami, Department of Biology, Coral Gables, Florida.,University of Miami, Neuroscience Program, Miami, Florida.,International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Oliver VF, van Bysterveldt KA, Cadzow M, Steger B, Romano V, Markie D, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Willoughby CE, Sherwin T, Crosier PS, McGhee CN, Vincent AL. A COL17A1 Splice-Altering Mutation Is Prevalent in Inherited Recurrent Corneal Erosions. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:709-22. [PMID: 26786512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal dystrophies are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. We previously described a family with an autosomal dominant epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy (ERED). We aimed to identify the underlying genetic cause of ERED in this family and 3 additional ERED families. We sought to characterize the potential function of the candidate genes using the human and zebrafish cornea. DESIGN Case series study of 4 white families with a similar ERED. An experimental study was performed on human and zebrafish tissue to examine the putative biological function of candidate genes. PARTICIPANTS Four ERED families, including 28 affected and 17 unaffected individuals. METHODS HumanLinkage-12 arrays (Illumina, San Diego, CA) were used to genotype 17 family members. Next-generation exome sequencing was performed on an uncle-niece pair. Segregation of potential causative mutations was confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Protein expression was determined using immunohistochemistry in human and zebrafish cornea. Gene expression in zebrafish was assessed using whole-mount in situ hybridization. Morpholino-induced transient gene knockdown was performed in zebrafish embryos. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Linkage microarray, exome analysis, DNA sequence analysis, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and morpholino-induced genetic knockdown results. RESULTS Linkage microarray analysis identified a candidate region on chromosome chr10:12,576,562-112,763,135, and exploration of exome sequencing data identified 8 putative pathogenic variants in this linkage region. Two variants segregated in 06NZ-TRB1 with ERED: COL17A1 c.3156C→T and DNAJC9 c.334G→A. The COL17A1 c.3156C→T variant segregated in all 4 ERED families. We showed biologically relevant expression of these proteins in human cornea. Both proteins are expressed in the cornea of zebrafish embryos and adults. Zebrafish lacking Col17a1a and Dnajc9 during development show no gross corneal phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The COL17A1 c.3156C→T variant is the likely causative mutation in our recurrent corneal erosion families, and its presence in 4 independent families suggests that it is prevalent in ERED. This same COL17A1 c.3156C→T variant recently was identified in a separate pedigree with ERED. Our study expands the phenotypic spectrum of COL17A1 disease from autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa to autosomal dominant ERED and identifies COL17A1 as a key protein in maintaining integrity of the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity F Oliver
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Katherine A van Bysterveldt
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Murray Cadzow
- Department of Biochemistry, Dunedin School of Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bernhard Steger
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Markie
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia; Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Colin E Willoughby
- Department of Corneal and External Eye Diseases, St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles N McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Eye Department, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea L Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Eye Department, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Mitchell DM, Stevens CB, Frey RA, Hunter SS, Ashino R, Kawamura S, Stenkamp DL. Retinoic Acid Signaling Regulates Differential Expression of the Tandemly-Duplicated Long Wavelength-Sensitive Cone Opsin Genes in Zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005483. [PMID: 26296154 PMCID: PMC4546582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling molecule retinoic acid (RA) regulates rod and cone photoreceptor fate, differentiation, and survival. Here we elucidate the role of RA in differential regulation of the tandemly-duplicated long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) cone opsin genes. Zebrafish embryos were treated with RA from 48 hours post-fertilization (hpf) to 75 hpf, and RNA was isolated from eyes for microarray analysis. ~170 genes showed significantly altered expression, including several transcription factors and components of cellular signaling pathways. Of interest, the LWS1 opsin gene was strongly upregulated by RA. LWS1 is the upstream member of the tandemly duplicated LWS opsin array and is normally not expressed embryonically. Embryos treated with RA 48 hpf to 100 hpf or beyond showed significant reductions in LWS2-expressing cones in favor of LWS1-expressing cones. The LWS reporter line, LWS-PAC(H) provided evidence that individual LWS cones switched from LWS2 to LWS1 expression in response to RA. The RA signaling reporter line, RARE:YFP indicated that increased RA signaling in cones was associated with this opsin switch, and experimental reduction of RA signaling in larvae at the normal time of onset of LWS1 expression significantly inhibited LWS1 expression. A role for endogenous RA signaling in regulating differential expression of the LWS genes in postmitotic cones was further supported by the presence of an RA signaling domain in ventral retina of juvenile zebrafish that coincided with a ventral zone of LWS1 expression. This is the first evidence that an extracellular signal may regulate differential expression of opsin genes in a tandemly duplicated array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Frey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Samuel S. Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Ryuichi Ashino
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Deborah L. Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lutte AH, Capiotti KM, da Silva NLG, da Silva CSDO, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Da Silva RS. Contributions from extracellular sources of adenosine to the ethanol toxicity in zebrafish larvae. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:82-91. [PMID: 25883026 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ethanol exposure on extracellular adenosine sources in zebrafish were evaluated. In the acute treatment, the embryos were exposed to 2% ethanol on day 1 post-fertilization (dpf). In the chronic treatment, the exposure was continued for 2h/day up to 6 dpf. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was assessed by colorimetric method and gene expression determined by RT-qPCR in 7 dpf zebrafish. Body length, ocular distance and surface area of the eyes were registered in animals acutely exposed to ethanol and pretreated with AOPCP (5-500 nM), an ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor, or dipyridamole (10-100 μM), a blocker of nucleoside transport. Both ethanol exposures promoted increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, impaired locomotion and morphology. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase expression was not affected. AOPCP promoted mild prevention of morphological defects caused by acute treatment, while dipyridamole worsened these defects. Early ethanol exposure altered adenosinergic tonus, especially through nucleoside transporters, contributing to morphological defects produced by ethanol in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Haab Lutte
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Katiucia Marques Capiotti
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nicole Luize Garcia da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Silveira de Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosane Souza Da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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