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Ge B, Lin Y, Shi B, Jia Z. Integrating transcriptomics and genomics to identify fibroblast growth factor/receptor candidate genes for non-syndromic orofacial cleft in Chinese. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 153:105750. [PMID: 37348362 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between fibroblast growth factor/receptor (FGF/FGFR) and non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOC) in individuals of Han Chinese. DESIGN Initially, we performed RNA-Seq between non-syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO) or non-syndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO) and control groups. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were carried out to evaluate the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of FGF/FGFR. Then, we selected the most significant DEG FGFR2 and performed an association analysis in Chinese. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses were performed with HaploView and PLINK. Additional bioinformatics functional prediction for the notable single nucleotide polymorphisms was performed with HaploReg V4.1 and 3DSNP. RESULTS Finally, we identified 32 mRNAs related to FGF/FGFR via RNA-Seq and chose FGFR2 in the subsequent association analysis. Results indicated that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2288336 in FGFR2 contributed significantly to both non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) and NSCLO, with p values of 5.00E-05 (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70-0.88) and 1.38E-04 (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.65-0.87), respectively. In addition, rs3793893 in FGFR2 was found to be associated with NSCLO, with a p value of 1.02E-04 (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.55-0.82). CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrated that FGFR2 is significantly more involved in NSOC than other FGF/FGFRs in Chinese and further identified rs2288336 and rs3793893 in FGFR2 associated with NSOC subtypes, which provide further evidence for the genetic etiology of NSOC in Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yansong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China.
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Li R, Sun Y, Chen Z, Zheng M, Shan Y, Ying X, Weng M, Chen Z. The Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 (Fgf9) Participates in Palatogenesis by Promoting Palatal Growth and Elevation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:653040. [PMID: 33959039 PMCID: PMC8093392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.653040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, a common global congenital malformation, occurs due to disturbances in palatal growth, elevation, contact, and fusion during palatogenesis. The Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) mutation has been discovered in humans with cleft lip and palate. Fgf9 is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme, with temporospatial diversity during palatogenesis. However, the specific role of Fgf9 in palatogenesis has not been extensively discussed. Herein, we used Ddx4-Cre mice to generate an Fgf9–/– mouse model (with an Fgf9 exon 2 deletion) that exhibited a craniofacial syndrome involving a cleft palate and deficient mandibular size with 100% penetrance. A smaller palatal shelf size, delayed palatal elevation, and contact failure were investigated to be the intrinsic causes for cleft palate. Hyaluronic acid accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM) sharply decreased, while the cell density correspondingly increased in Fgf9–/– mice. Additionally, significant decreases in cell proliferation were discovered in not only the palatal epithelium and mesenchyme but also among cells in Meckel’s cartilage and around the mandibular bone in Fgf9–/– mice. Serial sections of embryonic heads dissected at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) were subjected to craniofacial morphometric measurement. This highlighted the reduced oral volume owing to abnormal tongue size and descent, and insufficient mandibular size, which disturbed palatal elevation in Fgf9–/– mice. These results indicate that Fgf9 facilitates palatal growth and timely elevation by regulating cell proliferation and hyaluronic acid accumulation. Moreover, Fgf9 ensures that the palatal elevation process has adequate space by influencing tongue descent, tongue morphology, and mandibular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengxi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Resident, Department of General Dentistry, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mengting Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Shan
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Ying
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjia Weng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Janečková E, Feng J, Li J, Rodriguez G, Chai Y. Dynamic activation of Wnt, Fgf, and Hh signaling during soft palate development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223879. [PMID: 31613912 PMCID: PMC6793855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The soft palate is a key component of the oropharyngeal complex that is critical for swallowing, breathing, hearing and speech. However, complete functional restoration in patients with cleft soft palate remains a challenging task. New insights into the molecular signaling network governing the development of soft palate will help to overcome these clinical challenges. In this study, we investigated whether key signaling pathways required for hard palate development are also involved in soft palate development in mice. We described the dynamic expression patterns of signaling molecules from well-known pathways, such as Wnt, Hh, and Fgf, during the development of the soft palate. We found that Wnt signaling is active throughout the development of soft palate myogenic sites, predominantly in cells of cranial neural crest (CNC) origin neighboring the myogenic cells, suggesting that Wnt signaling may play a significant role in CNC-myogenic cell-cell communication during myogenic differentiation in the soft palate. Hh signaling is abundantly active in early palatal epithelium, some myogenic cells, and the CNC-derived cells adjacent to the myogenic cells. Hh signaling gradually diminishes during the later stages of soft palate development, indicating its involvement mainly in early embryonic soft palate development. Fgf signaling is expressed most prominently in CNC-derived cells in the myogenic sites and persists until later stages of embryonic soft palate development. Collectively, our results highlight a network of Wnt, Hh, and Fgf signaling that may be involved in the development of the soft palate, particularly soft palate myogenesis. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the functional significance of these signaling pathways individually and collectively in regulating soft palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janečková
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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