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Park S, Hunter ES. Modeling the human placenta: in vitro applications in developmental and reproductive toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:431-464. [PMID: 39016688 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2295349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
During its temporary tenure, the placenta has extensive and specialized functions that are critical for pre- and post-natal development. The consequences of chemical exposure in utero can have profound effects on the structure and function of pregnancy-associated tissues and the life-long health of the birthing person and their offspring. However, the toxicological importance and critical functions of the placenta to embryonic and fetal development and maturation have been understudied. This narrative will review early placental development in humans and highlight some in vitro models currently in use that are or can be applied to better understand placental processes underlying developmental toxicity due to in utero environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Park
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Edward Sidney Hunter
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Effect of Pesticides on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Their Association with Obesity and Diabetes. PPAR Res 2023; 2023:1743289. [PMID: 36875280 PMCID: PMC9984265 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1743289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are considered the most important diseases of the XXI century. Recently, many epidemiological studies have linked exposure to pesticides to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The role of pesticides and their possible influence on the development of these diseases was investigated by examining the relationship between these compounds and one of the major nuclear receptor families controlling lipid and carbohydrate metabolism: the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ; this was possible through in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. The present review aims to show the effect of pesticides on PPARs and their contribution to the changes in energy metabolism that enable the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Bruckmann FS, Schnorr C, Oviedo LR, Knani S, Silva LFO, Silva WL, Dotto GL, Bohn Rhoden CR. Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides into Nanocomposites: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:6261. [PMID: 36234798 PMCID: PMC9572628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has significantly impacted the environment and human health, as these pollutants are inadequately disposed of into water bodies. In addition, pesticides can cause adverse effects on humans and aquatic animals due to their incomplete removal from the aqueous medium by conventional wastewater treatments. Therefore, processes such as heterogeneous photocatalysis and adsorption by nanocomposites have received special attention in the scientific community due to their unique properties and ability to degrade and remove several organic pollutants, including pesticides. This report reviews the use of nanocomposites in pesticide adsorption and photocatalytic degradation from aqueous solutions. A bibliographic search was performed using the ScienceDirect, American Chemical Society (ACS), and Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) indexes, using Boolean logic and the following descriptors: "pesticide degradation" AND "photocatalysis" AND "nanocomposites"; "nanocomposites" AND "pesticides" AND "adsorption". The search was limited to research article documents in the last ten years (from January 2012 to June 2022). The results made it possible to verify that the most dangerous pesticides are not the most commonly degraded/removed from wastewater. At the same time, the potential of the supported nanocatalysts and nanoadsorbents in the decontamination of wastewater-containing pesticides is confirmed once they present reduced bandgap energy, which occurs over a wide range of wavelengths. Moreover, due to the great affinity of the supported nanocatalysts with pesticides, better charge separation, high removal, and degradation values are reported for these organic compounds. Thus, the class of the nanocomposites investigated in this work, magnetic or not, can be characterized as suitable nanomaterials with potential and unique properties useful in heterogeneous photocatalysts and the adsorption of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele S. Bruckmann
- Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos Nanoestruturados, LaMMaN, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria 97010-032, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria 97010-032, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Schnorr
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla 080002, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Leandro R. Oviedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria 97010-032, RS, Brazil
| | - Salah Knani
- College of Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Quantum and Statistical Physics, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5079, Tunisia
| | - Luis F. O. Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla 080002, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - William L. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria 97010-032, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L. Dotto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Department of Chemical Enginnering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano R. Bohn Rhoden
- Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos Nanoestruturados, LaMMaN, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria 97010-032, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências, Universidade Franciscana-UFN, Santa Maria 97010-032, RS, Brazil
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Downregulation of krüppel-like factor 6 expression modulates extravillous trophoblast cell behavior by increasing reactive oxygen species. Placenta 2022; 127:62-72. [PMID: 35973366 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental extravillous trophoblasts play a crucial role in the establishment of a healthy pregnancy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to their differentiation and function as mediators in signaling processes or might cause oxidative stress resulting in trophoblast dysfunction. The krüppel-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6) regulates many genes involved in essential cell processes where ROS are also involved. However, whether KLF6 regulates ROS levels has not been previously investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS KLF6 was silenced by siRNAs in HTR8-SV/neo cells, an extravillous trophoblast model. Total and mitochondrial ROS levels, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of genes and proteins of interest were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell response to oxidative stress, proliferation, viability, morphology, and migration were evaluated. RESULTS KLF6 downregulation led to an increase in ROS and NOX4 mRNA levels, accompanied by reduced cell proliferation and increased p21 protein expression. Catalase activity, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin protein levels, Nrf2 cytoplasmic localization and hemoxygenase 1 expression, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis were not altered suggesting that ROS increase is not associated with cellular damage. Instead, KLF6 silencing induced cytoskeleton modifications and increased cell migration in a ROS-dependent manner. DISCUSSION Present data reveal a novel role of KLF6 on ROS balance and signaling demonstrating that KLF6 downregulation induces an increase in ROS levels that contribute to extravillous trophoblast cell migration.
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Miranda AL, Racca AC, Kourdova LT, Rojas ML, Cruz Del Puerto M, Rodriguez-Lombardi G, Salas AV, Travella C, da Silva ECO, de Souza ST, Fonseca EJS, Marques ALX, Borbely AU, Genti-Raimondi S, Panzetta-Dutari GM. Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) requires its amino terminal domain to promote villous trophoblast cell fusion. Placenta 2021; 117:139-149. [PMID: 34894601 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Villous cytotrophoblast (vCTB) cells fuse to generate and maintain the syncytiotrophoblast layer required for placental development and function. Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) is a ubiquitous transcription factor with an N-terminal acidic transactivation domain and a C-terminal zinc finger DNA-binding domain. KLF6 is highly expressed in placenta, and it is required for proper placental development. We have demonstrated that KLF6 is necessary for cell fusion in human primary vCTBs, and in the BeWo cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full length KLF6 or a mutant lacking its N-terminal domain were expressed in BeWo cells or in primary vCTB cells isolated from human term placentas. Cell fusion, gene and protein expression, and cell proliferation were analyzed. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to identify biochemical, topography, and elasticity cellular modifications. RESULTS The increase in KLF6, but not the expression of its deleted mutant, is sufficient to trigger cell fusion and to raise the expression of β-hCG, syncytin-1, the chaperone protein 78 regulated by glucose (GRP78), the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (ABCG2), and Galectin-1 (Gal-1), all molecules involved in vCTB differentiation. Raman and AFM analysis revealed that KLF6 reduces NADH level and increases cell Young's modulus. KLF6-induced differentiation correlates with p21 upregulation and decreased cell proliferation. Remarkable, p21 silencing reduces cell fusion triggered by KLF6 and the KLF6 mutant impairs syncytialization and decreases syncytin-1 and β-hCG expression. DISCUSSION KLF6 induces syncytialization through a mechanism that involves its regulatory transcriptional domain in a p21-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Miranda
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana C Racca
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucille T Kourdova
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Rojas
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano Cruz Del Puerto
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez-Lombardi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea V Salas
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Travella
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elaine C O da Silva
- Optics and Nanoscopy Group, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Samuel T de Souza
- Optics and Nanoscopy Group, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J S Fonseca
- Optics and Nanoscopy Group, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Aldilane L X Marques
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Alexandre U Borbely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil
| | - Susana Genti-Raimondi
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela M Panzetta-Dutari
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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