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Silva SB, Ruiz TFR, Dos Santos FCA, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL. Impacts of heavy metal exposure on the prostate of murine models: Mechanisms of toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108448. [PMID: 37490985 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are elements found into the environment mainly due to anthropogenic activities. Naturally occurring and higher released doses cause disorders in the prostate, which depends on appropriate hormonal regulation, and exposure to heavy metals may impair prostate homeostasis. The current work highlighted the main mechanisms of toxicity of different environmental heavy metal contaminants, such as aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel, and their impacts found in the prostate morphophysiology of murine models. The repercussions triggered by heavy metals on the prostate include hormonal imbalance and oxidative damage, leading to morphological alterations, which can vary according to the chemical properties of each element, exposure time and concentration, and age. The information of altered biological pathways and its impacts on the prostate of exposed murines are related to human outcomes being useful in the real context of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bicalho Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Alcantara Dos Santos
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Reproduction, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bedolo CM, Ruiz TFR, Amaro GM, Vilamaior PSL, Leonel ECR, Taboga SR, Campos SGPD. The impacts of exposure to bisphenol A in the adult female prostate Meriones unguiculatus. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108412. [PMID: 37224931 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The female prostate is associated with the urogenital system and presents homology in morphological terms with the male prostate. Due to its responsiveness to endogenous hormones, this gland is under a constant risk of developing prostatic pathologies and neoplasia when exposed to certain exogenous compounds. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor found in different plastic and resin products. Studies have emphasized the effects of perinatal exposure to this compound on different hormone-responsive organs. However, there have been few studies highlighting the influence on female prostate morphology of perinatal exposure to BPA. The objective of this study was to describe the histopathological alterations caused by perinatal exposure to BPA (50 µg/kg) and 17-β estradiol (E2) (35 µg/kg) in the prostate of adult female gerbils. The results showed that E2 and BPA induced proliferative lesions in the female prostate and acted along similar pathways by modulating steroid receptors in the epithelium. BPA was also found to be a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic agent. The impacts of both agents were marked in the prostatic stroma. An increase in the thickness of the smooth muscle layer and a decrease in AR expression were observed, but no alterations in the expression of ERα and ERβ, leading to estrogenic sensitivity of the prostate. However, a peculiar response of the female prostate was to diminish the collagen frequency under BPA exposure correlated to smooth muscle layer. These data therefore indicate the development of features related to estrogenic and non-estrogenic tissue repercussions by BPA perinatally exposure in gerbil female prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Marques Bedolo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russell, s/n, 13083-865 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Matheus Amaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russell, s/n, 13083-865 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin de Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ruiz TFR, Vilamaior PSL, Grigio V, Colleta SJ, Zucão MI, de Campos SGP, Dos Santos FCA, Biancardi MF, Perez APS, Taboga SR, Leonel ECR. The Mongolian Gerbil as a Useful Experimental Model in Reproductive Biology. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:2092-2106. [PMID: 36696041 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultimately, the Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) have acquired a relevant role in biological and biomedical experiments alongside other rodents. The use of gerbils in research has been mainly oriented to physiological and pharmacological studies, with special attention to nervous, digestive, and auditory systems as well as microbiology and parasitology. Ultimately, gerbils have also been applied for studying carcinogenesis in different organs and systems, since these animals show a natural propensity to develop spontaneous proliferative lesions, especially in steroid-responsive organs. This characteristic shed light on the reproductive aspects of this rodent model regarding morphological features in male and female individuals. This review of literature summarizes the significance of this model as an alternative to the use of inbred mice and rats in reproductive experimental research, highlighting recent findings. Gerbils have contributed to the expansion of knowledge in prostate biology in male and female individuals, providing studies related to prostatic morphogenesis and neoplasia. In the testes, spermiogenesis occurs in 15 steps, differently from other experimental models. Also, the complete maturation of the testis-epididymal complex occurs between the second and third months. Mammary gland alterations related to the estrous cycle and pregnancy were described, as well as its modulation under endogenous and exogenous estrogenic compounds. The ovaries frequently present ovarian cysts. Furthermore, this organ shows predominantly interstitial steroidogenic glands in the stroma, especially at aging. Adrenal gland shows a large size compared to other animals, presenting three distinct zones with a remarkable role in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Vitor Grigio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Jacovaci Colleta
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Mariele Ilario Zucão
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin de Campos
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Alcântara Dos Santos
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Câmpus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Manoel Francisco Biancardi
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Câmpus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silva Perez
- Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Medicine Course, Federal University of Jataí, BR 36, Km 195, Jataí, Goiás, 75801-615, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 Jardim Nazareth, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Câmpus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Castro NFDC, Jubilato FC, Guerra LHA, Santos FCAD, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL. Therapeutic effects of β-caryophyllene on proliferative disorders and inflammation of the gerbil prostate. Prostate 2021; 81:812-824. [PMID: 34125438 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate is susceptible to changes in androgen levels, which can play an important role in the development of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Natural compounds have beneficial properties for organisms and can be an important therapeutic strategy in the treatment of diseases. β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a phytocannabinoid present in several medicinal and food plants species and has shown beneficial effects in different organs. However, little is known about its effects on the prostate. The present study seeks to evaluate the effects of exposure to BCP on the morphophysiology of the ventral prostate of adult gerbils supplemented with testosterone. METHODS Animals were distributed into four groups (n = 8/group): Intact control (C); β-Caryophyllene (BCP): β-Caryophyllene (50 mg/kg/day); Testosterone (T): animals received subcutaneous injections of Testosterone Cypionate (3 mg/Kg), on alternate days, for one month and were euthanized 30 days supplementation ended; Testosterone and β-Caryophyllene (TBCP): animals were exposed to testosterone cypionate (3 mg/Kg) to induce hyperplastic alterations followed by daily BCP (50 mg/kg). Morphological, biometric, immunohistochemical, and serological analyses were performed. RESULTS Proliferative disorders and inflammatory foci were present in the ventral prostate of all experimental groups. An increase in the multiplicity of benign intraepithelial neoplasm and subepithelial inflammatory foci was observed in T group. The incidence of intraluminal inflammatory foci and microinvasive carcinoma was verified only in the T group. Cellular rearrangement and tissue remodeling occurred in the prostate of groups exposed to phytocannabinoids. A reduction was observed in the frequency of PHH3 and Cox2 markers in the prostatic epithelium of TBCP in comparison with T. A decrease in F4/80 and CD163 positive macrophages were also observed in the prostatic stroma of the TBCP group in comparison with T. The results suggest that BCP had favorable effects on BPH, reducing the proliferation and frequency of some inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION BCP impacts the tissue remodeling process in the premalignant prostate environment and that the use of this phytocannabinoid can have a promising effect in the handling of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Fernanda da Costa Castro
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costa Jubilato
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leonel ECR, Ruiz TFR, Bedolo CM, Campos SGP, Taboga SR. Inflammatory repercussions in female steroid responsive glands after perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and 17-β estradiol. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2264-2274. [PMID: 34288236 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) and female prostate are plastic reproductive organs which are highly responsive to hormones. Thus, endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and exogenous estrogens, negatively affect glandular homeostasis. In addition to previously described alterations, changes in inflammatory markers expression also trigger the development of a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. The current work aimed to evaluate the inflammatory responses of the MG and prostate gland to BPA (50 µg/kg) and 17-β estradiol (35 µg/kg) exposure during the perinatal window of susceptibility. The results showed that at 6 months of age there was an increase in the number of phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3) positive cells in the female prostate from animals perinatally exposed to 50 µg/kg BPA daily. In addition, the number of macrophages increased in these animals in comparison with nonexposed animals, as shown by the F4/80 marker. Despite an increase in the incidence of lobuloalveolar and intraductal hyperplasia, the MG did not show any difference in the expression of the four inflammatory markers evaluated: tumor necrosis factor-α, COX-2, P-STAT3, and F4/80. Analysis of both glands from the same animal led to the conclusion that exposure to endocrine disruptors during the perinatal window of susceptibility leads to different inflammatory responses in different reproductive organs. As the prostate is more susceptible to these inflammatory mechanisms, it is reasonable to affirm that possible neoplastic alterations in this organ are related to changes in the inflammatory pattern of the stroma, a characteristic that is not evident in the MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Histology, Embriology, and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB III), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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