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Kim J, Park CM, Choi SH, Yang MJ, Lee JY, Jeon BS, Ku HO, Kim MS. Assessment of acute inhalation toxicity of citric acid and sodium hypochlorite in rats. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e22. [PMID: 37012031 PMCID: PMC10071277 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citric acid (CA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) have been used to disinfect animals to protect them against avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease. OBJECTIVES We performed a good laboratory practice (GLP)-compliant animal toxicity study to assess the acute toxic effects of CA and NaOCl aerosol exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Groups of five rats per sex were exposed for 4 h to four concentrations of the two chemicals, i.e., 0.00, 0.22, 0.67, and 2.00 mg/L, using a nose-only exposure. After a single exposure to the chemicals, clinical signs, body weight, and mortality was observed during the observation period. On day 15, an autopsy, and then gross findings, and histopathological analysis were performed. RESULTS After exposure to CA and NaOCl, body weight loss was observed but recovered. Two males died in the CA 2.00 mg/L group and, two males and one female died in the 2.00 mg/L NaOCl group. In the gross findings and histopathological analysis, discoloration of the lungs was observed in the CA exposed group and inflammatory lesions with discoloration of the lungs were observed in the NaOCl exposed group. These results suggest that the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of CA is 1.73390 mg/L for males and > 1.70 mg/L for females. For NaOCl, the LC50 was 2.22222 mg/L for males and 2.39456 mg/L for females. CONCLUSIONS The Globally Harmonized System is category 4 for both CA and NaOCl. In this study, the LC50 results were obtained through a GLP-based acute inhalation toxicity assessment. These results provide useful data to reset safety standards for CA and NaOCl use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Chul-Min Park
- Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Choi
- Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Yang
- Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Byung-Suk Jeon
- Veterinary drugs and biologics division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ok Ku
- Veterinary drugs and biologics division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- Inhaolation toxicology research group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
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Chen Z, Lin MT, Zhan C, Zhong NS, Mu D, Lai KF, Liu MJ. A descending pathway emanating from the periaqueductal gray mediates the development of cough-like hypersensitivity. iScience 2022; 25:103641. [PMID: 35028531 PMCID: PMC8741493 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough is a common refractory symptom of various respiratory diseases. However, the neural mechanisms that modulate the cough sensitivity and mediate chronic cough remain elusive. Here, we report that GABAergic neurons in the lateral/ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (l/vlPAG) suppress cough processing via a descending pathway. We found that l/vlPAG neurons are activated by coughing-like behaviors and that tussive agent-evoked coughing-like behaviors are impaired after activation of l/vlPAG neurons. In addition, we showed that l/vlPAG neurons form inhibitory synapses with the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) neurons. The synaptic strength of these inhibitory projections is weaker in cough hypersensitivity model mice than in naïve mice. Important, activation of l/vlPAG GABAergic neurons projecting to the NTS decreases coughing-like behaviors. In contrast, suppressing these neurons enhances cough sensitivity. These results support the notion that l/vlPAG GABAergic neurons play important roles in cough hypersensitivity and chronic cough through disinhibition of cough processing at the medullary level. GABAergic neurons in the l/vlPAG inhibit coughing-like behaviors The l/vlPAG sends predominately inhibitory projections to the NTS l/vlPAG GABAergic neurons modulate coughing-like behaviors via descending projections l/vlPAG-NTS projections mediate cough hypersensitivity via disinhibitory mechanisms
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Laboratory of Cough, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Ming-Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Di Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xin Song Jiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ke-Fang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Mingzhe J Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
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3
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Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Bousquet J, Laidlaw TM, Azar CR, Al-Ahmad MS, Yañez A, Al-Nesf MAY, Nsouli TM, Bahna SL, Abou-Jaoude E, Zaitoun FH, Hadi UM, Hellings PW, Scadding GK, Smith PK, Morais-Almeida M, Gómez RM, Gonzalez Diaz SN, Klimek L, Juvelekian GS, Riachy MA, Canonica GW, Peden D, Wong GW, Sublett J, Bernstein JA, Wang L, Tanno LK, Chikhladze M, Levin M, Chang YS, Martin BL, Caraballo L, Custovic A, Ortega-Martell JA, Jensen-Jarolim E, Ebisawa M, Fiocchi A, Ansotegui IJ. WAO-ARIA consensus on chronic cough - Part II: Phenotypes and mechanisms of abnormal cough presentation - Updates in COVID-19. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100618. [PMID: 34963794 PMCID: PMC8666560 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cough can be triggered by respiratory and non-respiratory tract illnesses originating mainly from the upper and lower airways, and the GI tract (ie, reflux). Recent findings suggest it can also be a prominent feature in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), laryngeal hyperresponsiveness, and COVID-19. The classification of chronic cough is constantly updated but lacks clear definition. Epidemiological data on the prevalence of chronic cough are informative but highly variable. The underlying mechanism of chronic cough is a neurogenic inflammation of the cough reflex which becomes hypersensitive, thus the term hypersensitive cough reflex (HCR). A current challenge is to decipher how various infectious and inflammatory airway diseases and esophageal reflux, among others, modulate HCR. OBJECTIVES The World Allergy Organization/Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (WAO/ARIA) Joint Committee on Chronic Cough reviewed the current literature on classification, epidemiology, presenting features, and mechanistic pathways of chronic cough in airway- and reflux-related cough phenotypes, OSA, and COVID-19. The interplay of cough reflex sensitivity with other pathogenic mechanisms inherent to airway and reflux-related inflammatory conditions was also analyzed. OUTCOMES Currently, it is difficult to clearly ascertain true prevalence rates in epidemiological studies of chronic cough phenotypes. This is likely due to lack of standardized objective measures needed for cough classification and frequent coexistence of multi-organ cough origins. Notwithstanding, we emphasize the important role of HCR as a mechanistic trigger in airway- and reflux-related cough phenotypes. Other concomitant mechanisms can also modulate HCR, including type2/Th1/Th2 inflammation, presence or absence of deep inspiration-bronchoprotective reflex (lower airways), tissue remodeling, and likely cough plasticity, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar A. Idriss
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Hospital Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Macvia France, Montpellier France
- Université Montpellier, France, Montpellier, France
| | - Tanya M. Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilio R. Azar
- Department of Gastroenterology, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Middle East Institute of Health (MEIH), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clemenceau Medical Center (CMC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mona S. Al-Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Anahi Yañez
- INAER - Investigaciones en Alergia y Enfermedades Respiratorias, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maryam Ali Y. Al-Nesf
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sami L. Bahna
- Allergy & Immunology Section, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - Fares H. Zaitoun
- Department of Allergy Otolaryngology, LAU-RIZK Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Usamah M. Hadi
- Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Peter W. Hellings
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospital Ghent, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Laboratory of Upper Airways Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter K. Smith
- Clinical Medicine Griffith University, Southport Qld, 4215, Australia
| | | | | | - Sandra N. Gonzalez Diaz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario and Facultad de Medicina, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Georges S. Juvelekian
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moussa A. Riachy
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Humanitas University & Personalized Medicine Asthma & Allergy Clinic-Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS-Milano Italy
| | - David Peden
- UNC Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics UNS School of Medicine, USA
| | - Gary W.K. Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Sublett
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Shelbyville Rd, Louisville, KY, 9800, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Lianglu Wang
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Luciana K. Tanno
- Université Montpellier, France, Montpellier, France
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, UMR UA-11, INSERM University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Scientific Classification Support, Montpellier, France
| | - Manana Chikhladze
- Medical Faculty at Akaki Tsereteli State University, National Institute of Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, KuTaisi, Tskaltubo, Georgia
| | - Michael Levin
- Division of Paediatric Allergology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Bryan L. Martin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Allergy & Immunology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lund Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
- The interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and Univ, of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Translational Pediatric Research Area, Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Holy See
| | - Ignacio J. Ansotegui
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
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Dong R, Zhang T, Wei W, Zhang M, Chen Q, Xu X, Yu L, Qiu Z. A Cold Environment Aggravates Cough Hyperreactivity in Guinea Pigs With Cough by Activating the TRPA1 Signaling Pathway in Skin. Front Physiol 2020; 11:833. [PMID: 32982765 PMCID: PMC7481366 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cough exacerbation in cold environments is a characteristic feature of patients with chronic cough. There is consensus that inhalation of cold air stimulates cough receptors but this idea is not consistent with the fact that cold air is usually unable to directly enter the lower airway. To elucidate the effects of cold environments and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) on cough, we compared cough reactivity, airway inflammation, and TRPA1 expression in guinea pigs with chronic cough induced by the repeated inhalation of citric acid for 15 days. The guinea pigs were exposed to cold environments for three consecutive days from day 13 to 15. Repeated inhalation of citric acid increased cough reactivity to inhaled cinnamaldehyde. We found that exposure to cold environments further aggravated cough hyperreactivity in guinea pigs with chronic cough, but not in normal guinea pigs. Cough hyperreactivity was promoted when the whole body and trunk-limbs, but not the heads, of the guinea pigs were exposed to cold environments, and abolished by pretreating the skin through immersion in the TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031. Substance P levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and TRPA1 expression in the trachea and skin, were increased in guinea pigs when the whole body and trunk-limbs, rather than the head, were exposed to cold environments. However, this trend was also abolished by pretreatment of the skin via immersion in HC-030031. Similar changes in TRPA1 expression were also detected in the sensory fibers of the trachea and skin, as identified by immunofluorescence and laser-scanning confocal microscopy analysis. These results suggest that exaggerated cough hyperreactivity induced by cold environments may be related to activation of the cold-sensing TRPA1 signaling pathway in the skin, rather than the inhalation of cold air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyangzi Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghuai Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yamamura K, Hara J, Sakai T, Ohkura N, Abo M, Ogawa N, Okazaki A, Sone T, Kimura H, Fujimura M, Nakao S, Kasahara K. Repeated bronchoconstriction attenuates the cough response to bronchoconstriction in naïve guinea pigs. Allergol Int 2020; 69:223-231. [PMID: 31601467 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough variant asthma (CVA) is recognized as a precursor of bronchial asthma (BA). However, the cough response to bronchoconstriction differs between these similar diseases. Repeated bronchoconstriction and the resulting imbalance of endogenous lipid mediators may impact the cough response. METHODS We investigated the influence of repeated bronchoconstriction on the cough response to bronchoconstriction using naïve guinea pigs. Bronchoconstriction was induced for 3 consecutive days and changes in the cough response and lipid mediators, such as PGE2, PGI2, and cysteinyl-LTs (Cys-LTs), in BAL fluid (BALF) were assessed. We investigated the effect of endogenous PGI2 on the cough response by employing a PGI2 receptor antagonist. In order to investigate the cough response over a longer period, we re-evaluated the cough response 2 weeks after repeated bronchoconstriction. RESULTS The number of coughs induced by bronchoconstriction were significantly decreased by repeated bronchoconstriction. The levels of PGE2, PGI2, and Cys-LTs, and the ratio of PGI2/PGE2 were significantly increased, following repeated bronchoconstriction. This decrease in the cough response was suppressed by pretreatment with a PGI2 receptor antagonist. Two weeks after repeated bronchoconstriction, the cough response returned to the same level as before repeated bronchoconstriction along with a concomitant return of lipid mediators, such as PGE2, PGI2, and Cys-LTs and the ratio of PGI2/PGE2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that repeated bronchoconstriction and the resulting imbalance of endogenous lipid mediators contribute to the difference in cough responses to bronchoconstriction in CVA and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Johsuke Hara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tamami Sakai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohkura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Abo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ogawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihito Okazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Sone
- Department of Regional Respiratory Symptomatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideharu Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Nakao
- Department of Hematology Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kasahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
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