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Kar P, Ghosh S, Payra P, Chakrabarti S, Pradhan S, Mondal KC, Ghosh K. Characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage VPMCC14 which efficiently controls Vibrio harveyi in Penaeus monodon culture. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:1083-1093. [PMID: 38044417 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi causes luminous vibriosis diseases in shrimp, which lead to shrimp mortalities. Considering the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage, VPMCC14, was characterized, and its lysis ability was evaluated on a laboratory scale. VPMCC14 was shown to infect V. harveyi S5A and V. harveyi ATCC 14126. VPMCC14 also exhibited a latent period of 30 min, with a burst size of 38 PFU/cell on its propagation strain. The bacteriophage was stable at a wide range of pHs (3-9), temperatures (0-45°C), and salinities (up to 40 ppt). VPMCC14 exhibited strict virulence properties as the bacteriophage entirely lysed V. harveyi S5A in liquid culture inhibition after 5 h and 4 h at very low MOIs such as MOI 0.1 and MOI 1, respectively. VPMCC14 could control V. harveyi infection in aquariums at MOI 1 and decrease the mortality of Penaeus monodon challenged by V. harveyi. VPMCC14 genome was 134,472 bp long with a 34.5 G+C% content, and 240 open reading frames. A unique characteristic of VPMCC14 was the presence of the HicB family antitoxin-coding open reading frame. Comparative genomic analyses suggested that VPMCC14 could be a representative of a new genus in the Caudoviricetes class. This novel bacteriophage, VPMCC14, could be applied as a biocontrol agent for controlling V. harveyi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721129, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Smita Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721129, India
- Biodiversity and Environmental Studies Research Center, Midnapore City College affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Pijush Payra
- Department of Industrial Fish & Fisheries, Ramnagar College, Depal, Ramnagar, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721129, India
| | - Shrabani Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721129, India
| | - Keshab Ch Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721129, India.
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2
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Wang K, Yuan X, Wang J, Huang Z, Yu S, Jin H, Wu S, Xue L, Wu Q, Ding Y. Isolation and characterization of a novel Bacillus cereus bacteriophage vBce-DP7. Microb Pathog 2024; 194:106792. [PMID: 39004153 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens have become a major concern for public health. Bacillus cereus, a representative foodborne pathogen, is particularly challenging due to its ability to cause food poisoning and its resilient spores that are difficult to completely eradicate. Therefore, it is crucial to develop measures to prevent and control B. cereus. Bacteriophages, which are high specific towards their host strains and cannot infect eukaryotes, have proven to be effective in combating foodborne pathogens and are safe for human use. In this study, we isolated and characterized a novel bacteriophage named vBce-DP7 that specifically targets B. cereus strains belonging to three different sequence types (STs). Phage vBce-DP7 is a lytic one and has a short latent time of only 15 min. Moreover, it exhibites a good temperature tolerance, retaining high activity across a broad range of 4-55 ℃. Additionally, its activity remains unaffected within a wide pH range spanning from 2 to 10. Interestingly, with only 4 % genetic similarity with known bacteriophages, vBce-DP7 shows a possible classification on a family level though it shares many similar functional proteins with Salasmaviridae bacteriophages. Taken together, vBce-DP7 demonstrates its significant potential for further exploration in terms of phage diversity and its application in controlling B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Wang
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Institute of International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhichao Huang
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Choi Y, Kwak MJ, Kang MG, Kang AN, Lee W, Mun D, Choi H, Park J, Eor JY, Song M, Kim JN, Oh S, Kim Y. Molecular characterization and environmental impact of newly isolated lytic phage SLAM_phiST1N3 in the Cornellvirus genus for biocontrol of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in the swine industry chain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171208. [PMID: 38408652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a highly lethal pathogenic bacterium in weaned piglets, causing significant treatment costs and economic losses in the swine industry. Additionally, due to its ability to induce zoonotic diseases, resulting in harm to humans through the transmission of the pathogen from pork, it presents a serious public health issue. Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect specific bacterial strains, have been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we isolated SLAM_phiST1N3, a phage infecting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium wild-type strain isolated from diseased pigs. First, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SLAM_phiST1N3 belongs to the Cornellvirus genus. Moreover, utilizing a novel classification approach introduced in this study, SLAM_phiST1N3 was classified at the species level. Host range experiments demonstrated that SLAM_phiST1N3 did not infect other pathogenic bacteria or probiotics derived from pigs or other livestock. While complete eradication of Salmonella was not achievable in the liquid inhibition assay, surprisingly, we succeeded in largely eliminating Salmonella in the FIMM analysis, a gut simulation system using weaned piglet feces. Furthermore, using the C. elegans model, we showcased the potential of SLAM_phiST1N3 to prevent S. Typhimurium infection in living organisms. In addition, it was confirmed that bacterial control could be achieved when phage was applied to Salmonella-contaminated pork. pH and temperature stability experiments demonstrated that SLAM_phiST1N3 can endure swine industry processes and digestive conditions. In conclusion, SLAM_phiST1N3 demonstrates potential environmental impact as a substance for Salmonella prevention across various aspects of the swine industry chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Geun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - An Na Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woogji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkuk Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Eor
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Nam Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Oluwarinde BO, Ajose DJ, Abolarinwa TO, Montso PK, Du Preez I, Njom HA, Ateba CN. Safety Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Specific Bacteriophages: Recent Advances for Food Safety. Foods 2023; 12:3989. [PMID: 37959107 PMCID: PMC10650914 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is typically detected on food products mainly due to cross-contamination with faecal matter. The serotype O157:H7 has been of major public health concern due to the severity of illness caused, prevalence, and management. In the food chain, the main methods of controlling contamination by foodborne pathogens often involve the application of antimicrobial agents, which are now becoming less efficient. There is a growing need for the development of new approaches to combat these pathogens, especially those that harbour antimicrobial resistant and virulent determinants. Strategies to also limit their presence on food contact surfaces and food matrices are needed to prevent their transmission. Recent studies have revealed that bacteriophages are useful non-antibiotic options for biocontrol of E. coli O157:H7 in both animals and humans. Phage biocontrol can significantly reduce E. coli O157:H7, thereby improving food safety. However, before being certified as potential biocontrol agents, the safety of the phage candidates must be resolved to satisfy regulatory standards, particularly regarding phage resistance, antigenic properties, and toxigenic properties. In this review, we provide a general description of the main virulence elements of E. coli O157:H7 and present detailed reports that support the proposals that phages infecting E. coli O157:H7 are potential biocontrol agents. This paper also outlines the mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 resistance to phages and the safety concerns associated with the use of phages as a biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Opeyemi Oluwarinde
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Daniel Jesuwenu Ajose
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Tesleem Olatunde Abolarinwa
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Peter Kotsoana Montso
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
| | - Ilse Du Preez
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng 2375, South Africa; (B.O.O.); (D.J.A.); (T.O.A.); (P.K.M.)
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Research Group (AREPHABREG), Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
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Artawinata PC, Lorraine S, Waturangi DE. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from soil against food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9282. [PMID: 37286897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial food spoilage and foodborne disease are the main challenges in the food industry regarding food shelf life. Current preservation methods are frequently associated with changes in organoleptic characteristics and loss of nutrients. For this reason, bacteriophage offers an alternative natural method as a biocontrol agent that can reduce bacterial contamination in food without altering the organoleptic properties. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteriophage from soil to control food spoilage bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and foodborne pathogenic bacteria, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Isolation was done by agar overlay assay method, and phages BC-S1, BS-S2, ETEC-S3, and EHEC-S4 were recovered. The host range of all isolated phages tended to be narrow and had high specificity towards the specific bacteria. The phage efficiency were measured where ETEC-S3 showed no effectivity against B. cereus and EHEC-S4 showed low efficiency against Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Morphology analysis was conducted for phage BC-S1 and ETEC-S3 with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and it is shown to belong to the Caudovirales order. Phages BC-S1 and BS-S2 significantly reduced the host bacteria when applied to the cooked rice and pasteurized milk samples with miMOI of 0.1. While phage ETEC-S3 at miMOI of 0.001 and phage EHEC-S4 at miMOI of 1 also showed a significant reduction when applied to chicken meat and lettuce samples at storage temperatures of 4 °C and 28 °C. The highest bacterial reduction of 100% was shown by phage BC-S1 on pasteurized milk samples and reduction up to 96.06% by phage ETEC-S3 on chicken meat samples at 28 °C incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putri Christy Artawinata
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
| | - Sesilia Lorraine
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia
| | - Diana Elizabeth Waturangi
- Master in Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jenderal Sudirman 51 Street, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, 12930, Indonesia.
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Abraha HB, Kim KP. Complete genome sequence analysis, morphology and structural protein identification of two Bacillus subtilis phages, BSTP4 and BSTP6, which may form a new species in the genus Salasvirus. Virus Genes 2023:10.1007/s11262-023-01998-w. [PMID: 37119398 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two new Bacillus subtilis phages, BSTP4 and BSTP6, were isolated and studied further. Morphologically, BSTP4 and BSTP6 are podoviruses with complete genome of 19,145 (39.9% G + C content) and 19,367 bp (39.8% G + C content), respectively, which became among the smallest Bacillus phages. Three most prominent structural proteins were separated and identified as pre-neck appendage, major head, and head fiber proteins using LC-MS/MS. Both phages encode putative terminal proteins (TP) and contain short inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) which may be important for their replication. In addition, non-coding RNA (pRNA) and parS sites were identified which may be required for DNA packaging and their maintenance inside the host, respectively. Furthermore, the phage genome sequences show significant similarity to B. subtilis group species genome sequences. Finally, phylogenomic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that BSTP4 and BSTP6 may form a new species in the genus Salasvirus, subfamily Picovirinae of family Salasmaviridae. Considering the small numbers of ICTV-accepted B. subtilis phages and the importance of the host in the food industry and biotechnology, the current study helps to improve our understanding of the diversity of B. subtilis phages and shed light on the phage-host relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haftom Baraki Abraha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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Węglewska M, Barylski J, Wojnarowski F, Nowicki G, Łukaszewicz M. Genome, biology and stability of the Thurquoise phage – A new virus from the Bastillevirinae subfamily. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120147. [PMID: 36998400 PMCID: PMC10043171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages from the Bastillevirinae subfamily (Herelleviridae family) have proven to be effective against bacteria from the Bacillus genus including organisms from the B. cereus group, which cause food poisoning and persistent contamination of industrial installations. However, successful application of these phages in biocontrol depends on understanding of their biology and stability in different environments. In this study, we isolated a novel virus from garden soil in Wrocław (Poland) and named it ‘Thurquoise’. The genome of that phage was sequenced and assembled into a single continuous contig with 226 predicted protein-coding genes and 18 tRNAs. The cryo-electron microscopy revealed that Thurquoise has complex virion structure typical for the Bastillevirinae family. Confirmed hosts include selected bacteria from the Bacillus cereus group–specifically B. thuringiensis (isolation host) and B. mycoides, but susceptible strains display different efficiency of plating (EOP). The eclipse and latent periods of Thurquoise in the isolation host last ~ 50 min and ~ 70 min, respectively. The phage remains viable for more than 8 weeks in variants of the SM buffer with magnesium, calcium, caesium, manganese or potassium and can withstand numerous freeze–thaw cycles if protected by the addition of 15% glycerol or, to a lesser extent, 2% gelatine. Thus, with proper buffer formulation, this virus can be safely stored in common freezers and refrigerators for a considerable time. The Thurquoise phage is the exemplar of a new candidate species within the Caeruleovirus genus in the Bastillevirinae subfamily of the Herelleviridae family with a genome, morphology and biology typical for these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Węglewska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jakub Barylski,
| | - Filip Wojnarowski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Genome Characterization of Bacteriophage KPP-1, a Novel Member in the Subfamily Vequintavirinae, and Use of Its Endolysin for the Lysis of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella variicola In Vitro. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010207. [PMID: 36677499 PMCID: PMC9862379 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant members of the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex have become a threat to human lives and animals, including aquatic animals, owing to the limited choice of antimicrobial treatments. Bacteriophages are effective natural tools available to fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The bacteriophage KPP-1 was found to be strictly lytic against K. variicola, a multidrug-resistant isolate, producing clear plaques. The genome sequence analysis of KPP-1 revealed that it comprised 143,369 base pairs with 47% overall GC content. A total of 272 genes (forward 161, complementary 111) encode for 17 tRNAs and 255 open reading frames (ORFs). Among them, 32 ORFs could be functionally annotated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Protein Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTp) algorithm while 223 were found to code for hypothetical proteins. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the closest neighbor of KPP-1 can be found in the genus Mydovirus of the subfamily Vequintavirinae. KPP-1 not only markedly suppressed the growth of the host but also worked synergistically with ampicillin. Useful genes for pathogen control such as endolysin (locus tag: KPP_11591) were found to have activity against multidrug-resistant isolate of K. variicola. Further studies are necessary to develop a strategy to control the emerging pathogen K. variicola using bacteriophages such as KPP-1.
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Kar P, Das TK, Ghosh S, Pradhan S, Chakrabarti S, Mondal KC, Ghosh K. Characterization of a Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage, VPMCC5, and proposal of its incorporation as a new genus in the Zobellviridae family. Virus Res 2022; 321:198904. [PMID: 36044930 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium responsible for luminous vibriosis in shrimp and causes mass mortality of shrimp that leads to economic losses. Considering the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, there is always a need for an alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we have aimed to characterize the Vibrio-infecting bacteriophage VPMCC5 (isolated from an environmental sample by using V. harveyi S2A) and evaluate its efficacy in controlling the pathogen. The bacteriophage exhibited an isometric head and short non-contractile tail. The latent period of the bacteriophage was 10 min and the burst size was 20. The genome of the bacteriophage was 48938 bp long with 40.7 mol% G+C content. A total of 71 ORFs were identified and no tRNA and antibiotic-associated genes were detected. Comparative genomic analyses (CLANS, dot plot, progressiveMauve alignment, and phylogenetic tree) strongly suggest that the bacteriophage VPMCC5 might be a new genus in the family of Zobellviridae. A distinguishing feature of this bacteriophage among the other reported Vibrio-infecting bacteriophages is the presence of putative alginate lyase family protein-coding open reading frame. The bacteriophage was found to be surviving at pH 3-9 and in a wide range of temperatures (4-45 ᵒC). In liquid culture inhibition, the bacteriophage could completely lyse the host bacteria after 3 h. This bacteriophage might be used as a biocontrol agent in the extreme environment of shrimp culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal 721129, India
| | - Tridip Kr Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal 721129, India
| | - Smita Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal 721129, India
| | - Shrabani Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal 721129, India
| | - Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal 721129, India
| | - Keshab Ch Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal 721129, India.
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Isolation, Partial Characterization and Application of Bacteriophages in Eradicating Biofilm Formation by Bacillus cereus on Stainless Steel Surfaces in Food Processing Facilities. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080872. [PMID: 36014993 PMCID: PMC9414048 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) group is a widespread foodborne pathogen with a persistent ability to form biofilm, and with inherent resistance to traditional treatment in the food industry. Bacteriophages are a promising biocontrol agent that could be applied to prevent or eliminate biofilms formation. We have described, in this study, the isolation from sewage samples and preliminary characterization of bacteriophages that are active against the B. cereus group. The effectiveness of phage treatment for reducing B. cereus attachment and biofilms on stainless steel surfaces has been also assessed using three incubation periods at different titrations of each phage. Out of 62 phages isolated, seven showed broad-spectrum lytic action against 174 B. cereus isolates. All selected phages appeared to be of the Siphoviridae family. SDS-PAGE proved that two phages have a similar profile, while the remainder are distinct. All isolated phages have the same restriction pattern, with an estimated genome size of around 37 kb. The isolated bacteriophages have been shown to be effective in preventing biofilm formation. Reductions of up to 1.5 log10 UFC/cm2 have been achieved, compared to the untreated biofilms. Curative treatment reduced the bacterial density by 0.5 log10 UFC/cm2. These results support the prospect of using these phages as a potential alternative strategy for controlling biofilms in food systems.
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Complete genome sequence analysis and phylogenetic classification of the novel Aeromonas phage AHP-1, a potential member of the genus Tequatrovirus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1225-1230. [PMID: 35296935 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas phage AHP-1 was originally isolated from crucian carp (Carassius carassius) tissue. It was able to infect Aeromonas hydrophila and A. salmonicida. Genome sequence analysis revealed a 218,317-bp-long linear genome with an overall G + C content of 47.9%, 315 open reading frames (ORFs), and 25 tRNA sequences. Its genome was found to contain 67 unique ORFs (21.26%) that did not show any homology to previously characterized proteins. A comparative genome analysis suggested that its closest neighbors are unclassified phages belonging to the genus Tequatrovirus of the subfamily Tevenvirinae.
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A novel Bacillus cereus bacteriophage DLn1 and its endolysin as biocontrol agents against Bacillus cereus in milk. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 369:109615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the new Bacillus cereus phage SWEP1. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3183-3188. [PMID: 34505918 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new Bacillus cereus phage, SWEP1, was isolated from black soil. The host lysis activity of phage SWEP1 has a relatively short latent time (20 min) and a small burst size of 83 PFU. The genome of SWEP1 consists of 162,461 bp with 37.77% G+C content. The phage encodes 278 predicted proteins, 103 of which were assigned functionally. No tRNA genes were found. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that SWEP1 is related to Bacillus phage B4 (86.91% identity, 90% query coverage). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization suggested that SWEP1 is a new member of a new species in the genus Bequatrovirus, family Herelleviridae.
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Phongtang W, Chukeatirote E. Incidence and characterisation of Bacillus cereus bacteriophages from Thua Nao, a Thai fermented soybean product. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:85-93. [PMID: 34218551 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is considered to be an important food poisoning agent causing diarrhea and vomiting. In this study, the occurrence of B. cereus bacteriophages in Thai fermented soybean products (Thua Nao) was studied using five B. cereus sensu lato indicator strains (four B. cereus strains and one B. thuringiensis strain). In a total of 26 Thua Nao samples, there were only two bacteriophages namely BaceFT01 and BaceCM02 exhibiting lytic activity against B. cereus. Morphological analysis revealed that these two bacteriophages belonged to the Myoviridae. Both phages were specific to B. cereus and not able to lyse other tested bacteria including B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. The two phages were able to survive in a pH range between 5 and 12. However, both phages were inactive either by treatment of 50°C for 2 h or exposure of UV for 2 h. It should be noted that both phages were chloroform-insensitive, however. This is the first report describing the presence of bacteriophages in Thua Nao products. The characterization of these two phages is expected to be useful in the food industry for an alternative strategy including the potential use of the phages as a biocontrol candidate against foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
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Maske BL, de Melo Pereira GV, da Silva Vale A, Marques Souza DS, De Dea Lindner J, Soccol CR. Viruses in fermented foods: are they good or bad? Two sides of the same coin. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103794. [PMID: 33875222 PMCID: PMC7992106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 as a global pandemic has increased popular concerns about diseases caused by viruses. Fermented foods containing high loads of viable fungi and bacteria are potential sources for virus contamination. The most common include viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage) and yeasts reported in fermented milks, sausages, vegetables, wine, sourdough, and cocoa beans. Recent molecular studies have also associated fermented foods as vehicles for pathogenic human viruses. Human noroviruses, rotavirus, and hepatitis virus have been identified in different fermented foods through multiple routes. No severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus or close members were found in fermented foods to date. However, the occurrence/persistence of other pathogenic viruses reveals a potential vulnerability of fermented foods to SARS-CoV-2 contamination. On the other side of the coin, some bacteriophages are being suggested for improving the fermentation process and food safety, as well as owing potential probiotic properties in modern fermented foods. This review will address the diversity and characteristics of viruses associated with fermented foods and what has been changed after a short introduction to the most common next-generation sequencing platforms. Also, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fermented foods and preventive measures will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leal Maske
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander da Silva Vale
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Applied Virology Laboratory, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliano De Dea Lindner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Li C, Yuan X, Li N, Wang J, Yu S, Zeng H, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ding Y. Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus cereus Phage vB_BceP-DLc1 Reveals the Largest Member of the Φ29-Like Phages. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1750. [PMID: 33171789 PMCID: PMC7695010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus phage φ29 and its relatives have been considered as one of the most important model organisms for DNA replication, transcription, morphogenesis, DNA packaging studies, and nanotechnology applications. Here, we isolated and characterized a new member of the φ29-like phage, named Bacillus cereus phage vB_BceP-DLc1. This phage, with a unique inserted gene cluster, has the largest genome among known φ29-like phages. DLc1 can use the surface carbohydrate structures of the host cell as receptors and only infects the most related B. cereus strains, showing high host-specificity. The adsorption rate constant and life cycle of DLc1 under experimental conditions were also determined. Not only stable under temperatures below 55 °C and pH range from 5 to 11, the new phage also showed tolerance to high concentrations of NaCl, 75% ethanol, chloroform, and mechanical vortex, which is preferable for practical use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (C.L.); (X.Y.); (N.L.)
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (C.L.); (X.Y.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (C.L.); (X.Y.); (N.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Shubo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (C.L.); (X.Y.); (N.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (S.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Q.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Kim JH, Kim HJ, Jung SJ, Mizan MFR, Park SH, Ha SD. Characterization of Salmonella spp.-specific bacteriophages and their biocontrol application in chicken breast meat. J Food Sci 2020; 85:526-534. [PMID: 32043599 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chicken breast meat is considered as the main source of Salmonella infection in humans. The aim of this study was to isolate lytic bacteriophages specific for Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and examine their efficacy in a cocktail for the biocontrol of Salmonella spp. in raw chicken breast meat. Four lytic phages belonging to the Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families were isolated from a river proximate to a duck farm. They exhibited broad lytic activities against 11 strains of S. Enteritidis, 11 strains of S. Typhimurium, and one each of S. Paratyphi A, S. San Diego, and S. Typhi. The phages were determined to be stable, exhibited similar degrees of resistance to heat and pH, and had latent periods ranging from 5 to 30 min. In addition, the phage particles were 100% adsorbed within 18 to 40 min. Viable cell counts of bacteria were significantly reduced in raw chicken breast samples (P < 0.05) when treated with a cocktail of all four bacteriophages at 4 °C for 7 days (multiplicities of infection were from 104 to 106 ). These results indicate the potential efficacy of the bacteriophage cocktail as a biological agent against S. Enteritidis in raw chicken breast meat. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our findings demonstrate that the phages could be effective in reducing the viability of Salmonella spp. bacteria in chicken breast meat. Therefore, the phage cocktail is a potential bactericidal agent for the biocontrol of Salmonella spp. in raw chicken breast meat and could be used use in various poultry industries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ., 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Anseong, Gyunggido, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ., 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Anseong, Gyunggido, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Jung
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ., 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Anseong, Gyunggido, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ., 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Anseong, Gyunggido, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang Univ., 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daeduck-Myun, Anseong, Gyunggido, 456-756, Republic of Korea
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Zhao G, Wang YF, Chen J, Yao Y. Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31979410 PMCID: PMC7076863 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented pastes are some of the most popular traditional products in China. Many studies reported a strong possibility that fermented pastes promote exposure to mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and cereulide, which were proven to be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. The primary mechanism of pathogenicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing oxidative stress using cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The level of mycotoxin production is dependent on the pre-harvest or post-harvest stage. It is possible to implement methods to control mycotoxins by using appropriate antagonistic microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ordinary foods. Also, drying products as soon as possible to avoid condensation or moisture absorption in order to reduce the water activity to lower than 0.82 during storage is also effective. Furthermore, organic acid treatment during the soaking process reduces toxins by more than 90%. Some novel detection technologies based on magnetic adsorption, aptamer probes, and molecular-based methods were applied to rapidly and accurately detect mycotoxins in fermented pastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Junling Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China;
| | - Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
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Hock L, Leprince A, Tournay M, Gillis A, Mahillon J. Biocontrol potential of phage Deep-Blue against psychrotolerant Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chukeatirote E, Phongtang W, Kim J, Jo A, Jung LS, Ahn J. Significance of bacteriophages in fermented soybeans: A review. Biomol Concepts 2018; 9:131-142. [PMID: 30481150 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are ubiquitous and have been reported to have been found in many food products. Their presence is important as they have the ability to interact with their bacterial host in food matrices. Fermented soybean products, one of the most widely consumed ethnic foods among Asian people, are prepared naturally and include Japanese Natto, Indian Kinema, Korean Chongkukjang and Thai Thua Nao. This review highlights bacteriophages which have been isolated from fermented soybean products and also includes an overview of their diversity, occurrence as well as their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeongjin Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Lae-Seung Jung
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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vB_LspM-01: a novel myovirus displaying pseudolysogeny in Lysinibacillus sphaericus C3-41. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10691-10702. [PMID: 30362075 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysinibacillus sphaericus has great application potential not only in the biocontrol of mosquitoes but also in the bioremediation of toxic metals. Phages contribute to the genetic diversity and niche adaptation of bacteria, playing essential roles in their life cycle, but may also cause economic damage for industrially important bacteria through phage contamination during fermentation. In this study, the L. sphaericus phage vB_LspM-01, which belongs to the Myoviridae family, was isolated and characterized. Results showed that vB_LspM-01 could specifically infect most tested L. sphaericus isolates but was not active against isolates belonging to other species. Furthermore, phage-born endolysin exhibited a broader antimicrobial spectrum than the host range of the phage. The vB_LspM-01 genome had no obvious similarity with that of its host, and ca. 22.6% of putative ORFs could not get a match with the public databases. Phylogenic analysis based on the putative terminase large subunit showed high similarity with the phages identified with pac-type headful packaging. The vB_LspM-01 encoding genes were only detected in a tiny percentage of L. sphaericus C3-41 individual cells in the wild population, whereas they showed much higher frequency in the resistant population grown within the plaques; however, the phage genes could not be stably inherited during host cell division. Additionally, the vB_LspM-01 encoding genes were only detected in the host population during the logarithmic growth phase. The mitomycin C induction helped the propagation and lysogeny-lysis switch of vB_LspM-01. The study demonstrated that vB_LspM-01 can be present in a pseudolysogenic state in L. sphaericus C3-41 populations.
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Ghosh K, Kang HS, Hyun WB, Kim KP. High prevalence of Bacillus subtilis-infecting bacteriophages in soybean-based fermented foods and its detrimental effects on the process and quality of Cheonggukjang. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:196-203. [PMID: 30166141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While the detrimental effect of bacteriophages on lactic acid bacterial fermentation is well documented, the importance of Bacillus subtilis phages in soybean-based fermented foods is not. In this study, we show for the first time that 100% of Korean soybean-based fermented foods (Doenjang, Gochujang, and Cheonggukjang) and 70% of raw materials (Meju and rice straw) were contaminated with B. subtilis-infecting phages (as high as 3.7 × 104 PFU g-1). Among 15 isolated B. subtilis-infecting phages, BSP18 was selected for further studies due to its specificity to and relatively broad host infectivity (34%) against B. subtilis. This Myoviridae family phage, BSP18 could infect all of the tested wild-type and commercially-used strains for soybean-based fermented food preparation. Furthermore, artificial contamination of as low as 102 PFU g-1 of BSP18 significantly inhibited B. subtilis growth during Cheonggukjang fermentation. Moreover, phage-treated samples contained considerably more degraded γ-PGA which could negatively affect the functional property of Cheonggukjang. We also present the data, strongly suggesting BSP18-encoded, not bacterial, γ-PGA hydrolase was responsible for γ-PGA degradation. In conclusion, B. subtilis phages are widespread in Korean soybean-based fermented foods and it should be of great concern as phages may hamper the bacterial growth during fermentation and yield poor quality products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, South Korea
| | - Hai Seong Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, South Korea
| | - Woo Bin Hyun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, South Korea.
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Hock L, Gillis A, Mahillon J. Complete genome sequence of bacteriophage Deep-Purple, a novel member of the family Siphoviridae infecting Bacillus cereus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2555-2559. [PMID: 29752557 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage Deep-Purple, isolated from an agricultural soil in Belgium, lyses the emetic Bacillus weihenstephanensis strain LH002 and exhibits a lytic activity against 55% of emetic Bacillus cereus and B. weihenstephanensis strains. Deep-Purple is able to complete its lytic cycle within 45 min and is stable to a large range of pHs and temperatures below 60 °C. It possesses an icosahedral head of about 63 nm in diameter and a non-contractile tail of approximately 165 nm in length. The genome of this newly classifiable Siphoviridae family member is 36,278 bp long, with a G+C content of 38.36% and 40 putative CDSs. Most CDSs do not display similarity with other B. cereus group phages supporting the idea that Deep-Purple belongs to a new and currently uncharacterised Siphoviridae subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hock
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Ghosh K, Senevirathne A, Kang HS, Hyun WB, Kim JE, Kim KP. Complete Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of a Novel Bacillus subtilis-Infecting Bacteriophage BSP10 and Its Effect on Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid Degradation. Viruses 2018; 10:E240. [PMID: 29734701 PMCID: PMC5977233 DOI: 10.3390/v10050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While the harmful effects of lactic acid bacterial bacteriophages in the dairy industry are well-established, the importance of Bacillus subtilis-infecting bacteriophages on soybean fermentation is poorly-studied. In this study, we isolated a B. subtilis-infecting bacteriophage BSP10 from Meju (a brick of dried fermented soybean) and further characterized it. This Myoviridae family bacteriophage exhibited a narrow host range against B. subtilis strains (17/52, 32.7%). The genome of bacteriophage BSP10 is 153,767 bp long with 236 open reading frames and 5 tRNAs. Comparative genomics (using dot plot, progressiveMauve alignment, heat-plot, and BLASTN) and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest its incorporation as a new species in the Nit1virus genus. Furthermore, bacteriophage BSP10 was efficient in the growth inhibition of B. subtilis ATCC 15245 in liquid culture and in Cheonggukjang (a soybean fermented food) fermentation. Artificial contamination of as low as 10² PFU/g of bacteriophage BSP10 during Cheonggukjang fermentation significantly reduced bacterial numbers by up to 112 fold in comparison to the control (no bacteriophage). Moreover, for the first time, we experimentally proved that B. subtilis-infecting bacteriophage greatly enhanced poly-γ-glutamic acid degradation during soybean fermentation, which is likely to negatively affect the functionalities of Cheonggukjang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Korea.
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Korea.
| | - Hai Seong Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Korea.
| | - Woo Bin Hyun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Korea.
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Korea.
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The potentials of Bacillus licheniformis strains for inhibition of B. cereus growth and reduction of biogenic amines in cheonggukjang (Korean fermented unsalted soybean paste). Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Oh H, Seo DJ, Jeon SB, Park H, Jeong S, Chun HS, Oh M, Choi C. Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus cereus Bacteriophages from Foods and Soil. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:260-269. [PMID: 28205130 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Bacillus cereus bacteriophages of various origins. Twenty-seven bacteriophages against B. cereus were isolated from various Korean traditional fermented foods and soils. Plaque size, transmission electron microscopy, virulence profile, and in vitro lytic activity of bacteriophage isolates were examined. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed B. cereus bacteriophages belonging to the family Siphoviridae. Among B. cereus bacteriophages with broad host range, 18 isolates (66.7%) did not harbor any B. cereus virulence factors. Among them, bacteriophage strain CAU150036, CAU150038, CAU150058, CAU150064, CAU150065, and CAU150066 effectively inhibited B. cereus in vitro within 1 h. Therefore, they are considered potential candidates for controlling the contamination of B. cereus in food or other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Seodongdaero, Daeduck, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Seodongdaero, Daeduck, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Been Jeon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Seodongdaero, Daeduck, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Seodongdaero, Daeduck, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntak Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Seodongdaero, Daeduck, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihwa Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Agriculture Resource, Chung-Ang University, Seodongdaero, Daeduck, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Senevirathne A, Ghosh K, Roh E, Kim KP. Complete genome sequence analysis of a novel Staphylococcus phage StAP1 and proposal of a new species in the genus Silviavirus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2145-2148. [PMID: 28324178 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage StAP1 was isolated from a soil sample infecting Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus. Its genome was found to be 135,502 base pairs (bp) long with 30.00 mol% G+C content and 192 open reading frames. While no tRNA encoding genes were identified, 7 mobile elements were found to interrupt five StAP1 open reading frames. Comparative genomic and proteomic analysis consistently supports the establishment of a new species in the genus Silviavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Senevirathne
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Roh
- Microbial Safety Team, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Lee SG, Chang HC. Assessment of Bacillus subtilis SN7 as a starter culture for Cheonggukjang , a Korean traditional fermented soybean food, and its capability to control Bacillus cereus in Cheonggukjang. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Rahimi-Midani A, Kim KH, Lee SW, Jung SB, Choi TJ. Isolation and Characterization of a Bacteriophage Preying an Antifungal Bacterium. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:584-588. [PMID: 27904467 PMCID: PMC5117869 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.07.2016.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several Bacillus species were isolated from rice field soils, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that Bacillus cereus was the most abundant. A strain named BC1 showed antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Bacteriophages infecting strain BC1 were isolated from the same soil sample. The isolated phage PK16 had an icosahedral head of 100 ± 5 nm and tail of 200 ± 5 nm, indicating that it belonged to the family Myoviridae. Analysis of the complete linear dsDNA genome revealed a 158,127-bp genome with G + C content of 39.9% comprising 235 open reading frames as well as 19 tRNA genes (including 1 pseudogene). Blastp analysis showed that the proteins encoded by the PK16 genome had the closest hits to proteins of seven different bacteriophages. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on the major capsid protein showed a robust clustering of phage PK16 with phage JBP901 and BCP8-2 isolated from Korean fermented food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547,
Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Sang Bong Jung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan 47230,
Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547,
Korea
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Isolation and Characterization of Phages Infecting Bacillus subtilis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:179597. [PMID: 26273592 PMCID: PMC4529890 DOI: 10.1155/2015/179597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have been suggested as an alternative approach to reduce the amount of pathogens in various applications. Bacteriophages of various specificity and virulence were isolated as a means of controlling food-borne pathogens. We studied the interaction of bacteriophages with Bacillus species, which are very often persistent in industrial applications such as food production due to their antibiotic resistance and spore formation. A comparative study using electron microscopy, PFGE, and SDS-PAGE as well as determination of host range, pH and temperature resistance, adsorption rate, latent time, and phage burst size was performed on three phages of the Myoviridae family and one phage of the Siphoviridae family which infected Bacillus subtilis strains. The phages are morphologically different and characterized by icosahedral heads and contractile (SIOΦ, SUBω, and SPOσ phages) or noncontractile (ARπ phage) tails. The genomes of SIOΦ and SUBω are composed of 154 kb. The capsid of SIOΦ is composed of four proteins. Bacteriophages SPOσ and ARπ have genome sizes of 25 kbp and 40 kbp, respectively. Both phages as well as SUBω phage have 14 proteins in their capsids. Phages SIOΦ and SPOσ are resistant to high temperatures and to the acid (4.0) and alkaline (9.0 and 10.0) pH.
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Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic position of the Bacillus cereus group phage JBP901. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2381-4. [PMID: 26141410 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage JBP901, isolated from fermented food, is specific for Bacillus cereus group species and exhibits a broad host spectrum among a large number of B. cereus isolates. Genome sequence analysis revealed a linear 159,492-bp genome with overall G+C content of 39.7 mol%, and 201 ORFs. The presence of a putative methylase, the large number of tRNAs, and the large number of nucleotide-metabolism- and replication-related genes in JBP901 reflects its broad lytic capacity. Most of the ORFs showed a high degree of similarity to Bcp1, Bc431v3 and BCP78, and various comparative genomics analyses also consistently clustered JBP901 with orphan (unclassified) Bacillus phages in the subfamily Spounavirinae of the family Myoviridae, supporting the presence of a distinguishable group in the subfamily.
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34
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Bacteriophage PBC1 and its endolysin as an antimicrobial agent against Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2274-83. [PMID: 25595773 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03485-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for food poisoning and other, nongastrointestinal infections. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant B. cereus strains, the demand for alternative therapeutic options is increasing. To address these problems, we isolated and characterized a Siphoviridae virulent phage, PBC1, and its lytic enzymes. PBC1 showed a very narrow host range, infecting only 1 of 22 B. cereus strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the major capsid protein revealed that PBC1 is more closely related to the Bacillus clarkii phage BCJA1c and phages of lactic acid bacteria than to the phages infecting B. cereus. Whole-genome comparison showed that the late-gene region, including the terminase gene, structural genes, and holin gene of PBC1, is similar to that from B. cereus temperate phage 250, whereas their endolysins are different. Compared to the extreme host specificity of PBC1, its endolysin, LysPBC1, showed a much broader lytic spectrum, albeit limited to the genus Bacillus. The catalytic domain of LysPBC1 when expressed alone also showed Bacillus-specific lytic activity, which was lower against the B. cereus group but higher against the Bacillus subtilis group than the full-length protein. Taken together, these results suggest that the virulent phage PBC1 is a useful component of a phage cocktail to control B. cereus, even with its exceptionally narrow host range, as it can kill a strain of B. cereus that is not killed by other phages, and that LysPBC1 is an alternative biocontrol agent against B. cereus.
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35
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Gillis A, Mahillon J. Phages preying on Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis: past, present and future. Viruses 2014; 6:2623-72. [PMID: 25010767 PMCID: PMC4113786 DOI: 10.3390/v6072623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteriophages (phages) have been widely studied due to their major role in virulence evolution of bacterial pathogens. However, less attention has been paid to phages preying on bacteria from the Bacillus cereus group and their contribution to the bacterial genetic pool has been disregarded. Therefore, this review brings together the main information for the B. cereus group phages, from their discovery to their modern biotechnological applications. A special focus is given to phages infecting Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. These phages belong to the Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae and Tectiviridae families. For the sake of clarity, several phage categories have been made according to significant characteristics such as lifestyles and lysogenic states. The main categories comprise the transducing phages, phages with a chromosomal or plasmidial prophage state, γ-like phages and jumbo-phages. The current genomic characterization of some of these phages is also addressed throughout this work and some promising applications are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.12, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jacques Mahillon
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.12, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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36
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Extensive host range determination and improved efficacy of the bacteriophage JBP901 in the presence of divalent cations for control of Bacillus cereus in Cheonggukjang. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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37
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Lee JH, Shin H, Son B, Heu S, Ryu S. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a virulent bacteriophage B4 infecting food-borne pathogenic Bacillus cereus. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2101-8. [PMID: 23649177 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning, resulting in vomiting and diarrhea, due to production of enterotoxins. As a means of controlling this food-borne pathogen, the virulent bacteriophage B4 was isolated and characterized. Bacterial challenge assays showed that phage B4 effectively inhibited growth of members of the B. cereus group as well as B. subtilis, and growth inhibition persisted for over 20 h. One-step growth analysis also revealed the host lysis activity of phage B4, with relatively short eclipse/latent times (10/15 min) and a large burst size (>200 PFU). The complete genome of phage B4, containing a 162-kb DNA with 277 ORFs, was analyzed. The endolysin encoded by the phage B4 genome accounts for the cell lysis activity of this phage. These results suggest that phage B4 has potential as a biological agent to control B. cereus propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea
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38
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El-Arabi TF, Griffiths MW, She YM, Villegas A, Lingohr EJ, Kropinski AM. Genome sequence and analysis of a broad-host range lytic bacteriophage that infects the Bacillus cereus group. Virol J 2013; 10:48. [PMID: 23388049 PMCID: PMC3601020 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparatively little information is available on members of the Myoviridae infecting low G+C content, Gram-positive host bacteria of the family Firmicutes. While numerous Bacillus phages have been isolated up till now only very few Bacillus cereus phages have been characterized in detail. RESULTS Here we present data on the large, virulent, broad-host-range B. cereus phage vB_BceM_Bc431v3 (Bc431v3). Bc431v3 features a 158,618 bp dsDNA genome, encompassing 239 putative open reading frames (ORFs) and, 20 tRNA genes encoding 17 different amino acids. Since pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that the genome of this phage has a mass of 155-158 kb Bc431v3 DNA appears not to contain long terminal repeats that are found in the genome of Bacillus phage SPO1. CONCLUSIONS Bc431v3 displays significant sequence similarity, at the protein level, to B. cereus phage BCP78, Listeria phage A511 and Enterococcus phage ØEF24C and other morphologically related phages infecting Firmicutes such as Staphylococcus phage K and Lactobacillus phage LP65. Based on these data we suggest that Bc431v3 should be included as a member of the Spounavirinae; however, because of all the diverse taxonomical information has been addressed recently, it is difficult to determine the genus. The Bc431v3 phage contains some highly unusual genes such as gp143 encoding putative tRNAHis guanylyltransferase. In addition, it carries some genes that appear to be related to the host sporulation regulators. These are: gp098, which encodes a putative segregation protein related to FstK/SpoIIIE DNA transporters; gp105, a putative segregation protein; gp108, RNA polymerase sigma factor F/B; and, gp109 encoding RNA polymerase sigma factor G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek F El-Arabi
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada
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Lau GL, Sieo CC, Tan WS, Ho YW. Characteristics of a phage effective for colibacillosis control in poultry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2657-2663. [PMID: 22505020 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colibacillosis is one of the main causes of economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Although antibiotics have been used to control this infection, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a threat to animal and human health. Phage therapy has been reported as one of the potential alternative methods to control bacterial infections. However, efficient phage therapy is highly dependent on the characteristics of the phage isolated. In the present study the characteristics of a lytic phage, ØEC1, which was found to be effective against the causative agent of colibacillosis in chickens in a previous in vivo study, are reported. RESULTS Examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed that ØEC1 is a DNA phage belonging to the Podoviridae family. ØEC1 showed an optimum multiplicity of infection of 0.1-1. The latent period of ØEC1 was 25 min, with a burst size of 200 particles per infected cell. Under the experimental conditions the maximum adsorption rate for ØEC1 was 99.9% within 8 min. ØEC1 demonstrated an optimum phage lytic activity at pH 6-9 and 25-41 °C. CONCLUSION These characteristics can serve as a guideline for selection of effective candidates for phage therapy, in this case for collibacillosis control in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Leng Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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40
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Bandara N, Jo J, Ryu S, Kim KP. Bacteriophages BCP1-1 and BCP8-2 require divalent cations for efficient control of Bacillus cereus in fermented foods. Food Microbiol 2012; 31:9-16. [PMID: 22475937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne bacterial pathogen that causes diarrhea and vomiting. In this study, the usefulness of bacteriophages to eradicate B. cereus from fermented foods was investigated. A total of 13 phages were isolated from Korean fermented food products, and 2 (BCP1-1 and BCP8-2) were further characterized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), restriction enzyme digestion pattern analysis, and SDS-PAGE of the structural proteins suggest that both phages belong to the family Myoviridae, containing approximately 150 kbp-long genomes. The host ranges of both phages were limited to B. cereus group species (12/13), as they were not able to lyse other Gram-positive or negative strains including Bacillus subtilis. Purified phages were used to inhibit B. cereus growth in a model fermented food system, cheonggukjang, a fast-fermented soybean paste product. BCP1-1 and BCP8-2 were able to effectively eradicate B. cereus from the food only if divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or Mn²⁺) were added to the medium. Further studies reveal that divalent cations are essential for phage adsorption, while a monovalent cation (Na⁺) is required for the post-adsorption phase of phage infection. Taken together, our findings imply that a phage could be an ideal anti-bacterial agent for use in fermented food products that require the presence of beneficial microflora and, during phage application, optimization of phage reaction conditions is critical for the successful utilization of phage biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka Bandara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, 664-14 Duckjin-dong, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous, spore-forming bacterium associated with food poisoning cases. To develop an efficient biocontrol agent against B. cereus, we isolated lytic phage PBC1 and sequenced its genome. PBC1 showed a very low degree of homology to previously reported phages, implying that it is novel. Here we report the complete genome sequence of PBC1 and describe major findings from our analysis.
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42
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Son B, Yun J, Lim JA, Shin H, Heu S, Ryu S. Characterization of LysB4, an endolysin from the Bacillus cereus-infecting bacteriophage B4. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:33. [PMID: 22416675 PMCID: PMC3315420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that causes emetic or diarrheal types of food poisoning. The incidence of B. cereus food poisoning has been gradually increasing over the past few years, therefore, biocontrol agents effective against B. cereus need to be developed. Endolysins are phage-encoded bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases and have received considerable attention as promising antibacterial agents. RESULTS The endolysin from B. cereus phage B4, designated LysB4, was identified and characterized. In silico analysis revealed that this endolysin had the VanY domain at the N terminus as the catalytic domain, and the SH3_5 domain at the C terminus that appears to be the cell wall binding domain. Biochemical characterization of LysB4 enzymatic activity showed that it had optimal peptidoglycan hydrolase activity at pH 8.0-10.0 and 50°C. The lytic activity was dependent on divalent metal ions, especially Zn2+. The antimicrobial spectrum was relatively broad because LysB4 lysed Gram-positive bacteria such as B. cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes and some Gram-negative bacteria when treated with EDTA. LC-MS analysis of the cell wall cleavage products showed that LysB4 was an L-alanoyl-D-glutamate endopeptidase, making LysB4 the first characterized endopeptidase of this type to target B. cereus. CONCLUSIONS LysB4 is believed to be the first reported L-alanoyl-D-glutamate endopeptidase from B. cereus-infecting bacteriophages. The properties of LysB4 showed that this endolysin has strong lytic activity against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria, which makes LysB4 a good candidate as a biocontrol agent against B. cereus and other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Abstract
Bacillus cereus is generally found in soil habitats, and it contaminates a wide variety of foods, causing food poisoning with symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. To develop a novel biocontrol agent to inhibit this pathogen, bacteriophage BCP78 belonging to the Siphoviridae family was isolated from a fermented food sample. Here we announce the complete genome sequence of BCP78, which may be useful for understanding its inhibition mechanism against B. cereus, and describe major findings from the genome annotation.
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