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Zhang B, Xu Y, Yan X, Pu T, Wang S, Yang X, Yang H, Zhang G, Zhang W, Chen T, Liu G. The diversity and risk of potential pathogenic bacteria on the surface of glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173937. [PMID: 38880135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Glaciers, which constitute the world's largest global freshwater reservoir, are also natural microbial repositories. The frequent pandemic in recent years underscored the potential biosafety risks associated with the release of microorganisms from the accelerated melting of glaciers due to global warming. However, the characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms in glaciers are not well understood. The glacier surface is the primary area where glacier melting occurs that is often the main subject of research on the dynamics of pathogenic microbial communities in efforts to assess glacier biosafety risks and devise preventive measures. In this study, high-throughput sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods were employed in analyses of the composition and quantities of potential pathogenic bacteria on the surfaces of glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The study identified 441 potential pathogenic species ranging from 215 to 4.39 × 1011 copies/g, with notable seasonal and environmental variations being found in the composition and quantity of potential pathogens. The highest level of diversity was observed in April and snow, while the highest quantities were observed in October and cryoconite. Host analysis revealed that >70 % of the species were pathogens affecting animals, with the highest proportion of zoonotic pathogens being observed in April. Analysis of aerosols and glacial meltwater dispersion suggested that these microbes originated from West Asia, primarily affecting the central and southern regions of China. Null model analysis indicated that the assembly of potential pathogenic microbial communities on glacier surfaces was largely governed by deterministic processes. In conclusion, potential pathogenic bacteria on glacier surfaces mainly originated from the snow and exhibited significant temporal and spatial variation patterns. These findings can be used to enhance researchers' ability to predict potential biosafety risks associated with pathogenic bacteria in glaciers and to prevent their negative impact on populations and ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Yulong Snow Station of Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Yeteng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Yulong Snow Station of Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Yulong Snow Station of Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Yulong Snow Station of Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gaosen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Yulong Snow Station of Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Guangxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Wood JP. Review of techniques for the in-situ sterilization of soil contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores or other pathogens. Res Microbiol 2024; 175:104175. [PMID: 38141796 PMCID: PMC11192063 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature on efficacy of techniques to sterilize soil. Soil may need to be sterilized if contaminated with pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis. Sterilizing soil in-situ minimizes spread of the bio-contaminant. Soil is difficult to sterilize, with efficacy generally diminishing with depth. Methyl bromide, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde are the only soil treatment options that have been demonstrated at full-scale to effectively inactivate Bacillus spores. Soil sterilization modalities with high efficacy at bench-scale include wet and dry heat, metam sodium, chlorine dioxide gas, and activated sodium persulfate. Simple oxidants such as chlorine bleach are ineffective in sterilizing soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Homeland Security Research Program, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Timofeev V, Bakhteeva I, Khlopova K, Mironova R, Titareva G, Goncharova Y, Solomentsev V, Kravchenko T, Dyatlov I, Vergnaud G. New Research on the Bacillus anthracis Genetic Diversity in Siberia. Pathogens 2023; 12:1257. [PMID: 37887773 PMCID: PMC10610006 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a particularly dangerous infection of humans and ungulates caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The highly monomorphic and clonal species B. anthracis is commonly divided into three main lineages, A, B, and C, which in turn are divided into several canSNP groups. We report here a phylogenetic analysis based on the whole-genome sequence (WGS) data of fifteen strains isolated predominantly in Siberia or Central and Southern Russia. We confirm the wide distribution of the cluster of strains of the B.Br.001/002 group, endemic to the Russian Arctic, which is also present in the steppe zone of Southern Siberia. We characterize additional branches within the major A.Br.001/002 polytomy comprising the A.Br.Ames and A.Br.Sterne lineages, one of which is identified in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Timofeev
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Irina Bakhteeva
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Kseniya Khlopova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Raisa Mironova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Galina Titareva
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Yulia Goncharova
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Viktor Solomentsev
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kravchenko
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Ivan Dyatlov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), 142279 Obolensk, Russia
| | - Gilles Vergnaud
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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