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Zheng Q, Wang Y, Zhang S. Beyond Alkaloids: Novel Bioactive Natural Products From Lobelia Species. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638210. [PMID: 33762957 PMCID: PMC7982472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we reviewed the progress in the phytochemical and biological investigations of bioactive components derived from medicinally valuable Lobelia species. In the last 60 years, Lobelia has garnered significant attention from the phytochemist from around the world, majorly due to the discovery of bioactive piperidine alkaloids (e.g., lobinaline and lobeline) in the early 1950s. Later, lobeline underwent clinical trials for several indications including the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a multicenter phase three trial for smoking cessation. Subsequently, several other alkaloids derived from different species of Lobelia were also investigated for their pharmacological characteristics. However, in the last few years, the research focus has started shifting to the characterization of the other novel chemical classes. The major shift has been noticed due to the structurally similar alkaloid components, which essentially share similar pharmacological, physicochemical, and toxicological profiles. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview of their progress with special attention to understanding the molecular mechanisms of the novel bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Zheng
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Dong Medical Research of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dong Medical Research of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha, China
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Mazzone SB, Undem BJ. Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 96:975-1024. [PMID: 27279650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology and pulmonary defense through local responses and centrally mediated neural pathways. Mechanical and chemical activation of airway afferents depends on a myriad of ionic and receptor-mediated signaling, much of which has yet to be fully explored. Alterations in the sensitivity and neurochemical phenotype of vagal afferent nerves and/or the neural pathways that they innervate occur in a wide variety of pulmonary diseases, and as such, understanding the mechanisms of vagal sensory function and dysfunction may reveal novel therapeutic targets. In this comprehensive review we discuss historical and state-of-the-art concepts in airway sensory neurobiology and explore mechanisms underlying how vagal sensory pathways become dysfunctional in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley J Undem
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Morélot-Panzini C, Corvol JC, Demoule A, Raux M, Fiamma MN, Willer JC, Similowski T. Intravenous adenosine activates diffuse nociceptive inhibitory controls in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:697-703. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimentally induced pain can be attenuated by concomitant heterotopic nociceptive stimuli (counterirritation). Animal data indicate that this stems from supraspinal “diffuse noxious inhibitory controls” (DNICs) triggered by C and Aδ fibers. In humans, only noxious stimuli induce counterirritation. This points at C fibers, but the effects of pharmacologically stimulating C fibers have not been studied. Intravenous adenosine activates pulmonary C fibers and induces dyspnea. This study tests the hypothesis that putative activation of pulmonary C fibers by adenosine would trigger DNICs in humans and induce counterirritation. Twelve healthy volunteers were included (with valid results available in 9) and studied according to a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design (intravenous adenosine, 140 μg·kg−1·min−1, during 5 min vs. placebo). We measured ventilatory variables and end-tidal CO2 tension, dyspnea intensity by visual analog scale, and the intensity of putative chest pain. The primary outcome was the amplitude of the RIII component of the nociceptive flexor reflex recorded by biceps femoris electromyogram in response to painful electrical sural nerve stimulation (RIII), taken as a substitute for pain perception. Placebo did not induce any significant effect. Adenosine induced dyspnea, hyperpnea, tachycardia, and significant RIII inhibition (24 ± 8% at the 4th min, P < 0.0001). The temporal dynamics of adenosine-induced dyspnea and RIII inhibition differed (immediate onset followed by a slow decrease for dyspnea, slower onset for RIII inhibition). Intravenous adenosine in normal humans induces counterirritation, fueling the notion that C-fiber stimulation trigger DNICs in humans. The temporal dissociation between adenosine-induced dyspnea and RIII inhibition suggests that C fibers other than pulmonary ones might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Morélot-Panzini
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Paris 6, ER10UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Département de Neurologie, Département de Pharmacologie, INSERM CIC-9503, Paris, France
- INSERM UMRS975 UPMC, CNRS UMR 7225, CR ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Demoule
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Paris 6, ER10UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Raux
- Université Paris 6, ER10UPMC, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Département d'Anesthésie et Réanimation, Paris, France; and
| | - Marie-Noëlle Fiamma
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Paris 6, ER10UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Willer
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Département d'Anesthésie et Réanimation, Paris, France; and
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Département de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Paris 6, ER10UPMC, Paris, France
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Effect of sublingual nitrate on respiratory reflexes arising from stimulation of juxta-pulmonary capillary (J) receptors by i.v. lobeline and short duration exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anand A, Srivastava N, Raj H, Vijayan V. Influence of codeine on lobeline-induced respiratory reflexes and sensations and on ventilation with exercise in healthy subjects. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 175:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blockade of airway sensory nerves and dyspnea in humans. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:279-82. [PMID: 20188847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated from previous studies that vagal fibers in the lungs are involved in the genesis of dyspnea. In a series of human studies, based on our previous animal data (J Physiol 1998; 508:109-18; J Appl Physiol 1998; 84:417-24; J Appl Physiol 2003; 95:1315-24) we established that intravenous adenosine has a dyspnogenic effect (J Appl Physiol 2005; 98:180-5; Respir Res 2006; 7:139; Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21:208-13), strongly implicating a role for vagal C-fibers in the genesis of dyspnea. We have now analyzed the relative effects of blockade of vagal C-fibers by two methods and routes of delivery: by inhibition of the sodium channel and interruption of action potential conduction in the nerve by inhaled local anesthetic (lidocaine), and by blockade by systemic theophylline, a known, nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Both techniques significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the dyspneic response to intravenous adenosine. However, the attenuation was significantly (p < 0.05) greater with pretreatment with systemic theophylline (mean change in response, DeltaAUC -44%) versus pretreatment with inhaled lidocaine (mean change in response, DeltaAUC -11.8%). These differences in the results of airway sensory nerve blockade probably reflect different populations of C fiber receptors and may explain conflicting results of previous studies of dyspnea and airway anesthesia.
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Anand A, Roy A, Bhargava B, Raj H, Barde PB, Vijayan V. Early symptom-relief after valvulotomy in mitral stenosis indicates role of lobeline-sensitive intrapulmonary receptors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 169:297-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fisher JT. The TRPV1 ion channel: Implications for respiratory sensation and dyspnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 167:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ravi K, Kappagoda T. Rapidly adapting receptors in acute heart failure and their impact on dyspnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 167:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mazzone SB, McGovern AE, Koo K, Farrell MJ. Mapping supramedullary pathways involved in cough using functional brain imaging: comparison with pain. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:90-6. [PMID: 18804546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several indications suggest that supramedullary brain regions receive sensory information from the airways and provide motor control to the brainstem neurons that control coughing. However, the organization of this circuitry has not been described in any detail. In this short review we will discuss how state-of-the-art functional brain imaging techniques in humans and animals will enable unprecedented insights into the supramedullary brain regions that help control coughing. In addition we will describe the likely similarities between cough-related higher brain networks and those involved in the processing of other aversive sensory modalities, such as pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Mazzone SB, McLennan L, McGovern AE, Egan GF, Farrell MJ. Representation of Capsaicin-evoked Urge-to-Cough in the Human Brain Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:327-32. [PMID: 17575093 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200612-1856oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Coughing in humans is typically preceded by a desire (or urge) to cough. The neural circuitry involved in sensing airway irritation and generating the urge-to-cough in humans is essentially unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to use functional brain imaging to describe the supramedullary regions that are activated in humans during capsaicin inhalation. METHODS Experiments were performed on 10 healthy subjects (5 males, 5 females). Capsaicin doses were individually tailored to evoke a transient and reversible urge-to-cough. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance measures were collected during repeated 24-second challenges with capsaicin or saline inhalation and subjects were asked to rate the urge-to-cough intensity of each challenge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Capsaicin inhalation reliably evoked an urge-to-cough, which was associated with activations in a variety of brain regions, including the insula cortex, anterior midcingulate cortex, primary sensory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS These data provide the first insights into the cortical neuronal network involved in sensing airway irritation and modulating coughing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- The Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Anand
- Exertional Breathlessness Studies Laboratory (DST), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi University, Delhi 110 007, India.
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Abstract
Historical aspects of respiratory reflexes from the lungs and airways are reviewed, up until about 10 yr ago. For most of the 19th century, the possible reflex inputs into the “respiratory center,” the position of which had been identified, were very speculative. There was little concept of reflex control of the pattern of breathing. Then, in 1868, Breuer published his paper on “The self-steering of respiration via the Nervus Vagus.” For the first time this established the role of vagal inflation and deflation reflexes in determining the pattern of breathing. Head later extended Breuer’s work, and Kratschmer laid a similar basis for reflexes from the nose and larynx. Then, 50–60 yr later, the development of the thermionic valve and the oscilloscope allowed recording action potentials from single nerve fibers in the vagus. In 1933, Adrian showed that slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors were responsible for the inflation reflex. Later, Knowlton and Larrabee described rapidly adapting receptors and showed that they mediated deep augmented breaths and the deflation reflex. Still later, it was established that rapidly adapting receptors were, at least in part, responsible for cough. In 1954, Paintal began his study of C-fiber receptors (J receptors), work greatly extended by the Coleridges. Since ∼10 yr ago, when the field of this review stops, there has been an explosion of research on lung and airway receptors, many aspects of which are dealt with in other papers in this series.
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Widdicombe J, Eccles R, Fontana G. Supramedullary influences on cough. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 152:320-8. [PMID: 16621735 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The evidence for supramedullary influences on cough is largely indirect. Cough can be voluntarily induced or inhibited, functions usually thought to reside in the cerebral cortex. A sensation of 'urge-to-cough' usually precedes cough due to an airway irritant stimulus, and this may well involve the cerebral cortex. In conditions with interruption of the pathways between the cortex and the brainstem, such as strokes and Parkinson's disease, voluntary cough may be inhibited without disruption of reflex cough from the larynx or lower airways. 'Habit cough', like Tourette's syndrome, is assumed to be cortically mediated. Placebos and many treatments based on complementary medicine are effective in inhibiting clinical cough, and the site of action is likely to be the cerebral cortex. In sleep and in anaesthesia cough is depressed and, again, this seems likely to be at a cortical level. However there are few or no experimental or clinical observation as to the localization and functions of supramedullary areas responsible for cough. It is a field of research wide open for exploration.
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