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Reiser R, Brill AK, Nakas CT, Hefti U, Berger D, Perret Hoigné E, Kabitz HJ, Merz TM, Pichler Hefti J. Lung function parameters are associated with acute mountain sickness and are improved at high and extreme altitude. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 330:104318. [PMID: 39182634 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
At altitude, factors such as decreased barometric pressure, low temperatures, and acclimatization might affect lung function. The effects of exposure and acclimatization to high-altitude on lung function were assessed in 39 subjects by repetitive spirometry up to 6022 m during a high-altitude expedition. Subjects were classified depending on the occurrence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and summit success to evaluate whether lung function relates to successful climb and risk of developing AMS. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) increased with progressive altitude (max. +20.2 %pred, +9.3 %pred, and +6.7 %pred, all p<0.05). Only PEF improved with acclimatization (BC1 vs. BC2, +7.2 %pred, p=0.044). At altitude FEV1 (p=0.008) and PEF (p<0.001) were lower in the AMS group. The risk of developing AMS was associated with lower baseline PEF (p<0.001) and longitudinal changes in PEF (p=0.008) and FEV1 (p<0.001). Lung function was not related to summit success (7126 m). Improvement in PEF after acclimatization might indicate respiratory muscle adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Reiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Kathrin Brill
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christos T Nakas
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
| | - Urs Hefti
- Swiss Sportclinic, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - David Berger
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eveline Perret Hoigné
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Tobias M Merz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jacqueline Pichler Hefti
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Sportclinic, Bern, Switzerland.
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Ferretti G, Strapazzon G. A revision of maximal oxygen consumption and exercise capacity at altitude 70 years after the first climb of Mount Everest. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38299739 DOI: 10.1113/jp285606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
On the 70th anniversary of the first climb of Mount Everest by Edmund Hillary and Tensing Norgay, we discuss the physiological bases of climbing Everest with or without supplementary oxygen. After summarizing the data of the 1953 expedition and the effects of oxygen administration, we analyse the reasons why Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler succeeded without supplementary oxygen in 1978. The consequences of this climb for physiology are briefly discussed. An overall analysis of maximal oxygen consumption (V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ ) at altitude follows. In this section, we discuss the reasons for the non-linear fall ofV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ at altitude, we support the statement that it is a mirror image of the oxygen equilibrium curve, and we propose an analogue of Hill's model of the oxygen equilibrium curve to analyse theV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ fall. In the following section, we discuss the role of the ventilatory and pulmonary resistances to oxygen flow in limitingV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ , which becomes progressively greater while moving toward higher altitudes. On top of Everest, these resistances provide most of theV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ limitation, and the oxygen equilibrium curve and the respiratory system provide linear responses. This phenomenon is more accentuated in athletes with elevatedV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ , due to exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia. The large differences inV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ that we observe at sea level disappear at altitude. There is no need for a very highV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ at sea level to climb the highest peaks on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferretti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- SIMeM Italian Society of Mountain Medicine, Padova, Italy
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3
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Chambault J, Grand G, Kayser B. Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2021; 12:700620. [PMID: 34421638 PMCID: PMC8378271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We tested the hypotheses that respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) improves endurance cycling performance differently in women and men and more so in hypoxia than in normoxia. Design: A prospective pre-post cross-over study with two testing conditions. Methods: Healthy and active women (seven, 24 ± 4 years, mean ± standard deviation [SD]) and men (seven, 27 ± 5 years) performed incremental cycling to determine maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and power output (Wpeak) and on different days two 10-km cycling time trials (TTs) in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia (FiO2, 0.135, ~3,500 m equivalent), in a balanced randomized order. Next they performed supervised RMET in normoxia (4 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 min/day eucapnic hyperpnea at ~60% predicted maximum voluntary ventilation) followed by identical post-tests. During TTs, heart rate, ear oximetry reading, and Wpeak were recorded. Results: The VO2peak and Wpeak values were unchanged after RMET. The TT was improved by 7 ± 6% (p < 0.001) in normoxia and 16 ± 6% (p < 0.001) in hypoxia. The difference between normoxic and hypoxic TT was smaller after RMET as compared with that before RMET (14% vs. 21%, respectively, p < 0.001). All effects were greater in women (p < 0.001). The RMET did not change the heart rate or ear oximetry reading during TTs. Conclusion: We found a greater effect of RMET on cycling TT performance in women than in men, an effect more pronounced in hypoxia. These findings are congruent with the contention of a more pronounced performance-limiting role of the respiratory system during endurance exercise in hypoxia compared with normoxia and more so in women whose respiratory system is undersized compared with that of men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chambault
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégorine Grand
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ogawa T, Nagao M, Fujii N, Nishiyasu T. Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2020; 12:25. [PMID: 32322396 PMCID: PMC7161168 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-020-00172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Although numerous studies have reported the effect of inspiratory muscle training for improving exercise performance, the outcome of whether exercise performance is improved by inspiratory muscle training is controversial. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training (IMLET) on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), respiratory responses, and exercise performance under normoxic (N) and hypoxic (H) exercise conditions. We hypothesised that IMLET enhances respiratory muscle strength and improves respiratory response, thereby improving VO2peak and work capacity under H condition. Methods Sixteen university track runners (13 men and 3 women) were randomly assigned to the IMLET (n = 8) or exercise training (ET) group (n = 8). All subjects underwent 4 weeks of 20-min 60% VO2peak cycling exercise training, thrice per week. IMLET loaded 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure during exercise. At pre- and post-training periods, subjects performed exhaustive incremental cycling under normoxic (N; 20.9 ± 0%) and hypoxic (H; 15.0 ± 0.1%) conditions. Results Although maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) significantly increased after training in both groups, the extent of PImax increase was significantly higher in the IMLET group (from 102 ± 20 to 145 ± 26 cmH2O in IMLET; from 111 ± 23 to 127 ± 23 cmH2O in ET; P < 0.05). In both groups, VO2peak and maximal work load (Wmax) similarly increased both under N and H conditions after training (P < 0.05). Further, the extent of Wmax decrease under H condition was lower in the IMLET group at post-training test than at pre-training (from − 14.7 ± 2.2% to − 12.5 ± 1.7%; P < 0.05). Maximal minute ventilation in both N and H conditions increased after training than in the pre-training period. Conclusions Our IMLET enhanced the respiratory muscle strength, and the decrease in work capacity under hypoxia was reduced regardless of the increase in VO2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ogawa
- 1Division of Art, Music, and Physical Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maiko Nagao
- 1Division of Art, Music, and Physical Education, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujii
- 2Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences in University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- 2Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences in University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Okrzymowska P, Kurzaj M, Seidel W, Rożek-Piechura K. Eight Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Pulmonary Function in Disabled Swimmers-A Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1747. [PMID: 31108842 PMCID: PMC6571650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature, inspiratory muscle fatigue may increase after swimming training (ST). This study aimed to examine the efficacy of 8-week inspiratory muscular training (IMT) in disabled swimmers, combined with standard sports training, on selected parameters of lung ventilation and the function of respiratory muscles. METHODS A total of 16 disabled swimming division athletes from Wroclaw's 'Start' Regional Sports Association qualified for the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (ST and IMT). Both groups participated in swimming training for 8 weeks (8 times a week). The IMT group additionally participated in inspiratory muscle training (8 weeks). In all respondents, a functional lung test and the respiratory muscle strength was measured. RESULTS After 8 weeks of training, a significant increase in ventilation parameters and respiratory muscle strength was observed only in the IMT group. In ST group 1, a 20% improvement in the strength of inspiratory muscles was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of IMT is an important element that complements swimming training, allowing for greater increases in lung ventilation parameters and the strength of respiratory muscles in disabled swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Okrzymowska
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Monika Kurzaj
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Seidel
- Department of Paralympic Sports, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Rożek-Piechura
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
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Álvarez-Herms J, Julià-Sánchez S, Corbi F, Odriozola-Martínez A, Burtscher M. Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1970. [PMID: 30697170 PMCID: PMC6341067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory/inspiratory muscle training (RMT/IMT) has been proposed to improve the endurance performance of athletes in normoxia. In recent years, due to the increased use of hypoxic training method among athletes, the RMT applicability has also been tested as a method to minimize adverse effects since hyperventilation may cause respiratory muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise in hypoxia. We performed a review in order to determine factors potentially affecting the change in endurance performance in hypoxia after RMT in healthy subjects. A comprehensive search was done in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar including keywords: “RMT/IMT,” and/or “endurance performance,” and/or “altitude” and/or “hypoxia.” Seven appropriate studies were found until April 2018. Analysis of the studies showed that two RMT methods were used in the protocols: respiratory muscle endurance (RME) (isocapnic hyperpnea: commonly 10–30′, 3–5 d/week) in three of the seven studies, and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) (Powerbreathe device: commonly 2 × 30 reps at 50% MIP (maximal inspiratory pressure), 5–7 d/week) in the remaining four studies. The duration of the protocols ranged from 4 to 8 weeks, and it was found in synthesis that during exercise in hypoxia, RMT promoted (1) reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, (2) delayed respiratory muscle metaboreflex activation, (3) better maintenance of SaO2 and blood flow to locomotor muscles. In general, no increases of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were described. Ventilatory function improvements (maximal inspiratory pressure) achieved by using RMT fostered the capacity to adapt to hypoxia and minimized the impact of respiratory stress during the acclimatization stage in comparison with placebo/sham. In conclusion, RMT was found to elicit general positive effects mainly on respiratory efficiency and breathing patterns, lower dyspneic perceptions and improved physical performance in conditions of hypoxia. Thus, this method is recommended to be used as a pre-exposure tool for strengthening respiratory muscles and minimizing the adverse effects caused by hypoxia related hyperventilation. Future studies will assess these effects in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Julià-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) - Lleida Centre, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Adrian Odriozola-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Anthropology and Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV), Campus de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Alemayehu HK, Salvadego D, Isola M, Tringali G, De Micheli R, Caccavale M, Sartorio A, Grassi B. Three weeks of respiratory muscle endurance training improve the O 2 cost of walking and exercise tolerance in obese adolescents. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13888. [PMID: 30350405 PMCID: PMC6198139 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese adolescents (OB) have an increased O2 cost of exercise, attributable in part to an increased O2 cost of breathing. In a previous work a short (3-week) program of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) slightly reduced in OB the O2 cost of high-intensity cycling and improved exercise tolerance. We hypothesized that during treadmill walking the effects of RMET would be more pronounced than those observed during cycling. Sixteen OB (age 16.0 ± 0.8 years; body mass [BM] 127.7 ± 14.2 kg; body mass index 40.7 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ) underwent to 3-week RMET (n = 8) superimposed to a multidisciplinary BM reduction program, or (CTRL, n = 8) only to the latter. Heart rate (HR) and pulmonary O2 uptake ( V ˙ O2 ) were measured during incremental exercise and 12-min constant work rate (CWR) walking at 60% (moderate-intensity, MOD) and 120% (heavy-intensity, HEAVY) of the gas exchange threshold (GET). The O2 cost of walking (aerobic energy expenditure per unit of covered distance) was calculated as V ˙ O2 /velocity. BM decreased (~4-5 kg) both in CTRL and in RMET. V ˙ O2 peak and GET were not affected by both interventions; the time to exhaustion increased following RMET. During MOD and HEAVY RMET decreased V ˙ O2, the O2 cost of walking (MOD: 0.130 ± 0.033 mL/kg/m [before] vs. 0.109 ± 0.027 [after], P = 0.03; HEAVY: 0.196 ± 0.031 [before] vs. 0.180 ± 0.025 [after], P = 0.02), HR and rates of perceived exertion; no significant changes were observed in CTRL. In OB a short RMET program lowered the O2 cost of MOD and HEAVY walking and improved exercise tolerance. RMET could represent a useful adjunct in the control of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miriam Isola
- Department of MedicineUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Gabriella Tringali
- Istituto Auxologico ItalianoIRCCSExperimental Laboratory for Auxo‐endocrinological ResearchMilan and Piancavallo (VB)Italy
| | - Roberta De Micheli
- Istituto Auxologico ItalianoIRCCSExperimental Laboratory for Auxo‐endocrinological ResearchMilan and Piancavallo (VB)Italy
| | - Mara Caccavale
- Istituto Auxologico ItalianoIRCCSExperimental Laboratory for Auxo‐endocrinological ResearchMilan and Piancavallo (VB)Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico ItalianoIRCCSExperimental Laboratory for Auxo‐endocrinological ResearchMilan and Piancavallo (VB)Italy
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and AuxologyIstituto Auxologico ItalianoIRCCSPiancavallo (VB)Italy
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular PhysiologyNational Research CouncilMilanItaly
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Bisconti AV, Devoto M, Venturelli M, Bryner R, Olfert IM, Chantler PD, Esposito F. Respiratory muscle training positively affects vasomotor response in young healthy women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203347. [PMID: 30252845 PMCID: PMC6155502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasomotor response is related to the capacity of the vessel to maintain vascular tone within a narrow range. Two main control mechanisms are involved: the autonomic control of the sympathetic neural drive (global control) and the endothelial smooth cells capacity to respond to mechanical stress by releasing vasoactive factors (peripheral control). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on vasomotor response, assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and heart rate variability, in young healthy females. The hypothesis was that RMT could enhance the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic neural drive and reduce vessel shear stress. Thus, twenty-four women were randomly assigned to either RMT or SHAM group. Maximal inspiratory mouth pressure and maximum voluntary ventilation were utilized to assess the effectiveness of the RMT program, which consisted of three sessions of isocapnic hyperventilation/ week for eight weeks, (twenty-four training sessions). Heart rate variability assessed autonomic balance, a global factor regulating the vasomotor response. Endothelial function was determined by measuring brachial artery vasodilation normalized by shear rate (%FMD/SR). After RMT, but not SHAM, maximal inspiratory mouth pressure and maximum voluntary ventilation increased significantly (+31% and +16%, respectively). Changes in heart rate variability were negligible in both groups. Only RMT exhibited a significant increase in %FMD/SR (+45%; p<0.05). These data suggest a positive effect of RMT on vasomotor response that may be due to a reduction in arterial shear stress, and not through modulation of sympatho-vagal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Valentina Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Michela Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Randall Bryner
- School of Medicine, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown (WV), United States of America
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- School of Medicine, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown (WV), United States of America
| | - Paul D. Chantler
- School of Medicine, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown (WV), United States of America
| | - F. Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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Salvadego D, Sartorio A, Agosti F, Tringali G, Patrizi A, Isola M, LoMauro A, Aliverti A, Grassi B. Respiratory muscle endurance training reduces the O2 cost of cycling and perceived exertion in obese adolescents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R487-R495. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In obesity, the increased O2 cost of breathing negatively affects the O2 cost of exercise and exercise tolerance. The purpose of the study was to determine whether, in obese adolescents, the addition of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) (isocapnic hyperpnea) to a standard body mass reduction program decreases the O2 cost of exercise and perceived exertion. Nine male obese adolescents [16.0 ± 1.4 yr ( x ± SD), body mass 114.4 ± 22.3 kg] underwent 3 wk of RMET (5 days/week) in addition to a standard body mass reduction program. Eight age- and sex-matched obese adolescents underwent only the standard program (CTRL). Before and after interventions, patients performed on a cycle ergometer: incremental exercise; 12-min exercises at a constant work rate (CWR) of 65% and 120% at the gas exchange threshold (GET) determined before the intervention. Breath-by-breath pulmonary ventilation (V̇e) and O2 uptake (V̇o2), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion for dyspnea/respiratory discomfort (RPER) and leg effort (RPEL) were determined. Body mass decreased (by ~3.0 kg) after both RMET ( P = 0.003) and CTRL ( P = 0.002). Peak V̇o2 was not affected by both interventions. Peak work rate was slightly, but significantly ( P = 0.04), greater after RMET but not after CTRL. During CWR < GET, no changes were observed after both interventions. During CWR > GET, the O2 cost of cycling at the end of exercise ( P = 0.02), the slope of V̇o2 vs. time (3–12 min) ( P = 0.01), RPER ( P = 0.01), and RPEL ( P = 0.01) decreased following RMET, but not following CTRL. HR decreased after both RMET ( P = 0.02) and CTRL ( P = 0.03), whereas V̇e did not change. In obese adolescents RMET, superimposed on a standard body mass reduction program, lowered the O2 cost of cycling and perceived exertion during constant heavy-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desy Salvadego
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Division of Metabolic Diseases and Auxology, Piancavallo, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Agosti
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tringali
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Patrizi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan and Piancavallo, Italy
| | - Miriam Isola
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella LoMauro
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Andrea Aliverti
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
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10
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Salazar-Martínez E, Gatterer H, Burtscher M, Naranjo Orellana J, Santalla A. Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Ventilatory Efficiency and Cycling Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2017; 8:133. [PMID: 28337149 PMCID: PMC5340768 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on ventilatory efficiency, in normoxia and hypoxia, and to investigate the relationship between ventilatory efficiency and cycling performance. Sixteen sport students (23.05 ± 4.7 years; 175.11 ± 7.1 cm; 67.0 ± 19.4 kg; 46.4 ± 8.7 ml·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to an inspiratory muscle training group (IMTG) and a control group (CG). The IMTG performed two training sessions/day [30 inspiratory breaths, 50% peak inspiratory pressure (Pimax), 5 days/week, 6-weeks]. Before and after the training period subjects carried out an incremental exercise test to exhaustion with gas analysis, lung function testing, and a cycling time trial test in hypoxia and normoxia. Simulated hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.45%), significantly altered the ventilatory efficiency response in all subjects (p < 0.05). Pimax increased significantly in the IMTG whereas no changes occurred in the CG (time × group, p < 0.05). Within group analyses showed that the IMTG improved ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope; EqCO2VT2) in hypoxia (p < 0.05) and cycling time trial performance [WTTmax (W); WTTmean (W); PTF(W)] (p < 0.05) in hypoxia and normoxia. Significant correlations were not found in hypoxia nor normoxia found between ventilatory efficiency parameters (VE/VCO2 slope; LEqCO2; EqCO2VT2) and time trial performance. On the contrary the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was highly correlated with cycling time trial performance (r = 0.89; r = 0.82; p < 0.001) under both conditions. Even though no interaction effect was found, the within group analysis may suggest that IMT reduces the negative effects of hypoxia on ventilatory efficiency. In addition, the data suggest that OUES plays an important role in submaximal cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Santalla
- Department of Sports and Computing, Pablo de Olavide University Seville, Spain
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Ferretti G. Maximal oxygen consumption in healthy humans: theories and facts. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2007-36. [PMID: 24986693 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the concept of maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) from the perspective of multifactorial models of [Formula: see text] limitation. First, I discuss procedural aspects of [Formula: see text] measurement: the implications of ramp protocols are analysed within the theoretical work of Morton. Then I analyse the descriptive physiology of [Formula: see text], evidencing the path that led to the view of monofactorial cardiovascular or muscular [Formula: see text] limitation. Multifactorial models, generated by the theoretical work of di Prampero and Wagner around the oxygen conductance equation, represented a radical change of perspective. These models are presented in detail and criticized with respect to the ensuing experimental work. A synthesis between them is proposed, demonstrating how much these models coincide and converge on the same conclusions. Finally, I discuss the cases of hypoxia and bed rest, the former as an example of the pervasive effects of the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve, the latter as a neat example of adaptive changes concerning the entire respiratory system. The conclusion is that the concept of cardiovascular [Formula: see text] limitation is reinforced by multifactorial models, since cardiovascular oxygen transport provides most of the [Formula: see text] limitation, at least in normoxia. However, the same models show that the role of peripheral resistances is significant and cannot be neglected. The role of peripheral factors is greater the smaller is the active muscle mass. In hypoxia, the intervention of lung resistances as limiting factors restricts the role played by cardiovascular and peripheral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferretti
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Genève, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland,
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Illi SK, Hostettler S, Aliverti A, Spengler CM. Compartmental chest wall volume changes during volitional hyperpnoea with constant tidal volume in healthy individuals. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 185:410-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Illi SK, Held U, Frank I, Spengler CM. Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals. Sports Med 2012; 42:707-24. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Illi SK, Held U, Frank I, Spengler CM. Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals. Sports Med 2012. [DOI: 10.2165/11631670-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Arbeille P, Shoemaker K, Kerbeci P, Schneider S, Hargens A, Hughson R. Aortic, cerebral and lower limb arterial and venous response to orthostatic stress after a 60-day bedrest. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:277-84. [PMID: 21541764 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess by echography and Doppler the Cerebral (Vmca), Aortic (Vao) and Femoral (Vfem) arterial flow velocity and calf vein (Tibial, Gastrocnemius) section (Tib, Gast) during orthostatic intolerance (OI) test after a 60-day, head down tilt bed rest (HDBR). Twenty-four women (25-40 years) underwent a 60-day HDBR at -6°: eight as control (Con), eight with exercise against lower body negative pressure (Ex-Lb) and eight with nutrition supplement (Nut). Before and after (R0) HDBR, all subjects underwent a 10-min, 80° tilt followed by progressive LBNP until presyncope. After the post-HDBR Tilt + LBNP test, two groups were identified: finishers (F, n = 11) who completed the Tilt and non-finishers (NF, n = 13). A higher percentage decrease in Vao flow, higher percentage distension of Tib vein and a lack of increase in Vmca/Vfem ratio during the post-HDBR Tilt + LBNP compared to pre-HDBR were correlated to OI, but not all of these abnormal responses were present in each of the NF subjects. Abnormal responses were more frequent in Con and Nut than in Ex-Lb subjects. (1) HDBR did not affect the cardiac, arterial and venous responses to the orthostatic test to the same extent in each subject. (2) Exercise within LBNP partially preserved the cardiovascular response to Tilt, while Nutrition supplementation had no efficacy. (3) Cerebral/femoral flow ratio and aortic flow were the parameters most closely related to OI. (4) Reduction in aortic flow was not the major hemodynamic change preceding syncope.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arbeille
- University-CHU Trousseau, Tours, France.
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The Impact of 32 Days' Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia on Physiological Cost of Sub-Maximal Work Performed at the Sea Level. BALTIC JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/v10131-011-0002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Radtke T, Benden C. Respiratory muscle training: Effects of training or simple learning? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173:113-4; author reply 115-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lippi G, Franchini M, Banfi G. Normobaric hypoxia and sports: the debate continues. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:159-60. [PMID: 20803294 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Esposito F, Ferretti G. Respiratory muscle training and maximum aerobic power in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:219-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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