1
|
Stocco E, Emmi A, Sfriso MM, Tushevski A, De Caro R, Macchi V, Porzionato A. Carotid body plastic behavior: evidence for D 2-H 3 receptor-receptor interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1422270. [PMID: 39072219 PMCID: PMC11272601 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1422270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and histamine receptors D2R and H3R are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which can establish physical receptor-receptor interactions (RRIs), leading to homo/hetero-complexes in a dynamic equilibrium. Although D2R and H3R expression has been detected within the carotid body (CB), their possible heterodimerization has never been demonstrated. The aim of this work was to verify D2R and H3R colocalization in the CB, thus suggesting a possible interplay that, in turn, may be responsible of specific D2R-H3R antagonistic functional implications. The CBs of both Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5) and human donors (n = 5) were dissected, and immunolocalization of D2R and H3R was performed; thereafter, in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) was developed. According to experimental evidence (immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence), all the samples displayed positive D2R/H3R elements; hence, PLA assay followed by confocal microscopy analysis was positive for D2R-H3R RRIs. Additionally, D2R-H3R heterodimers were mainly detected in type I cells (βIII-tubulin-positive cells), but type II cells' involvement cannot be excluded. RRIs may play a role in functional modulation of CB cells; investigating RRIs in the CB may guide toward the comprehension of its plastic changes and fine regulatory role while also unveiling their possible clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Aron Emmi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Sfriso
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Aleksandar Tushevski
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aldossary HS, Alzahrani AA, Nathanael D, Alhuthail EA, Ray CJ, Batis N, Kumar P, Coney AM, Holmes AP. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176012. [PMID: 32825527 PMCID: PMC7503665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an alarm in the form of nerve impulses sent to the brain. This activates protective reflexes including hyperventilation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction, to ensure blood and oxygen delivery to the brain and vital organs. However, in certain conditions, including obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure and essential/spontaneous hypertension, the CB becomes hyperactive, promoting neurogenic hypertension and arrhythmia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are very highly expressed in the CB and have key roles in mediating baseline CB activity and hypoxic sensitivity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the numerous GPCRs that are expressed in the CB, their mechanism of action and downstream effects. Furthermore, we will address how these GPCRs and signaling pathways may contribute to CB hyperactivity and cardiovascular and respiratory disease. GPCRs are a major target for drug discovery development. This information highlights specific GPCRs that could be targeted by novel or existing drugs to enable more personalized treatment of CB-mediated cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayyaf S. Aldossary
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- College of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alzahrani
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- Respiratory Care Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Demitris Nathanael
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Eyas A. Alhuthail
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- Collage of Sciences and Health Professions, Basic Sciences Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clare J. Ray
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Nikolaos Batis
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Prem Kumar
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Andrew M. Coney
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Andrew P. Holmes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-415-8161
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wakai J, Takamura D, Morinaga R, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y. Differences in respiratory changes and Fos expression in the ventrolateral medulla of rats exposed to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and hypercapnic hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 215:64-72. [PMID: 26001678 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory responses to hypoxia and/or hypercapnia, and their relationship to neural activity in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), which includes the respiratory center, have not yet been elucidated in detail. We herein examined respiratory responses during exposure of 10% O2 (hypoxia), 10% CO2 (hypercapnia), and 10% O2-10% CO2 (hypercapnic hypoxia) using plethysmography. In addition to recording respiration, Fos expressions were examined in the VLM of the rat exposed to each gas to analyze neural activity. Respiratory frequency was increased in rats exposed to hypoxia, and Fos-positive neurons were observed in the caudal VLM (cVLM) and medial VLM (mVLM). Tidal volume was increased in rats exposed to hypercapnia, and Fos-positive neurons were observed in the rostral VLM (rVLM) includes the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and mVLM. Tidal volume was enhanced in rats exposed to hypercapnic hypoxia, similar to that in hypercapnia-exposed rats, and Fos-positive neurons were observed in the entire region of the VLM. In the mVLM and cVLM, double immunofluorescence showed Fos-immunoreactive nerve cells were also immunoreactive to dopamine β-hydroxylase, the marker for A1/C1 catecholaminergic neuron. These results suggested that hypoxia and hypercapnia modulated rhythmogenic microcircuits in the mVLM via A1/C1 neurons and the RTN, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wakai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Daichi Takamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Morinaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Short-term hypoxia increases phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase at Ser31 and Ser40 in rat carotid body. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 185:543-6. [PMID: 23153692 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term hypoxia (days to weeks) increases phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at Ser31 and Ser40 in the carotid body (CB). In the present study, we examined the time course of TH phosphorylation at Ser31 and Ser40 in CB of rats exposed to short-term hypoxia (within 1 day) for 0-24 h. Using immunoblotting, the signal intensities of both phosphorylated TH were more intense in CB of rats exposed to hypoxia for 6, 12, 18, and 24h than those of controls. Using immunohistochemistry, immunoreactive intensities of both phosphorylated TH were significantly more intense in glomus cells after rats were exposed to hypoxia for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h than those of controls (p<0.05). These results show that phosphorylation of TH at Ser31 and Ser40 is increased in CB glomus cells by short-term hypoxia, suggesting that activation of TH via phosphorylation contributes to the facilitation of catecholamine biosynthesis in CB glomus cells at an early stage of hypoxia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kato K, Yokoyama T, Yamaguchi-Yamada M, Yamamoto Y. Short-term hypoxia transiently increases dopamine β-hydroxylase immunoreactivity in glomus cells of the rat carotid body. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 61:55-62. [PMID: 23019014 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412464639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Under long-term hypoxia, noradrenaline (NA) content in the carotid body (CB) increases, suggesting that NA plays an important role in CB chemotransduction. However, it is unknown whether short-term hypoxia upregulates NA biosynthesis in CB. Therefore, we examined dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) expression in the CB of rats exposed to hypoxia (10% O(2)) for 0 to 24 hr with immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Using immunoblotting, the signal intensity for DBH appeared to be the most intense in rats exposed to hypoxia for 12 hr. Using immunohistochemistry, DBH immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of some glomus cells and varicosities in controls and rats exposed to hypoxia for 6 hr. In rats exposed to hypoxia for 12 hr, DBH immunoreactive intensities in DBH-positive glomus cells were significantly higher compared with controls (p<0.05). In the CB of rats exposed to hypoxia for 18 and 24 hr, DBH immunoreactive intensities in DBH-positive glomus cells were significantly lower than that of rats exposed to hypoxia for 12 hr (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that DBH immunoreactivity is transiently increased in glomus cells by short-term hypoxia, suggesting that NA biosynthesis is transiently facilitated in glomus cells at an early stage of hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Korpershoek E, Pacak K, Martiniova L. Murine models and cell lines for the investigation of pheochromocytoma: applications for future therapies? Endocr Pathol 2012; 23:43-54. [PMID: 22323007 PMCID: PMC3308007 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-012-9194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors arising from adrenal chromaffin cells. Tumors arising from extra-adrenal chromaffin cells are called paragangliomas. Metastases can occur up to approximately 60% or even more in specific subgroups of patients. There are still no well-established and clinically accepted "metastatic" markers available to determine whether a primary tumor is or will become malignant. Surgical resection is the most common treatment for non-metastatic PCCs, but no standard treatment/regimen is available for metastatic PCC. To investigate what kind of therapies are suitable for the treatment of metastatic PCC, animal models or cell lines are very useful. Over the last two decades, various mouse and rat models have been created presenting with PCC, which include models presenting tumors that are to a certain degree biochemically and/or molecularly similar to human PCC, and develop metastases. To be able to investigate which chemotherapeutic options could be useful for the treatment of metastatic PCC, cell lines such as mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC) and mouse tumor tissue (MTT) cells have been recently introduced and they both showed metastatic behavior. It appears these MPC and MTT cells are biochemically and molecularly similar to some human PCCs, are easily visualized by different imaging techniques, and respond to different therapies. These studies also indicate that some mouse models and both mouse PCC cell lines are suitable for testing new therapies for metastatic PCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Korpershoek
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Ae304, P.O. Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|