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Li Z, Li W, Lin PJ, Jia T, Ji L, Li C. Motor-Respiratory Coupling Improves Endurance Performance during Rhythmic Isometric Handgrip Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:536-544. [PMID: 37882076 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate whether motor-respiratory coupling exists in rhythmic isometric handgrip exercises and its effect on endurance performance. In addition, the mechanism underlying observed effects was to be investigated if higher motor-respiratory coupling rate could enhance endurance performance. METHODS Eleven subjects completed three rhythmic isometric handgrip trials to task failure in a randomized manner. After one pretraining session to determine personal grip frequency, one trial was performed without respiration requirement (CON), and two trials were performed with inspiration-motor coupling (IMC) or expiration-motor coupling. Changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and EMG were used to measure neuromuscular fatigue. Force data during test were used to assess exercise intensity. Another 10 subjects completed electrical stimulation-induced finger flexion and extension during normal inspiration, normal expiration, fast inspiration, fast expiration, and breath holding. Force changes of different breathing conditions were compared. RESULTS Normalized exercise time to exhaustion was significantly longer in IMC (1.27 ± 0.23) compared with expiration-motor coupling (0.82 ± 0.18) and CON (0.91 ± 0.18, P < 0.001). ΔMVC, grip frequency, force, and EMG indices were not different among conditions (all P > 0.05). Electrical stimulation-induced finger extensor force was significant higher during fast inspiration (1.11 ± 0.09) than normal respiration (1.00 ± 0.05) and fast expiration (0.94 ± 0.08, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IMC is an effective way to improve endurance performance of rhythmic handgrip exercise. This is likely due to a reduction in the energy consumption of motion control, as evidenced by similar peripheral fatigue in different conditions and modulation of corticospinal excitability by respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Li
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Wei Li
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Ping-Ju Lin
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Tianyu Jia
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Linhong Ji
- Lab of Intelligent and Bio-mimetic Machinery, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, CHINA
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Yunoki T, Zang K, Hatano K, Matsuura R, Ohtsuka Y. Relationship between disturbances of CO 2 homeostasis and force output characteristics during isometric knee extension. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 315:104119. [PMID: 37468055 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether disturbances of CO2 homeostasis alter force output characteristics of lower limb muscles, participants performed four isometric knee extension trials (MVC30%, 10s each with 20-s rest intervals) in three CO2 conditions (normocapnia [NORM], hypercapnia [HYPER], and hypocapnia [HYPO]). Respiratory frequency and tidal volume were matched between CO2 conditions. In each MVC30%, the participants exerted a constant force (30% of maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]). The force coefficient of variation (Fcv) during each MVC30% and MVC before and after the four MVC30% trials were measured. For the means of the four trials, Fcv was significantly lower in HYPER than in HYPO. However, within HYPER, a significant positive correlation was found between the increase in end-tidal CO2 partial pressure and the increase in Fcv. MVCs in NORM and HYPO decreased significantly over the four trials, while no such reduction was observed in HYPER. These results suggest that perturbed CO2 homeostasis influences the force output characteristics independently of breathing pattern variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yunoki
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kejun Zang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kei Hatano
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan
| | - Ryouta Matsuura
- Graduate School of Education, Joetsu University of Education, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohtsuka
- Department of Sports and Human Studies, Sapporo International University, Japan
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A cognitive task, deep breathing, and static stretching reduce variability of motor evoked potentials during subsequent transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Res 2023; 1798:148151. [PMID: 36343727 PMCID: PMC9829447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) demonstrate trial-to-trial variability limiting detection and interpretation of changes in corticomotor excitability. This study examined whether performing a cognitive task, voluntary breathing, or static stretching before TMS could reduce MEP variability. METHODS 20 healthy young adults performed no-task, a cognitive task (Stroop test), deep breathing, and static stretching before TMS in a randomized order. MEPs were collected in the non-dominant tibialis anterior muscle at 130% active motor threshold. Variability of MEP amplitude was quantified as coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS MEP CV was greater after no-task (25.4 ± 7.0) than after cognitive task (23.3 ± 7.2; p < 0.05), deep breathing (20.1 ± 6.3; p < 0.001), and static stretching (20.9 ± 6.0; p = 0.004). MEP CV was greater after cognitive task than after deep breathing (p = 0.007) and static stretching (p = 0.01). There was no effect of condition on MEP amplitude. CONCLUSIONS Performing brief cognitive, voluntary breathing, and stretching tasks before TMS can reduce MEP variability with no effect on MEP amplitude in the tibialis anterior of healthy, young adults. Similar tasks could be incorporated into research and clinical settings to improve detection of changes, normative data, and clinical predictions.
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The effects of slow breathing on postural muscles during standing perturbations in young adults. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2623-2631. [PMID: 35962803 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining standing balance is vital to completing activities in daily living. Recent findings suggest an interaction between cardiovascular and postural control systems. Volitional slow breathing can modulate the cardiovascular response and affect postural control during quiet standing. However, the effects of slow breathing during threats to standing balance have not been studied. The study examined the effect of slow breathing on the latency and amplitude of postural muscle responses to perturbations of the base of support in healthy, young adults. Twenty-seven participants completed two balance perturbation tasks in standing on an instrumented split-belt treadmill while breathing spontaneously and breathing at 6 breaths per minute. Each perturbation task consisted of 25 posteriorly directed translations of the treadmill belts every 8-12 s. Muscle latency and muscle burst amplitude were measured using surface electromyography from the right limb for the quadriceps (QUADS), medial hamstring (MH), gastrocnemii (GASTROC), soleus (SOL), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle groups, while a respiratory belt was used to record respiratory rate. Results indicated that during the slow breathing task both muscle latency (p = 0.022) and muscle burst amplitude (p = 0.011) decreased compared to spontaneous breathing. The EMG pre-perturbation activation was not significantly different in any muscle group between conditions (p > 0.167). The study found that reducing respiratory rate to approximately 6 breaths per minute affects the neuromuscular responses in the lower limb muscles to perturbations.
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Kim SH, Shin HJ, Cho HY. Impact of Types of Breathing on Static Balance Ability in Healthy Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031205. [PMID: 35162227 PMCID: PMC8835336 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that breathing type may affect balance ability. However, most of these studies were conducted on the elderly and patients with musculoskeletal or neurological disorders. Therefore, the effect of voluntary breathing, such as thoracic and abdominal breathing, on the balance ability of people in various age groups is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in balance ability according to the type of breathing in healthy young adults. This study included 78 healthy, young adults. All subjects were assessed for balance ability in neutral breathing, thoracic breathing, and abdominal breathing through a crossover design. Balance ability was assessed during static standing using a force plate. Participants were trained in voluntary breathing, evaluated using electromyography. During voluntary breathing, sway velocity, anterior-posterior difference, and anterior-posterior standard deviation increased while anterior-posterior sample entropy decreased compared to neutral breathing (p < 0.05). Compared with thoracic breathing, abdominal breathing increased sway velocity and variability, and reduced complexity (p < 0.05). These findings show that balance ability is affected by breathing, even in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon 21936, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-820-4560; Fax: +82-32-820-4449
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Hatano K, Matsuura R, Ohtsuka Y, Yunoki T. Enhancement of self-sustained muscle activity through external dead space ventilation appears to be associated with hypercapnia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 295:103777. [PMID: 34425262 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We reported that external dead space ventilation (EDSV) enhanced self-sustained muscle activity (SSMA) of the human soleus muscle, which is an indirect observation of plateau potentials. However, the main factor for EDSV to enhance SSMA remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of EDSV-induced hypercapnia, hypoxia, and hyperventilation on SSMA. In Experiment 1 (n = 11; normal breathing [NB], EDSV, hypoxia, and voluntary hyperventilation conditions) and Experiment 2 (n = 9; NB and normoxic hypercapnia [NH] conditions), SSMA was evoked by electrical train stimulations of the right tibial nerve and measured using surface electromyography under each respiratory condition. In Experiment 1, SSMA was significantly higher than that in the NB condition only in the EDSV condition (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, SSMA was higher in the NH condition than in the NB condition (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the EDSV-enhanced SSMA is due to hypercapnia, not hypoxia or increased ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hatano
- Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ryouta Matsuura
- Graduate School of Education, Joetsu University of Education, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohtsuka
- Department of Sports and Human Studies, Sapporo International University, Japan
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Kluger DS, Gross J. Depth and phase of respiration modulate cortico-muscular communication. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117272. [PMID: 32822811 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.13.904524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in animals have convincingly demonstrated that respiration cyclically modulates oscillatory neural activity across diverse brain areas. To what extent this generalises to humans in a way that is relevant for behaviour is yet unclear. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess the potential influence of respiration depth and respiration phase on the human motor system. We obtained simultaneous recordings of brain activity, muscle activity, and respiration while participants performed a steady contraction task. We used corticomuscular coherence as a measure of efficient long-range cortico-peripheral communication. We found coherence within the beta range over sensorimotor cortex to be reduced during voluntary deep compared to involuntary normal breathing. Moreover, beta coherence was found to be cyclically modulated by respiration phase in both conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate how respiratory rhythms influence the synchrony of brain oscillations, conceivably regulating computational efficiency through neural excitability. Intriguing questions remain with regard to the shape of these modulatory processes and how they influence perception, cognition, and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Kluger
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Kluger DS, Gross J. Depth and phase of respiration modulate cortico-muscular communication. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117272. [PMID: 32822811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in animals have convincingly demonstrated that respiration cyclically modulates oscillatory neural activity across diverse brain areas. To what extent this generalises to humans in a way that is relevant for behaviour is yet unclear. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess the potential influence of respiration depth and respiration phase on the human motor system. We obtained simultaneous recordings of brain activity, muscle activity, and respiration while participants performed a steady contraction task. We used corticomuscular coherence as a measure of efficient long-range cortico-peripheral communication. We found coherence within the beta range over sensorimotor cortex to be reduced during voluntary deep compared to involuntary normal breathing. Moreover, beta coherence was found to be cyclically modulated by respiration phase in both conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate how respiratory rhythms influence the synchrony of brain oscillations, conceivably regulating computational efficiency through neural excitability. Intriguing questions remain with regard to the shape of these modulatory processes and how they influence perception, cognition, and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Kluger
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Hernandez L, Manning J, Zhang S. Voluntary control of breathing affects center of pressure complexity during static standing in healthy older adults. Gait Posture 2019; 68:488-493. [PMID: 30616178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Physiological/biomechanical systems display high degrees of complexity in their corresponding physiological and/or biomechanical outputs, indicative of normal healthy physiological functioning, though little attention has been paid to potential mechanisms which may affect complexity. Center of pressure (CoP) dynamics also display high degrees of complexity and may be affected via altered respiratory-motor interactions such as during voluntary control of breathing. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the complexity of CoP dynamics during autonomous vs. voluntary control of breathing and between different voluntarily controlled breathing conditions. Methods Center of pressure recordings were taken from 18 older adults during static standing under three different breathing conditions: 1) neutral breathing, 2) abdominal breathing, and 3) thoracic breathing, the first constituting the autonomous breathing condition and the latter two constituting voluntarily controlled breathing conditions. CoP dynamics were quantified using sample entropy, standard deviation, 95% sway area, and average radial velocity. Repeated measure MANOVAs were used to assess the effect of breathing on CoP dynamics, with top-down application of ANOVAs and pairwise comparison as needed. Results Voluntary control of breathing during both conditions resulted in significantly higher CoP variability and lower sample entropy than during autonomous control of breathing in the mediolateral direction, indicating less complex dynamics and loss of system control. No significant differences between voluntary breathing conditions were observed. Conclusion Voluntary control of breathing significantly affected on CoP dynamics during static standing. The complexity of the postural control system may be affected via alterations in respiratory-motor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuqi Zhang
- Northern Illinois University, United States.
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Barbosa AC, Martins FM, Silva AF, Coelho AC, Intelangelo L, Vieira ER. Activity of Lower Limb Muscles During Squat With and Without Abdominal Drawing-in and Pilates Breathing. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3018-3023. [PMID: 29068863 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Barbosa, AC, Martins, FM, Silva, AF, Coelho, AC, Intelangelo, L, and Vieira, ER. Activity of lower limb muscles during squat with and without abdominal drawing-in and Pilates breathing. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3018-3023, 2017-The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of abdominal drawing-in and Pilates breathing on the activity of lower limb muscles during squats. Adults (n = 13, 22 ± 3 years old) with some Pilates experience performed three 60° squats under each of the following conditions in a random order: (I) normal breathing, (II) drawing-in maneuver with normal breathing, and (III) drawing-in maneuver with Pilates breathing. Peak-normalized surface electromyography of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior during the knee flexion and extension phases of squat exercises was analyzed. There were significant differences among the conditions during the knee flexion phase for the rectus femoris (p = 0.001), biceps femoris (p = 0.038), and tibialis anterior (p = 0.001), with increasing activation from conditions I to III. For the gastrocnemius medialis, there were significant differences among the conditions during the knee extension phase (p = 0.023), with increased activity under condition I. The rectus and biceps femoris activity was higher during the extension vs. flexion phase under conditions I and II. The tibialis anterior activity was higher during the flexion compared with the extension phase under all conditions, and the medial gastrocnemius activity was higher during the extension phase under condition I. Doing squats with abdominal drawing-in and Pilates breathing resulted in increased rectus, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior activity during the flexion phase, increasing movement stability during squat exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Barbosa
- 1Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil;2Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Brazil;3Department of Physical Therapy, University Institute of Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; and4Department of Physical Therapy, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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