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Haskell SE, Hoyme D, Zimmerman MB, Reeder R, Girotra S, Raymond TT, Samson RA, Berg M, Berg RA, Nadkarni V, Atkins DL. Association between survival and number of shocks for pulseless ventricular arrhythmias during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest in a national registry. Resuscitation 2024; 198:110200. [PMID: 38582444 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually 15,200 children suffer an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in the US. Ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/pVT) is the initial rhythm in 10-15% of these arrests. We sought to evaluate the association of number of shocks and early dose escalation with survival for initial VF/pVT in pediatric IHCA. METHODS Using 2000-2020 data from the American Heart Association's (AHA) Get with the Guidelines®-Resuscitation (GWTG-R) registry, we identified children >48 hours of life and ≤18 years who had an IHCA from initial VF/pVT and received defibrillation. RESULTS There were 251 subjects (37.7%) who received a single shock and 415 subjects (62.3%) who received multiple shocks. Baseline and cardiac arrest characteristics did not differ between those who received a single shock versus multiple shocks except for duration of arrest and calendar year. The median first shock dose was consistent with AHA dosing recommendations and not different between those who received a single shock versus multiple shocks. Survival was improved for those who received a single shock compared to multiple shocks. However, no difference in survival was noted between those who received 2, 3, or ≥4 shocks. Of those receiving multiple shocks, no difference was observed with early dose escalation. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric IHCA, most patients with initial VF/pVT require more than one shock. No distinctions in patient or pre-arrest characteristics were identified between those who received a single shock versus multiple shocks. Subjects who received a single shock were more likely to survive to hospital discharge even after adjusting for duration of resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Haskell
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Derek Hoyme
- University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ron Reeder
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Saket Girotra
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tia T Raymond
- Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | - Marc Berg
- Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Robert A Berg
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vinay Nadkarni
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dianne L Atkins
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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2
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Ong GY, Kurosawa H, Ikeyama T, Park JD, Katanyuwong P, Reyes OC, Wu ET, Hon KLE, Maconochie IK, Shepard LN, Nadkarni VM, Ng KC. Comparison of paediatric basic life support guidelines endorsed by member councils of Resuscitation Council of Asia. Resusc Plus 2023; 16:100506. [PMID: 38033347 PMCID: PMC10685309 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paediatric cardiac arrest outcomes, especially for infants, remain poor. Due to different training, resource differences, and historical reasons, paediatric cardiac arrest algorithms for various Asia countries vary. While there has been a common basic life support algorithm for adults by the Resuscitation Council of Asia (RCA), there is no common RCA algorithm for paediatric life support.We aimed to review published paediatric life support guidelines from different Asian resuscitation councils. Methods Pubmed and Google Scholar search were performed for published paediatric basic and advanced life support guidelines from January 2015 to June 2023. Paediatric representatives from the Resuscitation Council of Asia were sought and contacted to provide input from September 2022 till June 2023. Results While most of the components of published paediatric life support algorithms of Asian countries are similar, there are notable variations in terms of age criteria for recommended use of adult basic life support algorithms in the paediatric population less than 18 years old, recommended paediatric chest compression depth targets, ventilation rates post-advanced airway intra-arrest, and first defibrillation dose for shockable rhythms in paediatric cardiac arrest. Conclusion This was an overview and mapping of published Asian paediatric resuscitation algorithms. It highlights similarities across paediatric life support guidelines in Asian countries. There were some differences in components of paediatric life support which highlight important knowledge gaps in paediatric resuscitation science. The minor differences in the paediatric life support guidelines endorsed by the member councils may provide a framework for prioritising resuscitation research and highlight knowledge gaps in paediatric resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Y. Ong
- Children’s Emergency, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hiroshi Kurosawa
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children’s Hospital, Japan
| | - Takanari Ikeyama
- Center for Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Comprehensive Pediatric Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - June Dong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Poomiporn Katanyuwong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Olivia C.F. Reyes
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - En-Ting Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Kam Lun Ellis Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, CUHKMC, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Ian K. Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay N. Shepard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Vinay M. Nadkarni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Kee Chong Ng
- Children’s Emergency, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Garbin S, Easter J. Pediatric Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2023; 41:465-484. [PMID: 37391245 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric cardiac arrest in the emergency department is rare. We emphasize the importance of preparedness for pediatric cardiac arrest and offer strategies for the optimal recognition and care of patients in cardiac arrest and peri-arrest. This article focuses on both prevention of arrest and the key elements of pediatric resuscitation that have been shown to improve outcomes for children in cardiac arrest. Finally, we review changes to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care that were published in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Garbin
- Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Joshua Easter
- Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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4
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McCartney B, Harvey A, Kernaghan A, Morais S, McAlister O, Crawford P, Biglarbeigi P, Bond R, Finlay D, McEneaney D. Pediatric defibrillation shocks alone do not cause heart damage in a porcine model. Resusc Plus 2022; 9:100203. [PMID: 35146463 PMCID: PMC8816722 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AEDs utilize specific low energy pediatric modes to reduce myocardial damage. This study applied various shocks in sinus rhythm without cardiac instrumentation. Isolated clinically relevant shock sequences do not result in myocardial damage. Typical variations in pediatric shocks did not affect safety and efficacy. These results may inform future pediatric resuscitation guidelines.
Aim Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) use various shock protocols with different characteristics when deployed in pediatric mode. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the safety and efficacy of different AED pediatric protocols using novel experimental approaches. Methods Two defibrillation protocols (A and B) were assessed across two studies: Protocol A: escalating (50–75–90 J) defibrillation waveform with higher voltage, shorter duration and equal phase durations. Protocol B; non-escalating (50–50–50 J) defibrillation waveform with lower voltage, longer duration and unequal phase durations. Experiment 1: Isolated shock damage was assessed following shocks to 12 anesthetized pigs. Animals were randomized into two groups, receiving three shocks from Protocol A (50–75–90 J) or B (50–50–50 J). Cardiac function, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and histopathology were analyzed. Experiment 2: Defibrillation safety and efficacy were assessed through shock success, ROSC, ST-segment deviation and contractility following 16 randomized shocks from protocol A or B delivered to 10 anesthetized pigs in VF. Results Experiment 1: No clinically meaningful difference in cTnI, CPK, ST-segment deviation, ejection fraction or histopathological damage was observed following defibrillation with either protocol. No difference was observed between protocols at any timepoint. Experiment 2: all defibrillation types demonstrated shock success and ROSC ≥ 97.5%. Post-ROSC contractility was similar between protocols. Conclusions There is no evidence that administration of clinically relevant shock sequences, without experimental confounders, result in significant myocardial damage in this model of pediatric resuscitation. Typical variations in AED pediatric mode settings do not affect defibrillation safety and efficacy.
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Gatson BJ, Swift S, Paranjape V. Successful treatment of prolonged refractory ventricular fibrillation in an anesthetized dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 32:129-134. [PMID: 34499802 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of successful return of spontaneous circulation in an anesthetized dog that developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during CPR that was refractory to multiple defibrillation attempts by utilizing pharmacological antiarrhythmic therapy. CASE SUMMARY Cardiopulmonary arrest occurred during surgical preparation in a 1-year-old German Shepherd Dog under general anesthesia for fluoroscopic implantation of an Amplatz canine duct occluder for treatment of a patent ductus arteriosus. Pulseless electrical activity was initially diagnosed, and resuscitative efforts were immediately initiated, including basic cardiac life support, discontinuation of anesthesia with administration of reversal agents, and low-dose epinephrine administration (0.01 mg/kg, IV). After 10 minutes of CPR, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation and single-dose monophasic defibrillation attempts of escalating energy were performed. Despite these efforts, return of spontaneous circulation was unable to be achieved. However, administration of magnesium sulfate (20 mg/kg, IV) along with an additional single monophasic defibrillation attempt was successful in achieving return of spontaneous circulation. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Under current advanced cardiac life support guidelines, the best resuscitation strategy for refractory ventricular fibrillation, in which the arrhythmia persists despite multiple defibrillation attempts, remains unclear. This is especially true for veterinary patients, where refractory ventricular fibrillation is an uncommon cardiac arrest rhythm. Although guidelines for the use of antiarrhythmic therapy during cardiac arrest are well established in human medicine, evidence-based guidelines to support best practices in companion animals do not exist due to sparse data gathered through experimental studies. Only a few case reports describe successful return of spontaneous circulation following prolonged ventricular fibrillation in clinical veterinary patients. Although the use of magnesium sulfate as an antiarrhythmic agent during refractory ventricular fibrillation has been previously reported in people, this is the first case to our knowledge of refractory ventricular fibrillation in a dog that responded to magnesium sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J Gatson
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vaidehi Paranjape
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, Bingham R, Brissaud O, Hoffmann F, Johannesdottir GB, Lauritsen T, Maconochie I. [Paediatric Life Support]. Notf Rett Med 2021; 24:650-719. [PMID: 34093080 PMCID: PMC8170638 DOI: 10.1007/s10049-021-00887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Paediatric Life Support (PLS) guidelines are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This section provides guidelines on the management of critically ill or injured infants, children and adolescents before, during and after respiratory/cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van de Voorde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine UG, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgien
- Federal Department of Health, EMS Dispatch Center, East & West Flanders, Brüssel, Belgien
| | - Nigel M. Turner
- Paediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Niederlande
| | - Jana Djakow
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, NH Hospital, Hořovice, Tschechien
- Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Tschechien
| | | | - Abel Martinez-Mejias
- Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hospital de Terassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spanien
| | - Dominique Biarent
- Paediatric Intensive Care & Emergency Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brüssel, Belgien
| | - Robert Bingham
- Hon. Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, Großbritannien
| | - Olivier Brissaud
- Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques et Néonatales, CHU Pellegrin – Hôpital des Enfants de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Frankreich
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Pädiatrische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Kinderklinik und Kinderpoliklinik im Dr. von Haunerschen Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Deutschland
| | | | - Torsten Lauritsen
- Paediatric Anaesthesia, The Juliane Marie Centre, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Kopenhagen, Dänemark
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, London, Großbritannien
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7
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Van de Voorde P, Turner NM, Djakow J, de Lucas N, Martinez-Mejias A, Biarent D, Bingham R, Brissaud O, Hoffmann F, Johannesdottir GB, Lauritsen T, Maconochie I. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation 2021; 161:327-387. [PMID: 33773830 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
These European Resuscitation Council Paediatric Life Support (PLS) guidelines, are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. This section provides guidelines on the management of critically ill infants and children, before, during and after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van de Voorde
- Department of Emergency Medicine Ghent University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine UG, Ghent, Belgium; EMS Dispatch Center, East & West Flanders, Federal Department of Health, Belgium.
| | - Nigel M Turner
- Paediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana Djakow
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, NH Hospital, Hořovice, Czech Republic; Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Abel Martinez-Mejias
- Department of Paediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Hospital de Terassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominique Biarent
- Paediatric Intensive Care & Emergency Department, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Bingham
- Hon. Consultant Paediatric Anaesthetist, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Olivier Brissaud
- Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Pédiatriques et Néonatales, CHU Pellegrin - Hôpital des Enfants de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Paediatric Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Lauritsen
- Paediatric Anaesthesia, The Juliane Marie Centre, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian Maconochie
- Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare Trust NHS, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, London, UK
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8
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Groulx M, Emond M, Boudreau-Drouin F, Cournoyer A, Nadeau A, Blanchard PG, Mercier E. Continuous flow insufflation of oxygen for cardiac arrest: Systematic review of human and animal model studies. Resuscitation 2021; 162:292-303. [PMID: 33766663 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthetize the evidence regarding the effect of constant flow insufflation of oxygen (CFIO) on the rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and other clinical outcomes during cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS A systematic review was performed using four databases (PROSPERO: CRD42020071960). Studies reporting on adult CA patients or on animal models simulating CA and assessing the effect of CFIO on ROSC or other clinical outcomes were considered. RESULTS A total of 3540 citations were identified, of which 16 studies were included. Four studies (two randomized controlled trials (RCT), two cohort studies), reported on humans while 12 studies used animal models. No meta-analysis was performed due to clinical heterogeneity. There were no differences in the ROSC (18.9% vs 20.8%, p = 0.99; 27.1% vs 21.3%, p = 0.51) and sustained ROSC rates (16.1% vs 17.3%, p = 0.81; 12.5% vs 14.9%, p = 0.73) with CFIO compared to intermitant positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in the two human RCTs. Survival to ICU discharge was similar between CFIO (2.3%) and IPPV (2.3%) in the largest RCT (p = 0.96). Human studies were at serious or high risk of bias. In animal models' studies, ROSC rates were presented in seven RCTs. CFIO was superior to IPPV in one trial, but was associated with similar ROSC rates using different ventilation strategies in the remaining six studies. CONCLUSIONS No definitive association between CFIO and ROSC, sustained ROSC or survival compared to other ventilation strategies could be demonstrated. Future studies should assess CFIO effect on post-survival neurological functions and patient-important CA outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Groulx
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel Emond
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada; VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Felix Boudreau-Drouin
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Cournoyer
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine d'urgence, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine d'urgence, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Nadeau
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Gilles Blanchard
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Mercier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada; VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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9
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Pediatric emergency medicine literature 2020. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 43:123-133. [PMID: 33561621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most children are treated at general Emergency Departments (EDs) and not specialized pediatric EDs. Therefore, it is crucial for emergency medicine physicians to be aware of recent developments in pediatric emergency medicine. Often impactful articles on pediatric emergency medicine are not published in the journals regularly studied by general emergency medicine physicians. We selected ten studies that we found impactful, robust, and relevant for practicing general emergency physicians. This review includes studies of status epilepticus, cardiac arrest, asthma, infant fever, wound care, rapid sequence intubation, coronavirus, and trauma.
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10
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Optimal paediatric defibrillation dosage for children. We need a randomized clinical trial! Resuscitation 2020; 158:289-290. [PMID: 33221358 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Maconochie IK, Aickin R, Hazinski MF, Atkins DL, Bingham R, Couto TB, Guerguerian AM, Nadkarni VM, Ng KC, Nuthall GA, Ong GYK, Reis AG, Schexnayder SM, Scholefield BR, Tijssen JA, Nolan JP, Morley PT, Van de Voorde P, Zaritsky AL, de Caen AR. Pediatric Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2020; 156:A120-A155. [PMID: 33098916 PMCID: PMC7576321 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) for pediatric life support is based on the most extensive evidence evaluation ever performed by the Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Three types of evidence evaluation were used in this review: systematic reviews, scoping reviews, and evidence updates. Per agreement with the evidence evaluation recommendations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, only systematic reviews could result in a new or revised treatment recommendation. Systematic reviews performed for this 2020 CoSTR for pediatric life support included the topics of sequencing of airway-breaths-compressions versus compressions-airway-breaths in the delivery of pediatric basic life support, the initial timing and dose intervals for epinephrine administration during resuscitation, and the targets for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in pediatric patients after return of spontaneous circulation. The most controversial topics included the initial timing and dose intervals of epinephrine administration (new treatment recommendations were made) and the administration of fluid for infants and children with septic shock (this latter topic was evaluated by evidence update). All evidence reviews identified the paucity of pediatric data and the need for more research involving resuscitation of infants and children.
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12
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Topjian AA, Raymond TT, Atkins D, Chan M, Duff JP, Joyner BL, Lasa JJ, Lavonas EJ, Levy A, Mahgoub M, Meckler GD, Roberts KE, Sutton RM, Schexnayder SM. Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2020; 142:S469-S523. [PMID: 33081526 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Maconochie IK, Aickin R, Hazinski MF, Atkins DL, Bingham R, Couto TB, Guerguerian AM, Nadkarni VM, Ng KC, Nuthall GA, Ong GYK, Reis AG, Schexnayder SM, Scholefield BR, Tijssen JA, Nolan JP, Morley PT, Van de Voorde P, Zaritsky AL, de Caen AR. Pediatric Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 2020; 142:S140-S184. [PMID: 33084393 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR) for pediatric life support is based on the most extensive evidence evaluation ever performed by the Pediatric Life Support Task Force. Three types of evidence evaluation were used in this review: systematic reviews, scoping reviews, and evidence updates. Per agreement with the evidence evaluation recommendations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, only systematic reviews could result in a new or revised treatment recommendation. Systematic reviews performed for this 2020 CoSTR for pediatric life support included the topics of sequencing of airway-breaths-compressions versus compressions-airway-breaths in the delivery of pediatric basic life support, the initial timing and dose intervals for epinephrine administration during resuscitation, and the targets for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in pediatric patients after return of spontaneous circulation. The most controversial topics included the initial timing and dose intervals of epinephrine administration (new treatment recommendations were made) and the administration of fluid for infants and children with septic shock (this latter topic was evaluated by evidence update). All evidence reviews identified the paucity of pediatric data and the need for more research involving resuscitation of infants and children.
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14
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Abstract
Cardiac electrical stimulation is a rarely used but required skill for pediatric emergency physicians. Children who are in cardiac arrest or who demonstrate evidence of hypoperfusion because of cardiac reasons require rapid diagnosis and intervention to minimize patient morbidity and mortality. Both hospital- and community-based personnel must have sufficient access to, and knowledge of, appropriate equipment to provide potentially lifesaving defibrillation, cardioversion, or cardiac pacing. In this review, we will discuss the primary clinical indications for cardioelectrical stimulation in pediatric patients, including the use of automated external defibrillators, internal defibrillators, and pacemakers. We discuss the types of devices that are currently available, emergency management of internal defibrillation and pacemaker devices, and the role of advocacy in improving delivery of emergency cardiovascular care of pediatric patients in the community.
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15
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Study on the Improvement of Electrical Facility System of Automated External Defibrillators by Real-Time Measurement of Thoracic Impedance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10093323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a serious emergency disease that has increased steadily every year. To this end, an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is placed in a public place so that even non-professional medical personnel can respond to SCA. However, the thoracic impedance of patients changes due to CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and artificial respiration during first aid treatment. In addition, changes in chest statues due to gender, age, and accidents cause changes in thoracic impedance in real time. The change in thoracic impedance caused by this has a negative effect on the intended electrical energy of the automatic heart shocker to the emergency patient. To prove this, we divided it into adult and pediatric modes and experimented with the energy error of the AED according to the same impedance change. When the first peak current was up to 56.4 (A) and at least 8.4 (A) in the adult mode, the first peak current was up to 32.2 (A) and at least 4.8 (A), respectively, when the impedance changed, the error of the current figure occurred. In this paper, the inverse relationship between thoracic impedance and electric shock energy according to the state of the cardiac arrest patient is demonstrated through the results of the experiment, and the need for an electric facility system that can revise for changes in thoracic impedance of the cardiac arrest patient by reflecting them on electric shock energy in real time is presented.
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Resuscitation highlights in 2019. Resuscitation 2020; 148:234-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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