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Li Y, Luo W, Meng C, Shi K, Gu R, Cui S. Exosomes as promising bioactive materials in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:335. [PMID: 39334506 PMCID: PMC11438208 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have permanent devastating motor and sensory disabilities. Secondary SCI is known for its complex progression and presents with sophisticated aberrant inflammation, vascular changes, and secondary cellular dysfunction, which aggravate the primary damage. Since their initial discovery, the potent neuroprotective effects and powerful delivery abilities of exosomes (Exos) have been reported in different research fields, including SCI. In this study, we summarize therapeutic advances related to the application of Exos in preclinical animal studies. Subsequently, we discuss the mechanisms of action of Exos derived from diverse cell types, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, blood-spinal cord barrier preservation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory potential. We also evaluate the relationship between the Exo delivery cargo and signaling pathways. Finally, we discuss the challenges and advantages of using Exos to offer innovative insights regarding the development of efficient clinical strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Chuikai Meng
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyuan Shi
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Rui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China.
| | - Shusen Cui
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China.
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Dong J, Gong Z, Bi H, Yang J, Wang B, Du K, Zhang C, Chen L. BMSC-derived exosomal miR-219-5p alleviates ferroptosis in neuronal cells caused by spinal cord injury via the UBE2Z/NRF2 pathway. Neuroscience 2024; 556:73-85. [PMID: 39084457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of exosomal miR-219-5p derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score and tissue staining were used to assess SCI and neuronal survival in rats. The contents of Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by a kit. The expression levels of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Z (UBE2Z), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (NRF2) and ferroptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. In addition, the ability of BMSC-derived exosomes to inhibit ferroptosis in neuronal cells in rats with SCI was validated by in vivo injection of ferroptosis inhibitors/inducers. RESULTS In this study, we found that miR-219-5p-rich BMSC-derived exosomes inhibited ferroptosis in SCI rats and that the alleviating effect of BMSC-Exos on SCI was achieved by inhibiting the ferroptosis signaling pathway and that NRF2 played a key role in this process. Our study confirmed that BMSC exosome-specific delivery of miR-219-5p can target UBE2Z to regulate its stability and that overexpression of UBE2Z reverses miR-219-5p regulation of NRF2. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that BMSC exosomes alleviated ferroptosis in neuronal SCI progression, and inhibiting the expression of miR-219-5p in BMSCs reduced the alleviating effect of exosomes on ferroptosis in neuronal cells and SCI. CONCLUSION miR-219-5p in BMSC-derived exosomes can repair the injured spinal cord. In addition, miR-219-5p alleviates ferroptosis in neuronal cells induced by SCI through the UBE2Z/NRF2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Hangchuan Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaili Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lingqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Ye Z, Zheng Y, Li N, Zhang H, Li Q, Wang X. Repair of spinal cord injury by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on rat models. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1448777. [PMID: 39169950 PMCID: PMC11335736 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1448777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exo) in improving spinal cord injury (SCI) to mitigate the risk of translational discrepancies from animal experiments to clinical applications. Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature search up to March 2024 using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the studies. Data analysis was performed using STATA16 software. Results A total of 30 studies were included. The results indicated that BMSCs-Exo significantly improved the BBB score in SCI rats (WMD = 3.47, 95% CI [3.31, 3.63]), inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (SMD = -3.12, 95% CI [-3.57, -2.67]), and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 (SMD = 2.76, 95% CI [1.88, 3.63]) and TGF-β (SMD = 3.89, 95% CI [3.02, 4.76]). Additionally, BMSCs-Exo significantly reduced apoptosis levels (SMD = -4.52, 95% CI [-5.14, -3.89]), promoted the expression of axonal regeneration markers NeuN cells/field (SMD = 3.54, 95% CI [2.65, 4.42]), NF200 (SMD = 4.88, 95% CI [3.70, 6.05]), and the number of Nissl bodies (SMD = 1.89, 95% CI [1.13, 2.65]), and decreased the expression of astrogliosis marker GFAP (SMD = -5.15, 95% CI [-6.47, -3.82]). The heterogeneity among studies was primarily due to variations in BMSCs-Exo transplantation doses, with efficacy increasing with higher doses. Conclusion BMSCs-Exo significantly improved motor function in SCI rats by modulating inflammatory responses, reducing apoptosis, inhibiting astrogliosis, and promoting axonal regeneration. However, the presence of selection, performance, and detection biases in current animal experiments may undermine the quality of evidence in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongduo Ye
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yukun Zheng
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Lanzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaibin Zhang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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van Griensven M, Balmayor ER. Extracellular vesicles are key players in mesenchymal stem cells' dual potential to regenerate and modulate the immune system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115203. [PMID: 38342242 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
MSCs are used for treatment of inflammatory conditions or for regenerative purposes. MSCs are complete cells and allogenic transplantation is in principle possible, but mostly autologous use is preferred. In recent years, it was discovered that cells secrete extracellular vesicles. These are active budded off vesicles that carry a cargo. The cargo can be miRNA, protein, lipids etc. The extracellular vesicles can be transported through the body and fuse with target cells. Thereby, they influence the phenotype and modulate the disease. The extracellular vesicles have, like the MSCs, immunomodulatory or regenerative capacities. This review will focus on those features of extracellular vesicles and discuss their dual role. Besides the immunomodulation, the regeneration will concentrate on bone, cartilage, tendon, vessels and nerves. Current clinical trials with extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration that started in the last five years are highlighted as well. In summary, extracellular vesicles have a great potential as disease modulating entity and treatment. Their dual characteristics need to be taken into account and often are both important for having the best effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Balmayor
- Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Yang Z, Liang Z, Rao J, Lin F, Lin Y, Xu X, Wang C, Chen C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy in traumatic central nervous system diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2406-2412. [PMID: 37282470 PMCID: PMC10360088 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are challenges in treating traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have recently proven to be a promising non-cellular therapy. We comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in traumatic central nervous system diseases in this meta-analysis based on preclinical studies. Our meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022327904, May 24, 2022). To fully retrieve the most relevant articles, the following databases were thoroughly searched: PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Ovid-Embase (up to April 1, 2022). The included studies were preclinical studies of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for traumatic central nervous system diseases. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)'s risk of bias tool was used to examine the risk of publication bias in animal studies. After screening 2347 studies, 60 studies were included in this study. A meta-analysis was conducted for spinal cord injury (n = 52) and traumatic brain injury (n = 8). The results indicated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment prominently promoted motor function recovery in spinal cord injury animals, including rat Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.96-2.76, P < 0.01, I2 = 71%) and mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores (SMD = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.57-3.04, P = 0.01, I2 = 60%) compared with controls. Further, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment significantly promoted neurological recovery in traumatic brain injury animals, including the modified Neurological Severity Score (SMD = -4.48, 95% CI: -6.12 to -2.84, P < 0.01, I2 = 79%) and Foot Fault Test (SMD = -3.26, 95% CI: -4.09 to -2.42, P = 0.28, I2 = 21%) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed that characteristics may be related to the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. For Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores, the efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles was higher than that of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (allogeneic: SMD = 2.54, 95% CI: 2.05-3.02, P = 0.0116, I2 = 65.5%; xenogeneic: SMD: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.1-2.45, P = 0.0116, I2 = 74.6%). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles separated by ultrafiltration centrifugation combined with density gradient ultracentrifugation (SMD = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.62-4.53, P < 0.0001, I2 = 31%) may be more effective than other EV isolation methods. For mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles worked better than bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (placenta: SMD = 5.25, 95% CI: 2.45-8.06, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%; bone marrow: SMD = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23-2.41, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%). For modified Neurological Severity Score, bone marrow-derived MSC-EVs worked better than adipose-derived MSC-EVs (bone marrow: SMD = -4.86, 95% CI: -6.66 to -3.06, P = 0.0306, I2 = 81%; adipose: SMD = -2.37, 95% CI: -3.73 to -1.01, P = 0.0306, I2 = 0%). Intravenous administration (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P = 0.0002, I2 = 53.3%) and dose of administration equal to 100 μg (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 53.3%) showed better results than other administration routes and doses. The heterogeneity of studies was small, and sensitivity analysis also indicated stable results. Last, the methodological quality of all trials was mostly satisfactory. In conclusion, in the treatment of traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may play a crucial role in promoting motor function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yike Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Wang S, Du C, Li G. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: emerging concepts in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:4425-4438. [PMID: 37560238 PMCID: PMC10408507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a prevalent central nervous system disease with a high disability rate, leading to the loss of motor and sensory nerve function. Due to the complex pathophysiology of SCI, more effective clinical treatment strategies are needed. Research has indicated the considerable potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) as a cell-free therapy in SCI repair and regeneration due to their ability to regulate immune cell activity and stimulate damaged neuron regeneration. Moreover, applying MSCs and engineered EVs can fully exploit the potential of MSC-EVs in spinal cord repair. Here, we outline the pathological process of SCI and its current clinical treatment status, summarize the latest MSC-EVs research and its pretreatment and engineering strategies in SCI treatment, and explore MSC-EVs application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wang
- School of Physical Education, Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Chengzhe Du
- School of Physical Education, Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Guilan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng, Shandong, China
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García Coronado PL, Franco Molina MA, Zárate Triviño DG, Menchaca Arredondo JL, Zapata Benavides P, Rodriguez Padilla C. Putative Wound Healing Induction Functions of Exosomes Isolated from IMMUNEPOTENT CRP. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108971. [PMID: 37240318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds in diabetic patients can take months or years to heal, representing a great cost for the healthcare sector and impacts on patients' lifestyles. Therefore, new effective treatment alternatives are needed to accelerate the healing process. Exosomes are nanovesicles involved in the modulation of signaling pathways that can be produced by any cell and can exert functions similar to the cell of origin. For this reason, IMMUNEPOTENT CRP, which is a bovine spleen leukocyte extract, was analyzed to identify the proteins present and is proposed as a source of exosomes. The exosomes were isolated through ultracentrifugation and shape-size, characterized by atomic force microscopy. The protein content in IMMUNEPOTENT CRP was characterized by EV-trap coupled to liquid chromatography. The in silico analyses for biological pathways, tissue specificity, and transcription factor inducement were performed in GOrilla ontology, Panther ontology, Metascape, and Reactome. It was observed that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP contains diverse peptides. The peptide-containing exosomes had an average size of 60 nm, and exomeres of 30 nm. They had biological activity capable of modulating the wound healing process, through inflammation modulation and the activation of signaling pathways such as PIP3-AKT, as well as other pathways activated by FOXE genes related to specificity in the skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonor García Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Moisés Armides Franco Molina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana Ginette Zárate Triviño
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Menchaca Arredondo
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Pablo Zapata Benavides
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodriguez Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Zhou H, He Y, Xiong W, Jing S, Duan X, Huang Z, Nahal GS, Peng Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Ye Q. MSC based gene delivery methods and strategies improve the therapeutic efficacy of neurological diseases. Bioact Mater 2023; 23:409-437. [PMCID: PMC9713256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Feng Q, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Kong X, He Z, Ji J, Yang X, Zhai G. Research progress of exosomes as drug carriers in cancer and inflammation. J Drug Target 2023; 31:335-353. [PMID: 36543743 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2162059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be produced by most cells and play an important role in disease development. As a subtype of EVs, exosomes exhibit suitable size, rich surface markers and diverse contents, making them more appealing as potential drug carriers. Compared with traditional synthetic nanoparticles, exosomes possess superior biocompatibility and much lower immunogenicity. This work reviewed the most up-to-date research progress of exosomes as carriers for nucleic acids, proteins and small molecule drugs for cancer and inflammation management. The drug loading strategies and potential cellular uptake behaviour of exosomes are highlighted, trying to provide reference for future exosome design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuelin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinru Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhijing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Jiang W, Lu Y, Mao T, Gu Y, Ju D, Dong C. Exosomes combined with biomaterials in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1077825. [PMID: 36994357 PMCID: PMC10040754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1077825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling disease with a high mortality rate. It often leads to complete or partial sensory and motor dysfunction and is accompanied by a series of secondary outcomes, such as pressure sores, pulmonary infections, deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities, urinary tract infections, and autonomic dysfunction. Currently, the main treatments for SCI include surgical decompression, drug therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation. Studies have shown that cell therapy plays a beneficial role in the treatment of SCI. Nonetheless, there is controversy regarding the therapeutic effect of cell transplantation in SCI models. Meanwhile exosomes, as a new therapeutic medium for regenerative medicine, possess the advantages of small size, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier. Certain studies have shown that stem cell-derived exosomes have anti-inflammatory effects and can play an irreplaceable role in the treatment of SCI. In this case, it is difficult for a single treatment method to play an effective role in the repair of neural tissue after SCI. The combination of biomaterial scaffolds and exosomes can better transfer and fix exosomes to the injury site and improve their survival rate. This paper first reviews the current research status of stem cell-derived exosomes and biomaterial scaffolds in the treatment of SCI respectively, and then describes the application of exosomes combined with biomaterial scaffolds in the treatment of SCI, as well as the challenges and prospects.
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SIRT1-Enriched Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Alleviate Peripheral Neuropathy via Conserving Mitochondrial Function. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2507-2516. [PMID: 36534294 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a highly prevalent diabetic complication characterized at the molecular level by mitochondrial dysfunction and deleterious oxidative damage. No effective treatments for DPN are currently available. The present study was developed to examine the impact of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) overexpressing sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) on DPN through antioxidant activity and the preservation of mitochondrial homeostasis. A DPN model was established using 20-week-old diabetic model mice (db/db). Exosomes were prepared from control BMSCs (exo-control) and BMSCs that had been transduced with a SIRT1 lentivirus (exo-SIRT1). Sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity values were measured to assess neurological function, and mechanical and thermal sensitivity were analyzed in these animals. Exo-SIRT1 preparations exhibited a high loading capacity and readily accumulated within peripheral nerves following intravenous administration, whereupon they were able to promote improved neurological recovery relative to exo-control treatment. DPN mice exhibited significantly improved nerve conduction velocity following exo-SIRT1 treatment. Relative to exo-control-treated mice, those that underwent exo-SIRT1 treatment exhibited significantly elevated TOMM20 and Nrf2/HO-1 expression, reduced MDA levels, increased GSH and SOD activity, and increased MMP. Together, these results revealed that both exo-control and exo-SIRT1 administration was sufficient to reduce the morphological and behavioral changes observed in DPN model mice, with exo-SIRT1 treatment exhibiting superior therapeutic efficacy. These data thus provide a foundation for future efforts to explore other combinations of gene therapy and exosome treatment in an effort to alleviate DPN.
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Abdolmohammadi K, Mahmoudi T, Alimohammadi M, Tahmasebi S, Zavvar M, Hashemi SM. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy as a new therapeutic approach for acute inflammation. Life Sci 2022; 312:121206. [PMID: 36403645 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammatory diseases such as acute colitis, kidney injury, liver failure, lung injury, myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, septic shock, and spinal cord injury are significant causes of death worldwide. Despite advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology, there are many restrictions in the treatment of these diseases, and new therapeutic approaches are required. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy due to immunomodulatory and regenerative properties is a promising candidate for acute inflammatory disease management. Based on preclinical results, mesenchymal stem cells and their-derived secretome improved immunological and clinical parameters. Furthermore, many clinical trials of acute kidney, liver, lung, myocardial, and spinal cord injury have yielded promising results. In this review, we try to provide a comprehensive view of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in acute inflammatory diseases as a new treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Abdolmohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Mahmoudi
- 17 Shahrivar Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mina Alimohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Nanothechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Pishavar E, Trentini M, Zanotti F, Camponogara F, Tiengo E, Zanolla I, Bonora M, Zavan B. Exosomes as Neurological Nanosized Machines. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:284-296. [PMID: 37102062 PMCID: PMC10125174 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, nanomedicine research has advanced dramatically. In spite of this, traditional nanomedicine faces major obstacles, such as blood-brain barriers, low concentrations at target sites, and rapid removal from the body. Exosomes as natural extracellular vesicles contain special bioactive molecules for cell-to-cell communications and nervous tissue function, which could overcome the challenges of nanoparticles. Most recently, microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, and circulating RNA of exosomes have been appealing because of their critical effect on the molecular pathway of target cells. In this review, we have summarized the important role of exosomes of noncoding RNAs in the occurrence of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pishavar
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Trentini
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Camponogara
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tiengo
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanolla
- Department
of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department
of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department
of Translational Medicine, University of
Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Yang ZL, Rao J, Lin FB, Liang ZY, Xu XJ, Lin YK, Chen XY, Wang CH, Chen CM. The Role of Exosomes and Exosomal Noncoding RNAs From Different Cell Sources in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:882306. [PMID: 35518647 PMCID: PMC9062236 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.882306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) not only affects the quality of life of patients but also poses a heavy burden on their families. Therefore, it is essential to prevent the occurrence of SCI; for unpreventable SCI, it is critical to develop effective treatments. In recent years, various major breakthroughs have been made in cell therapy to protect and regenerate the damaged spinal cord via various mechanisms such as immune regulation, paracrine signaling, extracellular matrix (ECM) modification, and lost cell replacement. Nevertheless, many recent studies have shown that the cell therapy has many disadvantages, such as tumorigenicity, low survival rate, and immune rejection. Because of these disadvantages, the clinical application of cell therapy is limited. In recent years, the role of exosomes in various diseases and their therapeutic potential have attracted much attention. The same is true for exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not encode proteins but affect transcriptional and translational processes by targeting specific mRNAs. This review focuses on the mechanism of action of exosomes obtained from different cell sources in the treatment of SCI and the regulatory role and therapeutic potential of exosomal ncRNAs. This review also discusses the future opportunities and challenges, proposing that exosomes and exosomal ncRNAs might be promising tools for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Zhang C, Deng R, Zhang G, He X, Chen H, Chen B, Wan L, Kang X. Therapeutic Effect of Exosomes Derived From Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:847444. [PMID: 35356459 PMCID: PMC8959939 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.847444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveA systematic review of the role of stem cell-derived exosomes in repairing spinal cord injury (SCI) and the existing problems in animal experiments to provide a reference for better animal experiments and clinical studies in the future.MethodThree electronic databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid-Embase were searched. The studies were retrieved from inception to October 2021. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the methodological quality based on the inclusion criteria.Results and DiscussionThirty-two studies were incorporated into the final analyses. Exosomes derived from stem cells could not only significantly improve the motor function of animals with SCI, but also significantly increase the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, while significantly lowering the pro-inflammatory factor IL-1β and TNF-α and the expression of the apoptotic protein BAX. However, the mechanism of exosome-mediated SCI repair, as well as the best source and dosage remain unknown. In addition, there are still some issues with the design, implementation, and reporting of animal experiments in the included studies. Therefore, future research should further standardize the implementation and reporting of animal studies and fully explore the best strategies for exosomes to repair SCI so as to promote the translation of preclinical research results to clinical research better and faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Osteoarthritis of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuewen Kang
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The Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Modulates Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells under Inflammatory Stress In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040736. [PMID: 35203385 PMCID: PMC8869809 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) has been extensively researched since its discovery in 1980. Its crucial role in early neurogenesis and endogenous stem cells of mature brains, as well as its recently described neuroprotective features, implicate further important effects on neuronal homeostasis. Here, we investigate its potential role in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neural precursors cells (NPCs) under inflammatory stress as a potential adjunct for NPC-transplantation strategies in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. To this end, we simulated an inflammatory environment in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induced the Shh-pathway using recombinant Shh or blocked it using Cyclopamine, a potent Smo inhibitor. We found that Shh mediates the proliferation and neuronal differentiation potential of NPCs in vitro, even in an inflammatory stress environment mimicking the subacute phase after SCI. At the same time, our results indicate that a reduction of the Shh-pathway activation by blockage with Cyclopamine is associated with reduced NPC-survival, reduced neuronal differentiation and increased astroglial differentiation. Shh might thus, play a role in endogenous NPC-mediated neuroregeneration or even be a potent conjunct to NPC-based therapies in the inflammatory environment after SCI.
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17
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Zhou H, Zhang L, Chen Y, Zhu CH, Chen FM, Li A. Research progress on the hedgehog signalling pathway in regulating bone formation and homeostasis. Cell Prolif 2021; 55:e13162. [PMID: 34918401 PMCID: PMC8780935 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation is a complex regeneration process that was regulated by many signalling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, BMP and Hedgehog (Hh). All of these signalling have been demonstrated to participate in the bone repair process. In particular, one promising signalling pathway involved in bone formation and homeostasis is the Hh pathway. According to present knowledge, Hh signalling plays a vital role in the development of various tissues and organs in the embryo. In adults, the dysregulation of Hh signalling has been verified to be involved in bone‐related diseases in terms of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and bone fracture; and during the repair processes, Hh signalling could be reactivated and further modulate bone formation. In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding on the function of Hh signalling in bone formation and homeostasis. Additionally, the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade to coordinate and mediate the osteogenesis process have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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