Fabrication of Biologically Inspired Electrospun Collagen/Silk fibroin/bioactive glass composited nanofibrous scaffold to accelerate the treatment efficiency of bone repair

Bioactive glass-polymer nanocomposites: a comprehensive review on unveiling their biomedical applications

Most natural and synthetic polymers are promising materials for biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility, abundant availability, and biodegradability. Their properties can be tailored according to the intended application by fabricating composites with other polymers or ceramics. The incorporation of ceramic nanoparticles such as bioactive glass (BG) and hydroxyapatite aids in the improvement of mechanical and biological characteristics and alters the degradation kinetics of polymers. BG can be used in the form of nanoparticles, nanofibers, scaffolds, pastes, hydrogels, or coatings and is significantly employed in different applications. This biomaterial is highly preferred because of its excellent biocompatibility, bone-stimulating activity, and favourable mechanical and degradation characteristics. Different compositions of nano BG are incorporated into the polymer system and studied for positive results such as enhanced bioactivity, better cell adherence, and proliferation rate. This review summarizes the fabrication and the progress of natural/synthetic polymer-nano BG systems for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering. The challenges and the future perspectives of the composite system are also addressed.

Porous calcium silicate bioactive material-alginate composite for bone regeneration

Bone tissue engineering aims to address bone-related problems that arise from trauma, infection, tumors, and surgery. Polymer and calcium silicate bioactive material (BM) based composites are commonly preferred as potential materials for bone treatment. However, the polymer has low bioactivity, thus, the current work aims to prepare a composite scaffold based on BM-sodium alginate (Alg) by varying the Alg percentage to optimize the porous nature of the composite. Primarily, the BM was synthesized by a simple precipitation method using rice husk and eggshell as the precursors of silica and calcium, while the BM-Alg composite was prepared by a facile cross-linking approach. The BM-Alg composite was studied using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET techniques. Further, an in vitro bioactivity study was performed in simulated body fluid (SBF) which shows hydroxyapatite formation. The in vitro haemolysis study displayed less than 5% haemolysis. Subsequently, the angiogenesis study was carried out using the ex ovo CAM model which reveals enhanced neovascularization. The MG-63 cells were used to study the biocompatibility, and they displayed a non-toxic nature at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. Further, the in vivo biocompatibility results also reveal its non-toxic nature. Thus, the BM-Alg composite acts as a potential biocompatible material for bone tissue engineering applications.

Fortified electrospun collagen utilizing biocompatible Poly Glycerol Sebacate prepolymer (PGSp) and zink oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for diabetics wound healing: Physical, biological and animal studies

Collagen, a naturally occurring fibrous protein, is a potential resource of biological materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because it is structurally biocompatible, has low immunogenicity, is biodegradable, and is biomimetic. Numerous studies have documented in the literature how Collagen nanofibers exhibit limited cell adhesion, poor viscosity, and no interior fibril structure. The biomedical industry is using Poly Glycerol Sebacate prepolymer(PGSp), a biodegradable and biocompatible polyester with high adhesion and very viscous appearance, more often. Here, unique electrospun Collagen/PGSp/ZnO/NPs blend nanofibers for skin tissue application were developed and described with varied PGSp percent. Additionally, when ternary blends of Collagen, PGSp, and Zink Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used, the antibacterial properties of the scaffolds are improved. The bead-free electrospun nanofibers were produced by raising the PGSp concentration to 30%w/w. SEM, EDS, tensile, MTT, FTIR, SDS-page, swelling test, contact-angle, antimicrobial, biodegradation, XRD, and cell attachment procedures were used to characterize the crosslinked nanofibers. The ternary blend nanofibers with a weight ratio of Collagen/PGSp 30%/ZnONPs 1% had higher stress/strain strength (0.25 mm/mm), porosity (563), cell survival, and degradation time. Moreover, after applying for wound healing in diabetic rats, Collagen/PGSp 30%/could be show improving wound healing significantly compared to other groups.

Silk fibroin-derived electrospun materials for biomedical applications: A review

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for fabricating polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from micro- to nanoscale, exhibiting multiple morphologies and arrangements. By combining silk fibroin (SF) with synthetic and/or natural polymers, electrospun materials with outstanding biological, chemical, electrical, physical, mechanical, and optical properties can be achieved, fulfilling the evolving biomedical demands. This review highlights the remarkable versatility of SF-derived electrospun materials, specifically focusing on their application in tissue regeneration (including cartilage, cornea, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and skin), disease treatment (such as cancer and diabetes), and the development of controlled drug delivery systems. Additionally, we explore the potential future trends in utilizing these nanofibrous materials for creating intelligent biomaterials, incorporating biosensors and wearable sensors for monitoring human health, and also discuss the bottlenecks for its widespread use. This comprehensive overview illuminates the significant impact and exciting prospects of SF-derived electrospun materials in advancing biomedical research and applications.

Current issues and potential solutions for the electrospinning of major polysaccharides and proteins: A review

Biopolymers, especially polysaccharides and proteins, are the promising green replacement for petroleum based polymers. Due to their innate properties, they are effectively used in biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. The fibrous morphology of biopolymers is essentially required for the effectiveness in these biomedical applications. Electrospinning (ES) is the most advanced and robust method to fabricate nanofibers (NFs) and provides a complete solution to the conventional methods issues. However, the major issues regarding fabricating polysaccharides and protein nanofibers using ES include poor electrospinnability, lack of desired fundamental properties for a specific application by a single biopolymer, and insolubility among common solvents. The current review provides the main strategies for effective electrospinning of the major biopolymers. The key strategies include blending major biopolymers with suitable biopolymers and optimizing the solvent system. A systematic literature review was done to provide the optimized solvent system of the major biopolymers along with their best possible biopolymeric blend for ES. The review also highlights the fundamental issues with the commercialization of ES based biomedical products and provides future directions to improve the fabrication of biopolymeric nanofibers.

Silver@Prussian Blue Core-Satellite Nanostructures as Multimetal Ions Switch for Potent Zero-Background SERS Bioimaging-Guided Chronic Wound Healing

Metal-organic framework-based metal ion therapy has attracted increasing attention to promote the cascade wound-healing process. However, multimetal ion synergistic administration and accurately controlled ion release are still the challenges. Herein, an aptamer-functionalized silver@cupriferous Prussian blue (ACPA) is established as a metal-based theranostic nanoagent for a chronic nonhealing diabetic wound treatment. Prussian blue offers a programmable nanoplatform to formulate metal ion prescriptions, achieving cooperative wound healing. Silver, copper, and iron ions are released from ACPA controlled by the near-infrared-triggered mild hyperthermia and then synergistically participate in antipathogen, cell migration, and revascularization. ACPA also demonstrates a unique core-satellite nanostructure which enables it with improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) capability as potent bacteria-targeted Raman-silent nanoprobe to monitor the residual bacteria during wound healing with nearly zero background. The theranostic feature of ACPA allows high-performance SERS imaging-guided chronic wound healing in infectious diabetic skin and keratitis.

Natural Materials for 3D Printing and Their Applications

In recent years, 3D printing has gradually become a well-known new topic and a research hotspot. At the same time, the advent of 3D printing is inseparable from the preparation of bio-ink. Natural materials have the advantages of low toxicity or even non-toxicity, there being abundant raw materials, easy processing and modification, excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and high cell activity, making them very suitable for the preparation of bio-ink. With the help of 3D printing technology, the prepared materials and scaffolds can be widely used in tissue engineering and other fields. Firstly, we introduce the natural materials and their properties for 3D printing and summarize the physical and chemical properties of these natural materials and their applications in tissue engineering after modification. Secondly, we discuss the modification methods used for 3D printing materials, including physical, chemical, and protein self-assembly methods. We also discuss the method of 3D printing. Then, we summarize the application of natural materials for 3D printing in tissue engineering, skin tissue, cartilage tissue, bone tissue, and vascular tissue. Finally, we also express some views on the research and application of these natural materials.