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Exploring the Therapeutic Mechanism of Tingli Dazao Xiefei Decoction on Heart Failure Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6645878. [PMID: 34868332 PMCID: PMC8639272 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6645878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction (TDXD) has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on heart failure (HF). Nevertheless, its molecular mechanism for treating HF is still unclear. Materials and Methods TDXD and HF targets were collected from the databases, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and enrichment analysis were performed on the overlapping targets. Then, AutoDock was employed for molecular docking. Finally, we used the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation to induce HF model rats for in vivo experiments and verified the effect and mechanism of TDXD on HF. Results Network pharmacological analysis showed that the main active components of TDXD in treating HF were quercetin, kaempferol, beta-carotene, isorhamnetin, and beta-sitosterol, and the core targets were IL-6, VEGFA, TNF, AKT1, and MAPK1. Multiple gene functions and signaling pathways were obtained by enrichment analysis, among which inflammation-related, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways were closely related to HF. Furthermore, the molecular docking results showed that the core targets had good binding ability with the main active components. Animal experiments showed that TDXD could effectively improve left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), decrease left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (LVIDd) and left ventricular internal systolic diameter (LVIDs), reduce the area of myocardial fibrosis, and decrease serum BNP, LDH, CK-MB, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in HF rats. Meanwhile, TDXD could upregulate the expression of Bcl-2, downregulate the expression of Bax, and reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis. At the same time, it was verified that TDXD could significantly decrease the expression of PI3K, P-Akt, and P-MAPK. Captopril showed similar effects. Conclusions Combining network pharmacological analysis and experimental validation, this study verified that TDXD could improve cardiac function and protect against cardiac injury by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Wu MY, Wang EJ, Feng D, Li M, Ye RD, Lu JH. Pharmacological insights into autophagy modulation in autoimmune diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3364-3378. [PMID: 34900523 PMCID: PMC8642426 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a cellular bulk degradation and survival mechanism, autophagy is implicated in diverse biological processes. Genome-wide association studies have revealed the link between autophagy gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), indicating that autophagy dysregulation may be involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. A series of autophagy modulators have displayed protective effects on autoimmune disease models, highlighting the emerging role of autophagy modulators in treating autoimmune diseases. This review explores the roles of autophagy in the autoimmune diseases, with emphasis on four major autoimmune diseases [SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), IBD, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)]. More importantly, the therapeutic potentials of small molecular autophagy modulators (including autophagy inducers and inhibitors) on autoimmune diseases are comprehensively analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 9999078, China
| | - Er-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 9999078, China
| | - Du Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, College of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Richard D. Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 9999078, China
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Fu J, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Tong L, Yue R, Cai L. Gastrin exerts a protective effect against myocardial infarction via promoting angiogenesis. Mol Med 2021; 27:90. [PMID: 34412590 PMCID: PMC8375043 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is known that increased gastrin concentration is negatively correlated with cardiovascular mortality, and plasma gastrin levels are increased in patients after myocardial infarction (MI). However, whether gastrin can play a protective role in MI remains unknown. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and subcutaneous infusion of gastrin (120 μg/Kg body weight/day, 100 μL in the pump) for 28 days after MI. Plasma gastrin concentrations were measured through an ELISA detection kit. Mice were analyzed by echocardiography after surgery. CD31 and VEGF expression were quantified using immunofluorescence staining or/and western blot to assess the angiogenesis in peri-infarct myocardium. Capillary-like tube formation and cell migration assays were performed to detect gastrin-induced angiogenesis. Results We found that gastrin administration significantly ameliorated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and reduced fibrosis at 28 days in post-MI hearts. Additionally, gastrin treatment significantly decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased angiogenesis in the infarct border zone without influencing cardiomyocyte proliferation. In vitro results revealed that gastrin up-regulated the PI3K/Akt/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway and promoted migration and tube formation of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) mediated the protective effect of gastrin since the CCK2R blocker CI988 attenuated the gastrin-mediated angiogenesis and cardiac function protection. Conclusion Our data revealed that gastrin promoted angiogenesis and improved cardiac function in post-MI mice, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjuan Tang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchuan Yue
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Zheng RH, Zhang WW, Ji YN, Bai XJ, Yan CP, Wang J, Bai F, Zhao ZQ. Exogenous supplement of glucagon like peptide-1 protects the heart against aortic banding induced myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction through inhibiting mTOR/p70S6K signaling and promoting autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173318. [PMID: 32621911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and a ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) mediate tissue fibrosis and negatively regulate autophagy. This study aims to investigate whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide protects the heart against aortic banding-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction through inhibiting mTOR/p70S6K signaling and promoting autophagy activity. Male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6/each group): sham operated control; abdominal aortic constriction (AAC); liraglutide treatment during AAC (0.3 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously twice daily); rapamycin treatment during AAC (0.2 mg/kg/day, administered by gastric gavage). Relative to the animals with AAC on week 16, liraglutide treatment significantly reduced heart/body weight ratio, inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and augmented plasma GLP-1 level and tissue GLP-1 receptor expression. Phosphorylation of mTOR/p70S6K, populations of myofibroblasts and synthesis of collagen I/III in the myocardium were simultaneously inhibited. Furthermore, autophagy regulating proteins: LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin-1 were upregulated, and p62 was downregulated by liraglutide. Compared with liraglutide group, treatment with rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, compatibly augmented GLP-1 receptor level, inhibited phosphorylation of mTOR/p70S6K and expression of p62 as well as increased level of LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin-1, suggesting that there is an interaction between GLP-1 and mTOR/p70S6K signaling in the regulation of autophagy. In line with these modifications, treatment with liraglutide and rapamycin significantly reduced perivascular/interstitial fibrosis, and preserved systolic/diastolic function. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of liraglutide on cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction are potentially mediated by inhibiting mTOR/p70S6K signaling and enhancing autophagy activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Department of Medicine, Linfen Vocational and Technical College, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ye-Nan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Cai-Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA.
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Zhong D, Wu C, Bai J, Xu D, Zeng X, Wang Q. Co-expression network analysis reveals the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction and interferon signature in juvenile dermatomyositis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8611. [PMID: 32110496 PMCID: PMC7034382 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an immune-mediated disease characterized by chronic organ inflammation. The pathogenic mechanisms remain ill-defined. Methods Raw microarray data of JDM were obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Based on the GSE3307 dataset with 39 samples, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify key modules associated with pathological state. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to identify potential mechanisms. Based on the criteria of high connectivity and module membership, candidate hub genes were selected. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to identify hub genes. Another dataset (GSE11971) was used for the validation of real hub genes. Finally, the real hub genes were used to screen out small-molecule compounds via the Connectivity map database. Results Three modules were considered as key modules for the pathological state of JDM. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that responses to interferon and metabolism were dysregulated. A total of 45 candidate hub genes were selected according to the pre-established criteria, and 20 genes could differentiate JDM from normal controls by validation of another external dataset (GSE11971). These real hub genes suggested the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction and interferon signature in JDM. Furthermore, drug repositioning highlighted the importance of acacetin, helveticoside, lanatoside C, deferoxamine, LY-294002, tanespimycin and L01AD from downregulated genes with the potential to perturb the development of JDM, while betonicine, felodipine, valproic acid, trichostatin A and sirolimus from upregulated genes provided potentially therapeutic goals for JDM. Conclusions There are 20 real hub genes associated with the pathological state of JDM, suggesting the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction and interferon signature in JDM. This analysis predicted several kinds of small-molecule compounds to treat JDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danli Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chanyuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Bai
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Li S, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang M, Wang W, Yu X, Huang J, Wang Z, Zhu B, Yin C, Cai H. Akt inhibitor deguelin aggravates inflammation and fibrosis in myocarditis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:1275-1282. [PMID: 32128091 PMCID: PMC7038425 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.35518.8473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Myocarditis is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in myocardial stroma. Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β is a reliable mark for improving the prognosis. Protein kinase B (Akt) plays an important role in the development and progression of myocarditis. The specific role of the natural inhibitor of Akt, Deguelin, on myocarditis has not been reported. In this study, we used deguelin to investigate the effects of natural Akt inhibitor on myocarditis in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS EAM rat models were made by using Lewis rats and Deguelin was injected intraperitoneally on day 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 after successful modeling. On day 18, rats were sacrificed and the heart weight (HW)/ body weight (BW) ratio were measured. The pathological changes, pathological scores and fibrosis area were evaluated after H.&E. and Masson's trichrome staining. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by RT-qPCR, while the protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western bolt. The protein expressions of Akt, Akt1, phosphorylated (p-) Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were detected by Western bolt. RESULTS We found that the TNF-α and IL-1β levels, inflammatory scores and fibrosis areas were markedly increased after 18 days deguelin administration. CONCLUSION Akt inhibition with deguelin may aggravate myocarditis of EAM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Chunming Zhao
- Human anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Hongxing Cai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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Zhang Q, Hu LQ, Li HQ, Wu J, Bian NN, Yan G. Beneficial effects of andrographolide in a rat model of autoimmune myocarditis and its effects on PI3K/Akt pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 23:103-111. [PMID: 30820154 PMCID: PMC6384199 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2019.23.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study is to investigate effects of andrographolide on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Lewis rats were immunized on day 0 with porcine cardiac myosin to establish EAM. The EAM rats were treated with either andrographolide (25, 50, 100 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 21 days. An antigen-specific splenocytes proliferation assay was performed by using the cells from control rats immunized with cardiac myosin. Survival rates, myocardial pathology and myocardial functional parameters (left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, ± dP/dt and left ventricular internal dimension) of EAM rats received andrographolide were significantly improved. Andrographolide treatment caused an decrease in the infiltration of CD3+ and CD14+ positive cells in myocardial tissue. Moreover, andrographolide treatment caused a reduction in the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-17 (IL-17) and myosin-antibody, and an increase in the level of IL-10 in EAM rats. Oral administration of andrographolide resulted in the decreased expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt without any change of PI3K and Akt. Further results indicate andrographolide significantly inhibited myosin-induced proliferation in splenocytes, and this effect was inhibited by co-treatment of SC79 (Akt activator). Our data indicate andrographolide inhibits development of EAM, and this beneficial effect may be due to powerful anti-inflammatory activity and inhibitory effect on PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Li-Qun Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hong-Qi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Na-Na Bian
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Guang Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hefei 230001, China
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