1
|
Delgado Calvo‐Flores L, Garino C, Moreno FJ, Broll H. Insects in food and their relevance regarding allergenicity assessment. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200909. [PMID: 36531273 PMCID: PMC9749433 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the European Green Deal, the 'Farm-to-Fork' strategy aims to accelerate the transition to a sustainable food system and to make food systems fair, healthy and environmentally friendly. Insects contribute to the circularity of agriculture, and are ideal candidates to complement traditional sources of protein. In this context, a working programme within the European Food Risk Assessment (EU-FORA) Fellowship Programme framework was developed at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in collaboration with the Spanish National Research Council. The purpose of this technical report is to describe the activities in which the fellow was involved. As part of the training, the fellow performed a literature search regarding insects as food and allergenicity resulting in 493 hits. Out of the literature search a comprehensive scientific database with 200 publications has been built using the application 'EndNote'. Furthermore, an extensive scientific review with the title 'Sustainable food systems: EU regulatory framework and contribution of insects to the Farm-to-Fork strategy' approaching several important issues regarding insects (Regulatory frame, Market situation, Labelling and Control, Application as food/feed, Consumer acceptance and Allergenicity risk assessment) has been drafted and sent for publication in a peer reviewed journal. In order to analyse the impact of food processing on the allergenicity of insects, different food samples were prepared and artificially digested using a protocol simulating the gastrointestinal tract. Further laboratory work to analyse the readouts, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has been discussed and proposed, scheduled for the end of July. In conclusion, the present working programme, together with additional activities and training provided by different institutions, enabled the fellow to gain a broader perspective in food safety, particularly concerning insects as novel foods and their safety assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Delgado Calvo‐Flores
- Unit Effect‐based Analytics and ToxicogenomicsFederal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)BerlinGermany
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Cristiano Garino
- Unit Effect‐based Analytics and ToxicogenomicsFederal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)BerlinGermany
| | | | - Hermann Broll
- Unit Effect‐based Analytics and ToxicogenomicsFederal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR)BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Delgado L, Garino C, Moreno FJ, Zagon J, Broll H. Sustainable Food Systems: EU Regulatory Framework and Contribution of Insects to the Farm-To-Fork Strategy. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2130354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Delgado
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Belgium
| | - Cristiano Garino
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Zagon
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Broll
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Marchi L, Wangorsch A, Zoccatelli G. Allergens from Edible Insects: Cross-reactivity and Effects of Processing. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:35. [PMID: 34056688 PMCID: PMC8165055 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent introduction of edible insects in Western countries has raised concerns about their safety in terms of allergenic reactions. The characterization of insect allergens, the sensitization and cross-reactivity mechanisms, and the effects of food processing represent crucial information for risk assessment. RECENT FINDINGS Allergic reactions to different insects and cross-reactivity with crustacean and inhalant allergens have been described, with the identification of new IgE-binding proteins besides well-known pan-allergens. Depending on the route of sensitization, different potential allergens seem to be involved. Food processing may affect the solubility and the immunoreactivity of insect allergens, with results depending on species and type of proteins. Chemical/enzymatic hydrolysis, in some cases, abolishes immunoreactivity. More studies based on subjects with a confirmed insect allergy are necessary to identify major and minor allergens and the role of the route of sensitization. The effects of processing need to be further investigated to assess the risk associated with the ingestion of insect-containing food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Marchi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novel Foods and Sustainability as Means to Counteract Malnutrition in Madagascar. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082142. [PMID: 33917857 PMCID: PMC8068287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the trends of international reports show an increase in overweight and obesity, even in developing countries, there are still areas of the world, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, strongly affected by undernutrition. Specifically, in Madagascar, the percentage of stunted children under 5 is extremely high. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to increase the risk of all forms of malnutrition, especially in low-income countries, including Madagascar, with serious intergenerational repercussions. This narrative review aims at investigating eating habits and cooking methods of the Malagasy population, addressing sustainable healthy diets through promotion of novel foods. While novel foods are a recent concept, there are data that describe how they may contribute to counteract food insecurity and malnutrition considering context and place. Efforts to promote native, traditional foods as Moringa oleifera, an indigenous plant in Asia and Africa including Madagascar, rich in protein and micronutrients, as well as edible insects, alternative sustainable source of protein, lipids, iron, and zinc, would provide not only nutritional but also cultural and economic benefits. The potential synergies between food traditions and agroecology have the potential to impact health addressing larger issues of sustainability and food security. Regional, national, and international policies are needed to develop and support one health approach actions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Barre A, Pichereaux C, Simplicien M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Benoist H, Rougé P. A Proteomic- and Bioinformatic-Based Identification of Specific Allergens from Edible Insects: Probes for Future Detection as Food Ingredients. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020280. [PMID: 33573235 PMCID: PMC7911787 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing development of edible insect flours as alternative sources of proteins added to food and feed products for improving their nutritional value, necessitates an accurate evaluation of their possible adverse side-effects, especially for individuals suffering from food allergies. Using a proteomic- and bioinformatic-based approach, the diversity of proteins occurring in currently consumed edible insects such as silkworm (Bombyx mori), cricket (Acheta domesticus), African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), and giant milworm beetle (Zophobas atratus), was investigated. Most of them consist of phylogenetically-related protein allergens widely distributed in the different groups of arthropods (mites, insects, crustaceans) and mollusks. However, a few proteins belonging to discrete protein families including the chemosensory protein, hexamerin, and the odorant-binding protein, emerged as proteins highly specific for edible insects. To a lesser extent, other proteins such as apolipophorin III, the larval cuticle protein, and the receptor for activated protein kinase, also exhibited a rather good specificity for edible insects. These proteins, that are apparently missing or much less represented in other groups of arthropods, mollusks and nematods, share well conserved amino acid sequences and very similar three-dimensional structures. Owing to their ability to trigger allergic responses in sensitized people, they should be used as probes for the specific detection of insect proteins as food ingredients in various food products and thus, to assess their food safety, especially for people allergic to edible insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche (FR3450), Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (AIB), CNRS, 31326 Toulouse, France;
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Mathias Simplicien
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France;
| | - Hervé Benoist
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6955-20851
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boukil A, Perreault V, Chamberland J, Mezdour S, Pouliot Y, Doyen A. High Hydrostatic Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis Affect Mealworm Allergenic Proteins. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112685. [PMID: 32527059 PMCID: PMC7321092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects have garnered increased interest as alternative protein sources due to the world's growing population. However, the allergenicity of specific insect proteins is a major concern for both industry and consumers. This preliminary study investigated the capacity of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) coupled to enzymatic hydrolysis by Alcalase® or pepsin in order to improve the in vitro digestion of mealworm proteins, specifically allergenic proteins. Pressurization was applied as pretreatment before in vitro digestion or, simultaneously, during hydrolysis. The degree of hydrolysis was compared between the different treatments and a mass spectrometry-based proteomic method was used to determine the efficiency of allergenic protein hydrolysis. Only the Alcalase® hydrolysis under pressure improved the degree of hydrolysis of mealworm proteins. Moreover, the in vitro digestion of the main allergenic proteins was increased by pressurization conditions that were specifically coupled to pepsin hydrolysis. Consequently, HHP-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis represents an alternative strategy to conventional hydrolysis for generating a large amount of peptide originating from allergenic mealworm proteins, and for lowering their immunoreactivity, for food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Boukil
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Véronique Perreault
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Julien Chamberland
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Samir Mezdour
- AgroParisTech, UMR782 Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering (SayFood and Bioproduct Engineering), 1, rue des Olympiades, 91077 Massy, France;
| | - Yves Pouliot
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Alain Doyen
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (V.P.); (J.C.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1+418-656-2131 (ext. 4054540)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gahukar RT. Edible insects collected from forests for family livelihood and wellness of rural communities: A review. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
8
|
Barre A, Pichereaux C, Velazquez E, Maudouit A, Simplicien M, Garnier L, Bienvenu F, Bienvenu J, Burlet-Schiltz O, Auriol C, Benoist H, Rougé P. Insights into the Allergenic Potential of the Edible Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor). Foods 2019; 8:E515. [PMID: 31635354 PMCID: PMC6836238 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), contains an extremely diverse panel of soluble proteins, including proteins with structural functions such as muscle proteins, as well as proteins involved in metabolic functions such as enzymes. Most of these proteins display a more or less pronounced allergenic character toward previously sensitized people, especially people allergic to shrimps and other shellfish. A mass spectrometry approach following the separation of a mealworm protein, extracted by sodiumdodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, allowed us to identify up to 106 distinct protein fractions including molecules with structural and functional functions, susceptible to developing an allergenic potential due to the possibility of immunoglobulin E-binding cross-reactions with their counterparts occurring in shellfish. In this respect, most of the sera from people allergic to shrimps reacted with the mealworm protein extract in Western blot experiments. Moreover, the potential mealworm allergens triggered the in vitro degranulation of rat leukemic basophils transfected with the human high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), upon sensitization by the IgE-containing sera from people allergic to shrimps and other shellfish foods. Owing to the large repertoire of IgE-binding cross-reacting allergens the yellow mealworm shares with other phylogenetically-related groups of arthropods, it would seem prudent to inform the consumers, especially those allergic to shellfish, by appropriate labeling on edible mealworm packages about the potential risk of developing an allergic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Barre
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Esmeralda Velazquez
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Agathe Maudouit
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Mathias Simplicien
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Lorna Garnier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - Françoise Bienvenu
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - Jacques Bienvenu
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cédric Auriol
- Micronutris, 6 Rue de Partanaïs, 31650 Saint-Orens-de-Gameville, France.
| | - Hervé Benoist
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Pierre Rougé
- UMR 152 Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche et Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barre A, Simplicien M, Cassan G, Benoist H, Rougé P. Food allergen families common to different arthropods (mites, insects, crustaceans), mollusks and nematods: Cross-reactivity and potential cross-allergenicity. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Francis F, Doyen V, Debaugnies F, Mazzucchelli G, Caparros R, Alabi T, Blecker C, Haubruge E, Corazza F. Limited cross reactivity among arginine kinase allergens from mealworm and cricket edible insects. Food Chem 2018; 276:714-718. [PMID: 30409653 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insects are seen as a solution to the increasing demand for protein sources for food. However, entomophagy has unfortunately been linked to allergic reactions in Europe with people with professional contacts. As mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domesticus) have recently become commercially available (both whole or in food formulation) in several European countries, this research assessed the cross allergenicity of arginine kinase (AK). Based on the collection of sera from a entomology laboratory staff, oven cooked insects but also purified AK fractions were tested. Immunoblotting against the protein extracts revealed different Immunoglobulin E reactivity of sera according to the insect target species: two bands (40 and 14 kDa) for crickets and a pattern including light responses at 17, 25 and 37 kDa for mealworms. Focusing on AK, low specific allergenicity was here illustrated and discussed in relation to the development of a safe edible insect consumption by humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; TERRA Research and Teaching Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - V Doyen
- CHU Brugman, Immunology IRIS Laboratory, Belgium.
| | - F Debaugnies
- CHU Brugman, Immunology IRIS Laboratory, Belgium.
| | - G Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege, Belgium.
| | - R Caparros
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; TERRA Research and Teaching Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - T Alabi
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - C Blecker
- Food Science and Formulation, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; TERRA Research and Teaching Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - E Haubruge
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; TERRA Research and Teaching Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Deportes-2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - F Corazza
- CHU Brugman, Immunology IRIS Laboratory, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Testa M, Stillo M, Maffei G, Andriolo V, Gardois P, Zotti CM. Ugly but tasty: A systematic review of possible human and animal health risks related to entomophagy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3747-3759. [PMID: 27008043 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1162766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to many recent studies, the use of insects as food seems to be convenient, sustainable, economical and healthy. The objective of this study is to analyze the possible effects of insect consumption on human and animal health. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Scopus and CAB databases. RESULTS Of the 6026 items initially retrieved, 70 were eligible for inclusion; 40 studies analyzed the use of insects in human foods or drugs, while 30 analyzed the use of insects in animal feed. In humans, the most commonly analyzed risks are nutrient malabsorption, growth alteration, chemical and microbiological contamination and allergy risk. Studies of animals focus on growth alteration, nutrient malabsorption and hematic and qualitative meat alteration. CONCLUSION In recent years, researchers have shifted their focus from the possible use of edible insects in animal feed to their use as possible nutrient sources for humans. The results suggest that, if properly treated and preserved, products derived from insects are safe and efficient sources of nutrients for animals. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible effects of prolonged insect consumption on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Testa
- a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy
| | - Michela Stillo
- a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy
| | - Giulia Maffei
- b Independent Scientific Communication Expert , Milan , Italy
| | - Violetta Andriolo
- a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy
| | - Paolo Gardois
- a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy
| | - Carla Maria Zotti
- a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mmari MW, Kinyuru JN, Laswai HS, Okoth JK. Traditions, beliefs and indigenous technologies in connection with the edible longhorn grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville 1838) in Tanzania. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:60. [PMID: 29132398 PMCID: PMC5683242 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible insects are an important source of food to many African populations. The longhorn grasshopper, Ruspolia differens (Serville 1838), commonly known as senene in Tanzania is one of the most appreciated edible insects by societies around Lake Victoria crescent. Senene is primarily an essential treat for the tribes around the lake, e.g., the Haya of Tanzania, Luo of Kenya and Baganda of Uganda. Despite its importance as a food item and appreciation as a delicacy, there are few studies dealing with culture, beliefs and indigenous technology in connection with the senene. The main objective of this study was to survey indigenous technologies, processing methods and traditions in relation to senene consumption among the Haya tribe in Kagera region of Tanzania. METHODS Our ethnographic study was conducted through semi-structured interviews. A total of 51 locals, 26 females and 25 males aged 21 to 60 years were interviewed (with 3 female and 7 male key informants among them). Questions focused on cultures, beliefs and traditions towards senene consumption. Processing, preservation and shelf-life as well as nutritional knowledge were also investigated. RESULTS Harvesting for household consumption was mainly done through wild collection. Traditionally made traps were mostly used for commercial harvesting. Deep frying was the most preferred processing method while smoking was the most preferred preservation method, with shelf-life of up to 12 months. Interesting traditions and taboos associated with senene consumption were identified, with men monopolising the insects as food by declaring the insects taboo for women and children. Deep fried senene in locally packed containers were mostly sold by street vendors, but also available from a variety of stores and supermarkets. CONCLUSION Beyond being just an important traditional delicacy, senene is becoming increasingly popular, providing opportunity for local businesses. Indigenous technologies for harvesting, processing and preserving senene exist, but must be improved to meet food processing standards, thereby promoting commercialization. This carries economic potential essential for improving incomes and livelihoods of women and smallholder farmers, improving household level food security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercy W. Mmari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John N. Kinyuru
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry S. Laswai
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Judith K. Okoth
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Review of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed and Human Food. Foods 2017; 6:foods6100091. [PMID: 29057841 PMCID: PMC5664030 DOI: 10.3390/foods6100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, we review the literature on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass. They can be grown and harvested without dedicated facilities and are not pestiferous. Their larvae are 42% crude protein and 29% fat, although they are higher in saturated fats than most insects. They do not concentrate pesticides or mycotoxins. They are already grown and recommended for use as animal feed, but with regional legal restrictions on how this is done. For commercial use in human foods, larvae could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor. Their biggest advantage over other insects is their ability to convert waste into food, generating value and closing nutrient loops as they reduce pollution and costs. This general advantage is also their greatest disadvantage, for the social stigmas and legal prohibitions against eating organisms that eat waste are added to extant taboos facing insect consumption.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rougé P, Barre A. Allergy to Edible Insects: A Computational Identification of the IgE-Binding Cross-Reacting Allergen Repertoire of Edible Insects. FUTURE FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
15
|
Barre A, Velazquez E, Delplanque A, Caze-Subra S, Bienvenu F, Bienvenu J, Benoist H, Rougé P. Les allergènes croisants des insectes comestibles. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
16
|
Transforming insect biomass into consumer wellness foods: A review. Food Res Int 2016; 89:129-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Verbeke W, Spranghers T, De Clercq P, De Smet S, Sas B, Eeckhout M. Insects in animal feed: Acceptance and its determinants among farmers, agriculture sector stakeholders and citizens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|