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Franco-Duarte R, Seabra CL, Rocha SM, Henriques M, Sampaio P, Teixeira JA, Botelho CM. Metabolic profile of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis interactions within dual-species biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6550018. [PMID: 35298615 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the oral cavity, the ability of Candida species to adhere and form biofilms is well recognized, especially when C. albicans is considered. Lately, a knowledge gap has been identified regarding dual-species communication of Candida isolates, as a way to increase virulence, with evidences being collected to support the existence of interactions between C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. The present work evaluated the synergistic effect of the two Candida species, and explored chemical interactions between cells, evaluating secreted extracellular alcohols and their relation with yeasts´ growth and matrix composition. Four clinical strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis species, isolated from single infections of different patients or from co-infections of a same patient, were tested. It was found that dual-species biofilms negatively impacted the growth of C. parapsilosis and their biofilm matrix, in comparison with mono-species biofilms, and had minor effects on the biofilm biomass. Alcohol secretion revealed to be species- and strain-dependent. However, some dual-species cultures produced much higher amounts of some alcohols (E-nerolidol and E, E-Farnesol) than the respective single cultures, which proves the existence of a synergy between species. These results show evidence that interactions between Candida species affect the biofilm matrix, which is a key element of oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Seabra
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Silvia M Rocha
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M Botelho
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Priya A, Nivetha S, Pandian SK. Synergistic Interaction of Piperine and Thymol on Attenuation of the Biofilm Formation, Hyphal Morphogenesis and Phenotypic Switching in Candida albicans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:780545. [PMID: 35127553 PMCID: PMC8807486 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.780545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has significantly increased in recent years due to the emergence of antifungal resistance. Biofilm formation is considered to be a major contributor to both the infectious diseases and to antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, biofilm-associated infections are often problematic to treat with existing therapeutics. Adhesion of C. albicans to the host surface or implanted materials followed by hyphal invasion and biofilm formation enhances C. albicans pathogenicity and virulence. Thus, developing a therapeutic agent that inhibits candidal adherence, biofilm development and morphological switching could improve clinical management of infections. The present investigation studied two emerging and alternatives strategies, namely antibiofilm and combinatorial approach, to attenuate biofilm formation and the expression of Candida virulence factors. Piperine and thymol are major bioactive components of pepper and thyme, respectively. These phytochemicals are known to possess numerous biological activities, including recently reported antibiofilm effects against C. albicans. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of both phytochemicals was determined to be 32 µg/ml. The phytochemical treatment of Candida biofilms using piperine and thymol revealed synergistic effects at four different combinations of concentrations, i.e. 8 and 8, 8 and 4, 8 and 2 and 4 and 8 µg/ml. These synergistic combinations resulted in the significant reduction in adherence of Candida, hyphal extension and morphological transformation. Moreover, limited exposure of synergistic combinations controlled the hyphal elongation. Results were validated through the gene expression analysis. Results from the present investigation suggest that piperine and thymol can be synergistically employed for the treatment of biofilm-associated C. albicans infection.
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Perla N, Kumar S, Jadhav A, Bhalinge P, Dadpe M, Acharya S. Quantification of Oral Candidal Carriage Rate and Prevalence of Oral Candidal Species in HIV Patients with and Without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:145-153. [PMID: 35070688 PMCID: PMC8751674 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_32_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most documents review decrease in the prevalence of HIV related oral lesions to the tune of 10-50% following the advent of HAART. However long term use of HAART on oral health status of HIV infected subjects is poorly documented. Also antifungal agents can effectively treat mucosal candidiasis. However their use can lead to colonization with less susceptible strains among normal susceptible strains. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To know the candidal carriage rate (i.e. presence/absence of candidal growth), candidal density(CFUs/ml) & species variations (species diversity) in HIV positive individuals with and without highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), attending the regional voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing Centre (VCCTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population were categorized into 3 groups. Method followed were Germ tube test, Chlamydospore formation test, CHROM-Agar test. RESULTS Quantification comparison study of candidal carriage rate, density with detection of various candidal species in the oral cavity of HIV-positive individuals with and without HAART therapy was conducted. CONCLUSION HIV positive individuals with HAART therapy treatment prooved higher candidal carriage rate and lower density than Non-HAART category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Perla
- Oral Pathologist, Dental Clinician, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourab Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Jadhav
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payoshnee Bhalinge
- Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mrunalini Dadpe
- Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth Acharya
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Amarasinghe A, Muhandiram M, Kodithuwakku S, Thilakumara I, Jayatilake J. Identification, genotyping and invasive enzyme production of oral Candida species from denture induced stomatitis patients and healthy careers. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gerós-Mesquita Â, Carvalho-Pereira J, Franco-Duarte R, Alves A, Gerós H, Pais C, Sampaio P. Oral Candida albicans colonization in healthy individuals: prevalence, genotypic diversity, stability along time and transmissibility. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1820292. [PMID: 33062200 PMCID: PMC7534343 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1820292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 181 healthy individuals, including 29 couples, were analysed regarding oral yeast colonization using a culture-based approach. Results showed that 39% of the individuals were yeast carriers, 89% being colonized with Candida albicans, 5% with C. guilliermondi, 3% with C. lusitaniae and 3% with C. parapsilosis. Sixty-two percent of the couples had at least one member colonized. Colonization and CFU counts were higher in the couples´ group. Eighty percent of the volunteers were colonized with C. albicans strains with only one CAI genotype, while two but similar CAI genotypes inhabited the oral cavity of the remaining 20% individuals. The same CAI genotypes were found in 66.6% of the couples when both were colonized. Our results indicate that the intimacy among couples increases the probability of heavy cross-colonization, which is potentiated when one member of the couple is a smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Gerós-Mesquita
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho-Pereira
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Hernâni Gerós
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- CITAB (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences) / University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CEB (Centre of Biological Engineering) /Department of Biological Engineering / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Pais
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Monzillo V, Lallitto F, Russo A, Poggio C, Scribante A, Arciola CR, Bertuccio FR, Colombo M. Ozonized Gel Against Four Candida Species: A Pilot Study and Clinical Perspectives. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071731. [PMID: 32276304 PMCID: PMC7178640 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ozone therapy can display a wide range of clinical beneficial effects, including antimicrobial, immune-stimulant, analgesic, anti-hypoxic actions. However, there is still a paucity of data regarding the ozone fungicide activity. Oral Candida is the most common fungal infection in the mouth among denture wearers and people with weakened immune systems. In the case of generalized candidiasis or immunocompromised patients, systemic therapy is needed, while localized infections are treated with topic medications. However, many Candida strains are resistant to antifungal drugs. The aim of this preliminary analysis is to evaluate the antimycotic efficacy of a new ozonided oil (GeliO3), as a possible terapeutic alternative in local treatments of these infections, compared to chlorhexidine digluconate (Plak gel®). Chlorhexidine is a chemical synthesis disinfectant with a broad-spectrum antiseptic action, active against bacteria and fungi. Antimycotic activity was tested against the following four Candida species: C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, through an agar diffusion method. No significant differences were found between the growth inhibition zone diameters of the ozonized gel and chlorhexidine. The results indicated that the ozonized gel may help to combat Candida infections. Moreover, useful applications could be used to counteract Candida colonization of endosseous implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Monzillo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy Department, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Lallitto
- Microbiology and Virology Unit IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Alba Russo
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudio Poggio
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (A.S.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Andrea Scribante
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (A.S.); (C.R.A.)
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (A.S.); (C.R.A.)
| | | | - Marco Colombo
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Dentistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.R.); (M.C.)
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Miranda-Cadena K, Marcos-Arias C, Mateo E, Aguirre JM, Quindós G, Eraso E. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and their close-related species in oral candidiasis. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:100-107. [PMID: 30096698 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the importance of Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and their close-related species, Candida bracarensis, Candida nivariensis, Candida metapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis in patients with oral candidiasis and, to determine the in vitro activities of antifungal drugs currently used for the treatment. METHODS One hundred fourteen isolates of C. glabrata and 97 of C. parapsilosis, previously identified by conventional mycological methods, were analysed by molecular techniques. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, and nystatin was evaluated by CLSI M44-A2 disk diffusion test, and by CLSI M27-A3 microdilution for fluconazole. RESULTS All C. glabrata isolates were identified as C. glabrata sensu stricto, 93 out of 97 C. parapsilosis isolates as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, three as C. orthopsilosis and one as C. metapsilosis. Candida glabrata was mainly isolated in mixed cultures but C. parapsilosis complex was more frequent in pure culture. Candida metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis were isolated as pure culture and both species were susceptible to all antifungal agents tested. Most C. glabrata isolates were susceptible to miconazole and nystatin, but resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole. Azole cross resistance was also observed. Candida parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to fluconazole although azole cross resistance to miconazole and itraconazole was observed. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of accurate identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of oral Candida isolates in order to have an in-depth understanding of the role of C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis in oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Miranda-Cadena
- UFI 11/25 "Microbios y Salud", Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cristina Marcos-Arias
- UFI 11/25 "Microbios y Salud", Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Mateo
- UFI 11/25 "Microbios y Salud", Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Manuel Aguirre
- UFI 11/25 "Microbios y Salud", Departamento de Estomatología II, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- UFI 11/25 "Microbios y Salud", Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Eraso
- UFI 11/25 "Microbios y Salud", Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain.
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In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Species Isolated from Iranian Patients with Denture Stomatitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3086586. [PMID: 29888258 PMCID: PMC5977002 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3086586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) is a common fungal infection in people who wear dentures. The main objective of this study was to make molecular identification of causative agents of CADS and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) in the Iranian patients with denture stomatitis. Methods A total of 134 Candida spp. were obtained from patients with denture stomatitis. The Candida spp. were identified using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) involving the universal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS4) primers, which were subjected to digestion with MspI and BlnI restriction enzymes. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. to fluconazole (FLC), terbinafine (TRB), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC), posaconazole (POS), ketoconazole (KET), amphotericin B (AMB), and caspofungin (CAS) was evaluated using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 and M27-S4 guidelines. Results Overall, C. albicans was the most commonly isolated species (n = 84; 62.6%), followed by C. glabrata (n = 23; 17.2%), C. tropicalis (n = 16; 12%), and C. parapsilosis (n = 11; 8.2%). Posaconazole had the lowest geometric mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.03 μg/ml), followed by AMB (0.05 μg/ml), ITC (0.08 μg/ml), VRC (0.11 μg/ml), CAS (0.12 μg/ml), KET (0.15 μg/ml), and FLC (0.26 μg/ml). Discussion Our study showed that C. albicans was most prevalent in Iranian patients with CADS and was susceptible to both azoles and amphotericin B. In addition, POS could be an appropriate alternative to the current antifungal agents used for the treatment of CADS, as well as in the treatment of recurrent candidiasis.
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Castillo GDV, Blanc SLD, Sotomayor CE, Azcurra AI. Study of virulence factor of Candida species in oral lesions and its association with potentially malignant and malignant lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 91:35-41. [PMID: 29656214 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the association between malignant and premalignant lesions and the virulence factor profile of Candida spp. recovered from different oral lesions. DESIGN Candida spp. isolated from malignant lesions (squamous cell carcinoma, OC, n = 25), atypical lichen planus (AL, n = 11), chronic candidiasis (CC, n = 25), and asymptomatic carriers (WI, n = 15, control strains.) Isolates were identified in chromogenic medium, colony morphology and biochemical tests. The lipolytic and proteinase activity was determined on supplemented agar with olive oil and BSA, respectively. The biofilm formation with XTT reduction assay and cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) by water-hydrocarbon method were performed. RESULTS All isolates recovered from oral lesions produced the four virulence factors studied with significantly higher levels than in WI isolates. Interestingly, lipolytic activity was absent in WI isolates. The proteolytic activity was similar in AL and OC isolates. OC isolates showed significantly higher CSH values than other clinical isolates. Non-albicans species showed higher biofilm formation than C.albicans (P = 0.03.) There were no significant differences in virulence factors among species. A strong positive correlation was found between proteinase and lipase activity (r = 0.90, P < 0.0001), and between hydrophobicity and biofilm (R = 0.81, P < 0.0001.) CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that OC Candida isolates exhibited a significant higher attributes of virulence than other lesions fungus isolates, providing evidence about the association between Candida pathogenicity and lesions severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia López de Blanc
- Dpto. de Patología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Elena Sotomayor
- Dpto. de Bioquímica Clínica- CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Isabel Azcurra
- Dpto. de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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Gauch LMR, Pedrosa SS, Silveira-Gomes F, Esteves RA, Marques-da-Silva SH. Isolation of Candida spp. from denture-related stomatitis in Pará, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 49:148-151. [PMID: 29054393 PMCID: PMC5790581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Candida species from the oral cavity of denture wearers with denture-related stomatitis who were attended at the University Federal of Pará (Belém City, Pará State, Brazil). A total of 36 denture wearers with denture-related stomatitis were included, and type I (50%), type II (33%) and type III (17%) stomatitis were observed. Candida spp. were isolated from 89% of the cases and included five different Candida species. C. albicans was the most frequently recovered species (78% of the cases), followed by C. famata and C. tropicalis. We observed a significant association between Candida species isolation and unsatisfactory denture condition (p = 0.0017). Our results demonstrated the highly frequency of Candida species isolation in denture wearers with denture-related stomatitis and showed the relationship between these species and poor denture maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurdete Maria Rocha Gauch
- Federal University of Pará, Science Health Institute Belém, Odontology College, Belém, PA, Brazil; Federal University of Pará, Science Biologic Institute, Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Simone Soares Pedrosa
- Federal University of Pará, Science Health Institute Belém, Odontology College, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Silveira-Gomes
- Federal University of Pará, Science Biologic Institute, Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Renata Antunes Esteves
- Federal University of Pará, Science Health Institute Belém, Odontology College, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Mendes JF, Gonçalves CL, Ferreira GF, Esteves IA, Freitas CH, Villarreal JPV, Mello JRB, Meireles MCA, Nascente PS. Antifungal susceptibility profile of diferent yeasts isolates from wild animals, cow's milk with subclinical mastitis and hospital environment. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 78:68-75. [PMID: 28699964 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast infections have acquired great importance due to increasing frequency in immunocompromised patients or patients undergoing invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, and also because of its high morbidity and mortality. At the same time, it has been seen an increase in the emergence of new pathogenic species difficult to diagnose and treat. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of 89 yeasts from different sources against the antifungals amphotericin B, voriconazole, fluconazole and flucytosine, using the VITEK® 2 Compact system. The antifungal susceptibility was performed automatically by the Vitek® 2 Compact system. The origin of the yeasts was: Group 1 - microbiota of wild animals (W) (26/89), 2 - cow's milk with subclinical mastitis (M) (27/89) and 3 - hospital enviorment (H) (36/89). Of the 89 yeasts submitted to the Vitek® 2 test, 25 (20.9%) were resistant to fluconazole, 11 (12.36%) to amphotericin B, 3 (3.37%) to voriconazole, and no sample was resistant to flucytosine. Regarding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), fluconazole showed an MIC between 1 and 64 mg/mL for the three groups, voriconazole had an MIC between 0.12 and 8 mg/mL, amphotericin B had an MIC between 0.25 and 4 mg/mL for group H and group W respectively, between 0.25 and 16 mg/mL for group M and flucytosine had an MIC equal to 1μg/mL for all groups. The yeasts isolated from the H group showed the highest resistance to fluconazole 12/89 (13.49%), followed by group W (7.87%) and group M (5.62%). The more resistant group to voriconazole was followed by the M and H groups, the W group showed no resistance to this antifungal. Group H was the least resistant (2.25%) to amphotericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mendes
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - C L Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - G F Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - I A Esteves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - C H Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - J P V Villarreal
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - J R B Mello
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M C A Meireles
- Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - P S Nascente
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
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Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues ME, Silva S, Henriques M. Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E11. [PMID: 29371530 PMCID: PMC5715960 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida species have been increasing in the last decades and can result in local or systemic infections, with high morbidity and mortality. After Candida albicans, Candida glabrata is one of the most prevalent pathogenic fungi in humans. In addition to the high antifungal drugs resistance and inability to form hyphae or secret hydrolases, C. glabrata retain many virulence factors that contribute to its extreme aggressiveness and result in a low therapeutic response and serious recurrent candidiasis, particularly biofilm formation ability. For their extraordinary organization, especially regarding the complex structure of the matrix, biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments. Thus, new approaches to the treatment of C. glabrata's biofilms are emerging. In this article, the knowledge available on C. glabrata's resistance will be highlighted, with a special focus on biofilms, as well as new therapeutic alternatives to control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia F Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Silva
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Tejani S, Sultan A, Stojanov I, Woo SB. Candidal carriage predicts candidiasis during topical immunosuppressive therapy: a preliminary retrospective cohort study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:448-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Silva S, Tobaldini-Valerio F, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Ferreira EC, Lopes JA, Sousa C. Discrimination of clinically relevant Candida species by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16769a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate Candida species identification remains a challenge due to their phenotypic and genotypic similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Silva
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Flávia Tobaldini-Valerio
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina
| | | | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB-Centro de Engenharia Biológica
- Universidade do Minho
- Braga
- Portugal
| | | | - João A. Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Clara Sousa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- 4050-313 Porto
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15
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Pereira L, Silva S, Ribeiro B, Henriques M, Azeredo J. Influence of glucose concentration on the structure and quantity of biofilms formed by Candida parapsilosis. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov043. [PMID: 26071437 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is nowadays an emerging opportunistic pathogen and its increasing incidence is part related to the capacity to produce biofilm. In addition, one of the most important C. parapsilosis pathogenic risk factors includes the organisms' selective growth capabilities in hyperalimentation solutions. Thus, in this study, we investigated the role of glucose in C. parapsilosis biofilm modulation, by studying biofilm formation, matrix composition, and structure. Moreover, the expression of biofilm-related genes (BCR1, FKS1 and OLE1) was analysed in the presence of different glucose percentages. The results demonstrated the importance of glucose in the modulation of C. parapsilosis biofilm. The concentration of glucose had direct implications on the C. parapsilosis transition of yeast cells to pseudohyphae. Additionally, it was demonstrated that biofilm-related genes BCR1, FKS1, and OLE1 are involved in biofilm modulation as a result of glucose. The mechanism by which glucose enhances biofilm formation is not fully understood; however, with this study we were able to demonstrate that C. parapsilosis responds to stress conditions caused by elevated levels of glucose by upregulating genes related to biofilm formation (BCR1, FKS1 and OLE1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Pereira
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Ribeiro
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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16
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Pereira AMS, Hernandes C, Pereira SI, Bertoni BW, França SC, Pereira PS, Taleb-Contini SH. Evaluation of anticandidal and antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds from Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 224:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, but the capacity of pathogenic fungi to undergo sexual reproduction has been a matter of intense debate. Pathogenic fungi maintained a complement of conserved meiotic genes but the populations appeared to be clonally derived. This debate was resolved first with the discovery of an extant sexual cycle and then unisexual reproduction. Unisexual reproduction is a distinct form of homothallism that dispenses with the requirement for an opposite mating type. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi previously thought to be asexual are able to undergo robust unisexual reproduction. We review here recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of unisexual reproduction throughout fungi and the impact of unisex on the ecology and genomic evolution of fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Roach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marianna Feretzaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Alves CT, Wei XQ, Silva S, Azeredo J, Henriques M, Williams DW. Candida albicans promotes invasion and colonisation of Candida glabrata in a reconstituted human vaginal epithelium. J Infect 2014; 69:396-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Hernández-Solís SE, Rueda-Gordillo F, Rojas-Herrera RA. Actividad de la proteinasa en cepas de Candida albicans aisladas de la cavidad oral de pacientes inmunodeprimidos, con candidiasis oral y sujetos sanos. Rev Iberoam Micol 2014; 31:137-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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20
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Alves CT, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L, Silva S, Azeredo J, Henriques M. Antifungal activity of phenolic compounds identified in flowers from North Eastern Portugal against Candida species. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:139-46. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Aim: To evaluate the antifungal effect of gallic acid, catechin, luteolin and quercetin, phenolic compounds identified from flowers of North Eastern Portugal, against Candida planktonic and biofilm cells. Materials & methods: The MICs were determined in Candida planktonic cells and the effect of phenolic compounds on Candida biofilms was assessed through quantification of colony-forming units. Results: MIC values demonstrated that gallic acid presented the highest effect against all Candida species. Catechin showed a similar effect against Candida albicans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 90028 cells. In addition, gallic acid and quercetin had demonstrated only a minimal effect against Candida species biofilms. Conclusion: Gallic acid affected the growth of the different planktonic Candida species in all concentrations used; still, catechin showed a similar effect against C. albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 cells. In addition, only gallic acid and quercetin demonstrated a slight effect against all Candida species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tiago Alves
- IBB–Institute for Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel CFR Ferreira
- CIMO/School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- CIMO/School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- IBB–Institute for Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- IBB–Institute for Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- IBB–Institute for Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Tur-Tur C, Giusiano G, Marcos-Arias C, Eraso E, Jauregizar N, Quindós G. Sertaconazole: an antifungal agent for the topical treatment of superficial candidiasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:347-58. [PMID: 23566144 DOI: 10.1586/eri.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sertaconazole is a useful antifungal agent against mycoses of the skin and mucosa, such as cutaneous, genital and oral candidiasis and tinea pedis. Its antifungal activity is due to inhibition of the ergosterol biosynthesis and disruption of the cell wall. At higher concentrations, sertaconazole is able to bind to nonsterol lipids of the fungal cell wall, increasing the permeability and the subsequent death of fungal cells. Fungistatic and fungicidal activities on Candida are dose-dependent. The antifungal spectrum of sertaconazole includes deramophytes, Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia and also Aspergillus, Scedosporium and Scopulariopsis. Sertaconazole also shows an antimicrobial activity against streptococci, staphylococci and protozoa (Trichomonas). In clinical trials including patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, a single dose of sertaconazole produced a higher cure rate compared with other topical azoles such as econazole and clotrimazole, in shorter periods. Sertaconazole has shown an anti-inflammatory effect that is very useful for the relief of unpleasant symptoms.
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22
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Seabra CL, Botelho CM, Henriques M, Oliveira R. Differential Adherence and Expression of Virulence Traits by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis in Mono- and Dual-Species Cultures in Artificial Saliva. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Silva S, Pires P, Monteiro DR, Negri M, Gorup LF, Camargo ER, Barbosa DB, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Henriques M, Azeredo J. The effect of silver nanoparticles and nystatin on mixed biofilms ofCandida glabrataandCandida albicanson acrylic. Med Mycol 2013; 51:178-84. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.700492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Cavaleiro I, Proença L, Félix S, Salema-Oom M. Prevalence of Yeast Other than Candida albicans
in Denture Wearers. J Prosthodont 2013; 22:351-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cavaleiro
- Instituto Superior Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM); Caparica Portugal
| | - Luis Proença
- Instituto Superior Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM); Caparica Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa; Centro de Ciências Moleculares e Materiais (CCMM); Lisboa Portugal
| | - Sérgio Félix
- Instituto Superior Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM); Caparica Portugal
| | - Madalena Salema-Oom
- Instituto Superior Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM); Caparica Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM); Caparica Portugal
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Weerasekera MM, Sissons CH, Wong L, Anderson S, Holmes AR, Cannon RD. Use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for the identification of mixed oral yeasts in human saliva. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:319-330. [PMID: 23065546 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.050237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was established for the simultaneous presumptive identification of multiple yeast species commonly present in the oral cavity. Published primer sets targeting different regions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 26-28S rRNA gene (denoted primer sets N and U) and the 18S rRNA gene (primer set E) were evaluated with ten Candida and four non-Candida yeast species, and twenty Candida albicans isolates. Optimized PCR-DGGE conditions using primer set N were applied to presumptively identify, by band matching, yeasts in the saliva of 25 individuals. Identities were confirmed by DNA sequencing and compared with those using CHROMagar Candida culture. All primer sets yielded detectable DGGE bands for all species tested. Primer set N yielded mainly single bands and could distinguish all species examined, including differentiating Candida dubliniensis from C. albicans. Primer set U was less discriminatory among species but yielded multiple bands that distinguished subspecies groups within C. albicans. Primer set E gave poor yeast discrimination. DGGE analysis identified yeasts in 17 of the 25 saliva samples. Six saliva samples contained two yeast species: three contained C. albicans and three C. dubliniensis. C. dubliniensis was present alone in one saliva sample (total prevalence 16 %). CHROMagar culture detected yeasts in 16 of the yeast-containing saliva samples and did not enable identification of 7 yeast species identified by DGGE. In conclusion, DGGE identification of oral yeast species with primer set N is a relatively fast and reliable method for the simultaneous presumptive identification of mixed yeasts in oral saliva samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula M Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka.,Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Chris H Sissons
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Wong
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Sally Anderson
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ann R Holmes
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosisandCandida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:288-305. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Williams D, Lewis M. Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. J Oral Microbiol 2011; 3. [PMID: 21547018 PMCID: PMC3087208 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida and particularly Candida albicans (oral candidoses) have been recognised throughout recorded history. However, since the 1980s a clear surge of interest and associated research into these infections have occurred. This has largely been due to an increased incidence of oral candidosis over this period, primarily because of the escalation in HIV-infection and the AIDS epidemic. In addition, changes in medical practice leading to a greater use of invasive clinical procedures and a more widespread use of immunosuppressive therapies have also contributed to the problem. Whilst oral candidosis has previously been considered to be a disease mainly of the elderly and very young, its occurrence throughout the general population is now recognised. Candida are true ‘opportunistic pathogens’ and only instigate oral infection when there is an underlying predisposing condition in the host. Treatment of these infections has continued (and in some regards continues) to be problematic because of the potential toxicity of traditional antifungal agents against host cells. The problem has been compounded by the emergence of Candida species other than C. albicans that have inherent resistance against traditional antifungals. The aim of this review is to give the reader a contemporary overview of oral candidosis, the organisms involved, and the management strategies that are currently employed or could be utilised in the future.
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Interspecies pheromone signaling promotes biofilm formation and same-sex mating in Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2510-5. [PMID: 21262815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017234108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans undergoes a parasexual mating cycle in which cells must switch from the conventional "white" form to the alternative "opaque" form to become mating competent. Pheromones secreted by opaque cells induce the formation of polarized mating projections and result in cell-cell conjugation. In contrast, white cells are unable to undergo mating, but can still respond to pheromone by expression of adhesion genes that promote biofilm formation. In this study, we have analyzed the dual ability of pheromones to activate mating by opaque cells and biofilm formation by white cells. We first show that there is considerable plasticity in interactions between the α pheromone and its receptor, Ste2, by analysis of analogs of the α pheromone. Significantly, substituted forms of α pheromone can induce a response in opaque cells and this is sufficient to drive same-sex a-a cell fusion and homothallic mating. In addition, pheromone analogs were able to induce adhesion and biofilm formation in white cells of C. albicans. Because of the observed plasticity in pheromone signaling, we subsequently tested putative pheromones from multiple Candida species and identified nonnative ligands that can induce self-mating and biofilm responses in C. albicans. Our findings demonstrate that environmental signals can initiate C. albicans parasexual reproduction and biofilm formation, and highlight the role of the pheromone-signaling apparatus in mediating these functions.
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