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Medhasi S, Sriwarom A, Permpalung N, Torvorapanit P, Plongla R, Chindamporn A, Worasilchai N. Ex vivo observation of Pythium insidiosum-antigen treated neutrophils on three Pythium insidiosum strains isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2304372. [PMID: 38314761 PMCID: PMC10854268 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2304372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of Pythium insidiosum-antigen (PIA) immunotherapy activating a patient's immune system are unknown. We evaluated the interleukin-8 (IL-8) serum levels during P. insidiosum infection and after vaccination with PIA in vascular pythiosis cases. Furthermore, we studied the anti-P. insidiosum activity of neutrophils stimulated with various concentrations of PIA ex vivo in 3 strains of P. insidiosum isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. IL-8 serum levels were evaluated using the ELISA technique. We assessed the effect of PIA-stimulated neutrophils on the viability of zoospores using MTT assay, visualized neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation via microscopy, and measured the levels of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) using PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation assay in 3 strains of P. insidiosum isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. Serum levels of IL-8 gradually lowered from the early to the end phases of vaccination with PIA among the surviving group of vascular pythiosis cases. Neutrophils stimulated with 0.01 µg/ml PIA reduced zoospore viability significantly compared to PIA-unstimulated neutrophils for strain 1 and strain 3 (p < .05). Neutrophils stimulated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml PIA exhibited significantly lower zoospore viability than PIA-unstimulated neutrophils for strain 2 (p < .05). IL-8 can be used as a biomarker for monitoring vascular pythiosis cases treated with the PIA vaccine. Also, anti-P. insidiosum activity of PIA-stimulated neutrophils was probably due to the disruption of cellular activity in zoospores rather than the mechanisms based on the formation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeep Medhasi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Medical Mycology Diagnosis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Sriwarom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitipong Permpalung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pattama Torvorapanit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rongpong Plongla
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navaporn Worasilchai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Medical Mycology Diagnosis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Efficacy of miltefosine therapy against subcutaneous experimental pythiosis in rabbits. J Mycol Med 2019; 30:100919. [PMID: 31901425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the in vitro activity of miltefosine against 29 Pythium spp. and the in vivo therapeutic response of 2mg/kg/day of miltefosine given orally to rabbit with pythiosis induced experimentally. The MICs (in μg/mL) of miltefosine was medium-dependent and ranged from 0.5 to 2 and 32-64 on RPMI 1640 and Mueller Hinton broth, respectively. The treatment with miltefosine demonstrated significantly lower subcutaneous lesion areas compared to the control group but was not sufficient for the complete remission of the lesions. This study indicates that miltefosine has limited efficacy against pythiosis and furthers in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to determine the possible potential of this drug in the treatment of pythiosis.
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Krajaejun T, Rujirawat T, Kanpanleuk T, Santanirand P, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Sae-Chew P, Kittichotirat W, Patumcharoenpol P. Biochemical and genetic analyses of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum provide new insights into clinical identification and urease-based evolution of metabolism-related traits. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4821. [PMID: 29888122 PMCID: PMC5993020 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oomycete microorganism, Pythium insidiosum, causes the life-threatening infectious condition, pythiosis, in humans and animals worldwide. Affected individuals typically endure surgical removal of the infected organ(s). Detection of P. insidiosum by the established microbiological, immunological, or molecular methods is not feasible in non-reference laboratories, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Biochemical assays have been used to characterize P. insidiosum, some of which could aid in the clinical identification of this organism. Although hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose has been proposed as the key biochemical feature useful in discriminating P. insidiosum from other oomycetes and fungi, this technique requires a more rigorous evaluation involving a wider selection of P. insidiosum strains. Here, we evaluated 10 routinely available biochemical assays for characterization of 26 P. insidiosum strains, isolated from different hosts and geographic origins. Initial assessment revealed diverse biochemical characteristics across the P. insidiosum strains tested. Failure to hydrolyze sugars is observed, especially in slow-growing strains. Because hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose varied among different strains, use of the biochemical assays for identification of P. insidiosum should be cautioned. The ability of P. insidiosum to hydrolyze urea is our focus, because this metabolic process relies on the enzyme urease, an important virulence factor of other pathogens. The ability to hydrolyze urea varied among P. insidiosum strains and was not associated with growth rates. Genome analyses demonstrated that urease- and urease accessory protein-encoding genes are present in both urea-hydrolyzing and non-urea-hydrolyzing strains of P. insidiosum. Urease genes are phylogenetically conserved in P. insidiosum and related oomycetes, while the presence of urease accessory protein-encoding genes is markedly diverse in these organisms. In summary, we dissected biochemical characteristics and drew new insights into clinical identification and urease-related evolution of P. insidiosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Rujirawat
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Molecular Medicine Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerat Kanpanleuk
- Department of Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Department of Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tassanee Lohnoo
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanta Yingyong
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yothin Kumsang
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarana Sae-Chew
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerayuth Kittichotirat
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preecha Patumcharoenpol
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pereira SA, Jerônimo GT, Marchiori NC, Oliveira HM, Jesus GFA, Schmidt EC, Bouzon ZL, Vieira FN, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Tadpoles fed supplemented diet with probiotic bacterium isolated from the intestinal tract of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus: Haematology, cell activity and electron microscopy. Microb Pathog 2017; 114:255-263. [PMID: 29174701 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to select and isolate autochthonous bacteria with probiotic potential for use in a supplemented diet for bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus. A total of 20 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated. Nine out of these were used in the following in vitro assays: antagonism against pathogenic bacteria (ANT), antimicrobial activity from extracellular compounds (MIC), tolerance to bile salts (TBS), pH reduction, protease production, sensitivity to antimicrobial tetracycline, cell viability, growth rate and doubling time. Using these data was defined an ideotype (ideal strain) based on the best results. Distances were estimated with the Mahalanobis (D2) test, and the best candidates, presenting the shortest ideotype distances, were considered to be used. The best strain was found to be Lactobacillus plantarum because it presented 10.00 ± 0.50 mm of ANT against Aeromonas hydrophila, 3.99 ± 0.01 of MIC independent of pathogenic bacteria, 85.07 ± 0.01 of TBS, 4.20 ± 0.02 of final pH, 17.67 ± 1.15 of protease production, 13.50 ± 2.00 sensitivity to antimicrobial tetracycline, 9.36 ± 0.04 of cell viability, 0.20 ± 0.00 of growth rate and 3.46 ± 0.00 doubling time. Therefore this probiotic candidate was then supplemented (2.045 ± 1.07 × 107 colony forming unities. g-1) into the diets of bullfrog tadpoles for a period of 42 days. At the end of the trial, samples of blood and intestines were collected to verify the haematological alterations and the intestinal morphology using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Tadpoles fed the supplemented diet showed successful lactic acid bacterium colonisation, an increased number of circulating thrombocytes, monocytes, eosinophil and LG-PAS+ and also an increase in the length and density of intestinal microvilli. This study shows the feasibility of using probiotics isolated from farmed bullfrogs as a supplement in the diets of tadpoles, providing a promising alternative for modulating the health of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - G T Jerônimo
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Post Graduate in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Av. Nilton Lins 3259, 69058-030, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - N C Marchiori
- EPAGRI - Company of Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Santa Catarina, Rua Joaquim Garcia, s/n, 88340-000, Camboriú, SC, Brazil
| | - H M Oliveira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - G F A Jesus
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - E C Schmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Z L Bouzon
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics (BEG), Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - F N Vieira
- LCM - Marine Shrimp Laboratory, Microbiology Section, Aquaculture Department, UFSC, Beco dos Coroas 503, Barra da Lagoa, 88061-600, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - M L Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - J L P Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Oliveira DC, de Loreto ÉS, Mario DAN, Lopes PGM, Neves LV, da Rocha MP, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Sporothrix schenckii COMPLEX:SUSCEPTIBILITIES TO COMBINED ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMATIC PROFILES. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:289-94. [PMID: 26422151 PMCID: PMC4616912 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckiiwas reclassified as a complex encompassing six cryptic species, which calls for the reassessment of clinical and epidemiological data of these new species. We evaluated the susceptibility of Sporothrix albicans (n = 1) , S. brasiliensis (n = 6) , S. globosa (n = 1), S. mexicana(n = 1) and S. schenckii(n = 36) to terbinafine (TRB) alone and in combination with itraconazole (ITZ), ketoconazole (KTZ), and voriconazole (VRZ) by a checkerboard microdilution method and determined the enzymatic profile of these species with the API-ZYM kit. Most interactions were additive (27.5%, 32.5% and 5%) or indifferent (70%, 50% and 52.5%) for TRB+KTZ, TRB+ITZ and TRB+VRZ, respectively. Antagonisms were observed in 42.5% of isolates for the TRB+VRZ combination. Based on enzymatic profiling, the Sporothrix schenckii strains were categorized into 14 biotypes. Leucine arylamidase (LA) activity was observed only for S. albicans and S. mexicana. The species S. globosaand S. mexicanawere the only species without β-glucosidase (GS) activity. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of virulence and resistance among species of the genus Sporothrixin further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érico Silva de Loreto
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
| | - Débora Alves Nunes Mario
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
| | - Paulo G Markus Lopes
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
| | - Louise Vignolles Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
| | - Marta Pires da Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
| | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BR
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