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Hatanaka R, Higuchi Y, Imaoka M. Improving Motor Skills in Five Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder Traits and Its Impact on Parenting Stress: A Case Series. Cureus 2024; 16:e61691. [PMID: 38975406 PMCID: PMC11224046 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are associated with childcare stress. This study aimed to assess whether improving the motor skills of children with DCD could reduce parenting stress. The participants were five boys aged 7-10 years with probable DCD and their parents. The intervention comprised 1 hour per week of motor skills training for nine weeks. We measured improvements in the children's motor skills and reductions in parenting stress before and after the intervention. All five children showed improvements in motor skills. Parenting stress was reduced in two parents, whereas it worsened in three parents. Improving motor skills in children with probable DCD may not necessarily reduce parenting stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hatanaka
- Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, JPN
| | - Yumi Higuchi
- Rehabilitation, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, JPN
| | - Masakazu Imaoka
- Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, JPN
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Mancini VO, Licari MK, Alvares GA, McQueen MC, McIntyre S, Reynolds JE, Reid SL, Spittle AJ, Williams J. Psychosocial wellbeing, parental concerns, and familial impact of children with developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 145:104659. [PMID: 38160588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition impacting motor skill acquisition and competence. While previous studies have identified adverse psychosocial outcomes in DCD, they are limited by small or population-screened, community-based samples. AIMS To understand the psychosocial difficulties, parental concerns, and familial impacts of childhood DCD in a large population-based sample. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Parents of 310 children aged 4 - 18 years with a diagnosis of DCD (or synonymous term) completed the Impact for DCD survey. Parent-rated measures of emotional problems, peer problems, and prosocial behaviour were compared to normative data. Parental concerns for the impact of DCD on participation, interaction, emotional well-being, and the family system were examined. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Compared to typically developing children, children with DCD were rated significantly higher for emotional and peer problems, and significantly lower for prosocial behaviours. Parents most commonly reported concerns for their child's future and withdrawal from physical activity. The presence of one or more co-occurring disorders did not significantly influence outcomes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Findings highlight the poor psychosocial outcomes for children with DCD. Crucially, poor psychosocial outcomes were just as likely in those with a single diagnosis of DCD as those with DCD and multiple co-occurring diagnoses. Parents reported concerns for their child (i.e., non-participation and social withdrawal) that are not targeted in existing DCD intervention modalities and emphasised the impact of DCD on the whole family unit. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS This paper presents data from the largest parent-reported survey of children with a known diagnosis of DCD (or synonymous labels). It highlights the significant impact of DCD on psychosocial outcomes in children across age groups. The children in this study were rated by their parents to have significantly higher levels of emotional and peer problems, and lower prosocial behaviours, than similarly aged Australian children without DCD. It also challenges the misconception that poor psychosocial outcomes in DCD are the result of co-occurring disorders, with outcomes observed to be as poor in children with a sole diagnosis of DCD in this sample. Furthermore, findings highlighted the significant worry and concern that parents with DCD face, particularly around their child's participation and their emotional health. Finally, parents reported on the considerable impact that DCD had on their family unit, regularly causing worry and concern, influencing their choice of activities, and causing financial strain. These concerns and impacts are not addressed in current intervention models for DCD and highlight the need for support mechanisms moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent O Mancini
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia; UWA Medical School, Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew C McQueen
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah McIntyre
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia; Cerebral Palsy Alliance, Specialty of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Siobhan L Reid
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Alicia J Spittle
- Department of Physiotherapy University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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Klein ES, Cheung C, Garces A, Barbic S, Zwicker JG. Caregiver burden and mental health: Parent perspectives when raising a child with developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 144:104656. [PMID: 38141380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are at high risk for mental health disorders, stemming from challenges participating in motor activities. Parents of children with DCD report increased caregiver burden exacerbated by insufficient support and services for their child. A paucity of literature exists on parent and child mental health associated with a DCD diagnosis. AIMS To explore parent perceptions of their child's mental health, and the impact of DCD on family and parental mental health. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Implementation of a secondary analysis using the impACT for DCD, a cross-sectional online survey of parents of children with self-reported suspected or confirmed diagnosis of DCD living in British Columbia, Canada. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics and content analysis. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Of the 237 participants, more than one third of parents (36%) rated their own mental health to be fair or poor, and the majority (90%) expressed concern for their child's mental health. Themes emerged on the impact of DCD on child, parent, and family, influenced by access to resources. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Standard of care for DCD needs to include services and supports that address caregiver burden and mental health of children with DCD and their families. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS This paper explores parent perceptions of their child(ren)'s and their own mental health when raising a child with DCD in British Columbia (BC). In BC, there is a lack of research on the mental health challenges families face when their child has a diagnosis of DCD. Amongst health care providers, there tends to be a focus on DCD as a motor disorder, with limited understanding and acknowledgement of the mental health component for children and their families. Thus, this study will inform health-care providers, parents, educators, and policy makers on parent-identified mental health needs and the essential services and supports. Unique to this study was the inclusion of a descriptive and exploratory content analysis, providing a holistic understanding of parents' perceptions regarding the impact of DCD on their children and themselves. Our results revealed that parents perceive significant inter-connected impacts of DCD on the child, parents, and family, leading to poor mental health for parents and their child(ren). Limited access to resources and supports results in a negative trajectory for family mental health and well-being. Study results indicate the critical importance of addressing mental health, in addition to motor challenges. Healthcare providers need to adopt a family-centred approach to address the physical and psychosocial impairments associated with DCD, ensuring positive outcomes for children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Klein
- Graduate Programs in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, T121 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6B 2B5, Canada; Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, T325 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 4480 Oak Street, Musqueam, Squamish, & Tsleil-Waututh Territory, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Detwiller Pavilion, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Carrie Cheung
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, T325 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Detwiller Pavilion, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Angie Garces
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, T325 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Detwiller Pavilion, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Skye Barbic
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, T325 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Centre for Health Evaluation Outcome Sciences, University of British Columbia, 570 - 1081 Burrard St, Musqueam, Squamish, & Tsleil-Waututh Territory, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Detwiller Pavilion, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada; Foundry, 1260 Granville St, Musqueam, Squamish, & Tsleil-Waututh Territory, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1M4, Canada
| | - Jill G Zwicker
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of British Columbia, T325 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 4480 Oak Street, Musqueam, Squamish, & Tsleil-Waututh Territory, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Detwiller Pavilion, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Musqueam Territory, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Rm 2D19 - 4480 Oak Street, Musqueam, Squamish, & Tsleil-Waututh Territory, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada.
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Lindström T, Bergman TH, Annerstedt M, Forster M, Bölte S, Hirvikoski T. Psychometric Properties of the Parental Stress Scale in Swedish Parents of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Conditions. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2024; 12:10-22. [PMID: 38645569 PMCID: PMC11027036 DOI: 10.2478/sjcapp-2024-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parents of children with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDC) are at risk of experiencing elevated levels of parental stress. Access to robust instruments to assess parental stress is important in both clinical and research contexts. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), completed by parents of 3- to 17-year-old children, with and without NDCs. Method Main analyses were conducted on data from three independent samples: a community sample (n=1018), a treatment-seeking sample of parents of children with various disabilities (n=653), and a sample of parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who themselves reported varying ADHD symptom severities (n=562). Additional analyses were enabled by the use of data from a complementary test-retest sample (n=337). Results The internal consistency of the PSS was good (Cronbach's alpha, α=.87) and its test-retest reliability moderate (ICC=.66). The scale correlated in the expected direction with related constructs (r=.50-.56 in the community sample). An exploratory factor analysis found its internal structure to reflect two aspects of parental stress: Lack of Parental Rewards and Role Satisfaction (factor 1, α=.90) and Parental Stressors and Distress (factor 2, α=.85). The treatment-seeking parents of children with disabilities reported higher parental stress than community reference parents (p<.001; Cohen's d=1.17). Moreover, we found that parents with high ADHD symptom severity reported higher parental stress than parents with low ADHD symptom severity (p<.001; d=0.39). Conclusion In summary, we found evidence in support of the reliability and validity of the PSS, which overall was judged to be useful as a measure of parental stress in a Swedish context. In addition, our results underline the importance of considering parental stress and related needs in assessments and intervention planning involving families of children with NDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lindström
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiina Holmberg Bergman
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathilde Annerstedt
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Forster
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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González López A, Crespo Madrid V, Hidalgo-Robles Á, Gutiérrez-Ortega M. Early signs of functioning and contextual factors in children 0 to 6 years of age at high risk of or with developmental coordination disorder: A scoping review. Child Care Health Dev 2023; 49:230-239. [PMID: 35998914 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) can significantly impact body structures and functions, activities, participation and contextual factors. Using a scoping review methodology, we aimed to identify the characteristics or signs that can have an early impact on the development and functioning of children with DCD between 0 and 6 years. METHODS We searched the Medline, Cochrane and PEDro databases. The screening of the 1580 articles obtained was conducted independently and in duplicate. From the included articles, among others, we extracted results that reported the early developmental characteristics of children at high risk or diagnosed with DCD, the components of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) and the F-Words studied in the results or the agents involved in the evaluation. RESULTS Seventeen articles were included in the review. From them, a set of early signs of DCD-general and specific-were collected that reflected the existence of restrictions in daily life activities from an early age and in certain routines, such as eating, dressing, grooming or playing. The most studied components of the ICF were activities and participation, with functioning being the most studied F-word. CONCLUSIONS Detection of activity limitations and restrictions in participation between 0 and 6 years in children with DCD is possible. Recognition of parental concerns and early assessment could facilitate the follow-up of children at high risk for DCD and their inclusion in screening programs that include standardized tools for their diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs González López
- Asociación para el Desarrollo Infantil y Conciliación Familiar (ADICO), Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Vanesa Crespo Madrid
- ASPACECIRE Asociación Para la Ayuda A Personas Con Parálisis Cerebral y Síndromes Afines de Ciudad Real (ASPACECIRE), Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Hirota T, Adachi M, Takahashi M, Mori H, Shinkawa H, Sakamoto Y, Saito M, Nakamura K. Cohort Profile: The Assessment from Preschool to Puberty-Longitudinal Epidemiological (APPLE) study in Hirosaki, Japan. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 50:1782-1783h. [PMID: 34999860 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hirota
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masaki Adachi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Michio Takahashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shinkawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yui Sakamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Manabu Saito
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Jijon AM, Leonard HC. Parenting stress in parents of children with developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2020; 104:103695. [PMID: 32474232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which affects around 5% of children but is often not detected by clinicians. AIMS The aim of the current study was to investigate whether parents of children with DCD report clinically-significant levels of parenting stress, and to assess a number of factors contributing to this stress, based on evidence from research into other neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A survey was completed by 174 parents of children aged 5-12 years with DCD (parents age M = 42;3, SD = 4;11), comprising measures of the child's motor difficulties and behavioural problems, the parent's perceived competence in the parenting role and perceived levels of social support, and parenting stress. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Two thirds of parents reported clinically-significant levels of stress. Multiple regression analyses revealed that all variables except for level of motor difficulties were unique predictors of parenting stress. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The study highlights the need for greater awareness of DCD by bringing attention to the impact it can have on the whole family. Providing targeted interventions, particularly addressing parents' perceived competence in managing their child, could reduce parenting stress and improve parents' wellbeing. This in turn could influence their parenting and, therefore, child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Jijon
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Hayley C Leonard
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
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