Ben Itzhak N, Kooiker MJG, Pel JJM, Ortibus E. Including visual orienting functions into cerebral visual impairment screening: Reliability, variability, and ecological validity.
RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023;
132:104391. [PMID:
36493737 DOI:
10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104391]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a heterogeneous brain-based visual processing disorder in which basic visual orienting functions (VOF) and higher-order perception can be impaired.
AIMS
To evaluate (1) the test-retest reliability and variability of an eye tracking-based VOF paradigm, and related clinical characteristics, and (2) the relations between VOF (variability) and daily visual functioning and visuoperceptual dimensions.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Thirty-three children with CVI (Males=14; mean age=9 years 10 months) underwent eye tracking thrice, completed a visuoperceptual battery, and parents completed the Flemish CVI questionnaire. VOF reliability and variability of reaction time (RTF), fixation duration and accuracy were assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and coefficient of variation. Relations were analysed with linear mixed models.
OUTCOMES AND RESULTS
Highly salient visual stimuli had good RTF reliability (ICCs=0.75) and triggered less variable VOF. Intermediate and low salience stimuli had poor-to-moderate reliability and triggered more variable VOF. Younger performance age related to more VOF variability. Greater visual (dis)interest, clutter and distance viewing impairments, and a weaker visuoperceptual profile related to slower RTF.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Highly salient stimuli reveal a child's 'optimal' visual performance, whereas intermediate and low salience stimuli uncover VOF variability, which is a key CVI hallmark to detect.
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