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Cueto-Robledo G, Cantero-Ceballos MDC, Gonzalez-Hermosillo LM, Navarro-Vergara DI, Garcia-Cesar M, Torres-Rojas MB, Hernandez-Villa L, Serrato BG, Alfaro-Cruz A. Severe pulmonary hypertension in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: A comprehensive literature review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102453. [PMID: 38342349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis (PAM), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by calcium crystal deposits (microliths) resulting from loss of function of the SLC34A2 gene. PAM is a rare disease with approximately 1100 reported cases globally. The historical context of its discovery and the genetic, epidemiological, and pathophysiological aspects are discussed. PAM falls under interstitial lung diseases and is associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), primarily categorized as Group 3 PH. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and challenging aspects of treatment are explored. A clinical case of PAM with severe pulmonary hypertension is presented, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive evaluation and the potential benefits of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) therapy. Despite limited therapeutic options and challenging diagnosis, this review sheds light on recent developments and emerging treatments for PAM and associated pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Cueto-Robledo
- Cardiorespiratory Emergencies, Hospital General de México "Dr Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Pulmonary Circulation Clinic, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Dulce-Iliana Navarro-Vergara
- Cardiorespiratory Emergencies, Hospital General de México "Dr Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Pulmonary Circulation Clinic, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Marisol Garcia-Cesar
- Cardiorespiratory Emergencies, Hospital General de México "Dr Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Pulmonary Circulation Clinic, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Maria-Berenice Torres-Rojas
- Cardiorespiratory Emergencies, Hospital General de México "Dr Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Pulmonary Circulation Clinic, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Hernandez-Villa
- Cardiorespiratory Emergencies, Hospital General de México "Dr Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico; Pulmonary Circulation Clinic, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Brenda-Guadalupe Serrato
- Pneumology Department, Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Ana Alfaro-Cruz
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital General de Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Sarkar M, Sharma SK, Jhobta A, Gulati A. A case report of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis with pulmonary tuberculosis. Lung India 2023; 40:161-164. [PMID: 37006101 PMCID: PMC10174655 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_276_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterised by the deposition of calcium phosphate microliths in the alveoli. PAM has been reported in all continents and there is often a familial history. There is clinical-radiological dissociation as there is often a paucity of symptoms in contrast to the imaging findings. Patients often remain asymptomatic until the third or fourth decade of life, and dyspnea is the most common symptom. PAM is caused by a mutation within the solute carrier family 34 member 2 gene (the SLC34A2 gene) located on chromosome 4p15.2, which encodes a sodium/phosphate co-transporter. The imaging appearance of the disease is quite pathognomic with the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) demonstrating a diffuse micronodular appearance. Transbronchial lung biopsy also confirms the diagnosis. There is no effective therapy at present except lung transplantation. We herein, present a case of PAM along with clinical history, imaging study, histopathological study and genetic study of a 43-year-old female adult patient along with genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Sarkar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sudarshan K. Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Jhobta
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anchana Gulati
- Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Chopra M, Tendolkar MS, Vardhan V. Case series of Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis from India. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/3/e227406. [PMID: 30904891 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare disease characterised by calcific deposits in lung parenchyma. PAM being a progressive disease with dissociation between severity of clinical symptoms and radiological picture, it is often detected incidentally. Mutations in the SLC34A2 gene encoding the type IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter in alveolar type II cells are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of PAM. The majority of the patients are diagnosed usually between the ages of 20 and 40 years, although paediatric PAM has also been reported. Diagnosis is confirmed by combination of radiological features, bronchial lavage and histopathological testing. At present, lung transplant is the only definitive treatment available. Though rare, the prevalence of PAM is worldwide. Till June 2018, 86 cases have been reported from India and 1042 cases have been reported worldwide. We report three cases from India, including a student, cement factory worker and a tailor, which will highlight the varied clinical and radiological presentations of this rare disease along with the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Chopra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Army Hospital - Research and Referral, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Manjit Sharad Tendolkar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indian Naval Hospital Ship Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vasu Vardhan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Army Hospital - Research and Referral, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Mansueto G, Capasso E, Niola M, Paternoster M. Pulmonary microlithiasis: A case of forensic autopsy and a brief literature review. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Zhang XD, Gao JM, Luo JM, Zhao Y. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: A case report and review of the literature. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:831-837. [PMID: 29434686 PMCID: PMC5772952 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the formation of calcium phosphate microliths in the alveoli. Mutations in the gene encoding the solute carrier family 34 member 2 gene are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of PAM. Although PAM can develop in children, the majority of patients with PAM are diagnosed in adulthood due to the slow progressive nature of the disease within the lungs. In childhood, the majority of patients with PAM are asymptomatic and changes in the lung parenchyma are usually identified incidentally. Symptoms of PAM typically appear in the third or fourth decade of life and there is often a notable dissociation between the advanced radiological findings and the mild clinical presentation. A positive diagnosis of PAM is reached by the combination of a positive chest radiograph and histological examination. Genetic testing may help to identify other latent patients in the family of the patient with PAM. In the present study, the cases of 3 patients diagnosed with PAM have been reported, including their clinical presentation, radio imaging, pathological symptoms, genetic test results and treatment plans, as well as the associated literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Mei Luo
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Castellana G, Castellana G, Gentile M, Castellana R, Resta O. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: review of the 1022 cases reported worldwide. Eur Respir Rev 2016; 24:607-20. [PMID: 26621975 PMCID: PMC9487614 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0036-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare disease characterised by the widespread intra-alveolar accumulation of minute calculi called microliths. It is caused by mutation of the SLC34A2 gene encoding the type IIb sodium phosphate cotransporter in alveolar type II cells. The present study explores the epidemiological, familial, genetic, clinical, diagnostic, radiological and therapeutic aspects with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of this uncommon disease. We searched articles on PAM published up to December 2014 and 544 papers were found, accounting for 1022 cases. PAM is present in all continents and in many nations, in particular in Turkey, China, Japan, India, Italy and the USA. Familiality is frequent. The clinical course is not uniform and the causes of this clinical variability seem to be largely nongenetic. The optimal diagnostic procedure is the association of chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) with bronchoalveolar lavage, but a chest radiograph may suffice in families in which a case has already been diagnosed. Moreover, chest radiography and HRCT allow the classification of the evolutionary phase of the disease and its severity. At present lung transplantation is the only effective therapy. However, better knowledge of the gene responsible offers hope for new therapies. Familial, genetic, clinical, radiological and therapeutic aspects of pulmonary alveolarmicrolithiasis epidemiologyhttp://ow.ly/St3Mw
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Castellana
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mattia Gentile
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Onofrio Resta
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Mahmood K, Ubaid M, Mahmood A. Pulmonary microlithiasis - A case report. Respir Med Case Rep 2016; 19:112-4. [PMID: 27660745 PMCID: PMC5021849 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare diffuse lung disease characterized by widespread sand-like intra-alveolar calcifications (calcospherites composed of calcium and phosphorus). Around 800 cases have been reported in the literature to date. We report here a case of a 35 years old female with prolonged h/o of exertional dyspnoea and mild cough. Clinical examination was mostly normal. Her Chest X-Ray revealed bilateral multiple nodular opacities (sand storm appearance). CT Scan chest showed diffuse micronodular calcifications with septal thickening, compatible with alveolar microlithiasis. Pulmonary function tests showed moderately restrictive lung disease. Bronchoscopic alveolar lavage revealed calcospherites in the alveloli and bronchi confirming the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmood
- Dean Faculty of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ubaid
- Department of Medicine Unit I, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a genetic lung disorder that is characterized by the accumulation of calcium phosphate deposits in the alveolar spaces of the lung. Mutations in the type II sodium phosphate cotransporter, NPT2b, have been reported in patients with PAM. PAM progresses gradually, often producing incremental dyspnea on exertion, desaturation in young adulthood, and respiratory insufficiency by late middle age. Treatment remains supportive, including supplemental oxygen therapy. For patients with end-stage disease, lung transplantation is available as a last resort. The recent development of a laboratory animal model has revealed several promising treatment approaches for future trials.
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Ganesan N, Ambroise MM, Ramdas A, Kisku KH, Singh K, Varghese RGB. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: an interesting case report with systematic review of Indian literature. Front Med 2015; 9:229-38. [PMID: 26024716 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare disease characterized by intra-alveolar presence of microliths. This study reports an interesting case of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis and provides a systematic review of cases reported from India. A 23-year-old female presented with a history of cough, wheeze, chest pain, and episodic wheeze for five months. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated an obstructive pattern, and chest Xray showed fine micronodular opacities predominantly involving the middle and lower zones of both lungs. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed the diagnosis. She responded well to inhaled steroid therapy. A systematic review of literature was performed and identified 73 cases of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis reported from India. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 28.8 (14.9) years, with an almost equal male:female ratio. Many patients were asymptomatic at presentation. Breathlessness and cough were the most common symptoms, and the disease progressed into respiratory failure associated with cor pulmonale. About one-third of the cases were initially misdiagnosed and treated as pulmonary tuberculosis. Extra-pulmonary manifestations and comorbidities were also evident in our series. This systematic review helps to determine epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Further research is needed to elucidate the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic options, which are beneficial in developing and identifying cost-effective treatment for pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhya Ganesan
- Department of Pathology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, 605014, India,
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Singh M, Saini AG, Mathew J, Nahar U, Vaiphei K. Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis in Children: Case Series and Review of Literature. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2011; 24:221-224. [PMID: 35927861 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2011.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is rare in children. It presents as a chronic disease with early asymptomatic course and is usually idiopathic. Characteristic radiology and high index of suspicion can lead to early diagnosis by lung biopsy. Treatment with drugs targeting phosphate metabolism may be beneficial. We present a series of 3 pediatric cases confirmed by lung biopsies, along with review of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arushi G Saini
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joseph Mathew
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Nahar
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kim Vaiphei
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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