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Gille T, Laveneziana P. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in interstitial lung diseases and the value of ventilatory efficiency. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/200355. [PMID: 34853093 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0355-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are diverse parenchymal pulmonary disorders, primarily characterised by alveolar and interstitial inflammation and/or fibrosis, and sharing pathophysiological similarities. Thus, patients generally harbour common respiratory symptoms, lung function abnormalities and modified exercise adaptation. The most usual and disabling complaint is exertional dyspnoea, frequently responsible for premature exercise interruption. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is increasingly used for the clinical assessment of patients with ILD. This is because exercise performance or dyspnoea on exertion cannot reliably be predicted by resting pulmonary function tests. CPET, therefore, provides an accurate evaluation of functional capacity on an individual basis. CPET can unmask anomalies in the integrated functions of the respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, peripheral muscle and neurosensory systems in ILDs. CPET uniquely provides an evaluation of all above aspects and can help clinicians shape ILD patient management. Preliminary evidence suggests that CPET may also generate valuable prognostic information in ILDs and can be used to shed light on the presence of associated pulmonary hypertension. This review aims to provide comprehensive and updated evidence concerning the clinical utility of CPET in ILD patients, with particular focus on the physiological and clinical value of ventilatory efficiency (V˙E/V˙CO2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gille
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), INSERM, UMR 1272 Hypoxia & the Lung, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, Bobigny, France .,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis (GHUPSSD), Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles du Département Médico-Universitaire NARVAL, Bobigny, France
| | - Pierantonio Laveneziana
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire APHP-Sorbonne Université, sites Pitié-Salpêtrière, Saint-Antoine et Tenon, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de l'Exercice et de la Dyspnée (Département R3S), Paris, France
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Kahn N, Rossler AK, Hornemann K, Muley T, Grünig E, Schmidt W, Herth FJF, Kreuter M. C-proSP-B: A Possible Biomarker for Pulmonary Diseases? Respiration 2018; 96:117-126. [PMID: 29763900 DOI: 10.1159/000488245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) in the serum of patients with pulmonary diseases is thought to reflect an injury of the alveolar epithelial barrier and as such serve as a biomarker for these diseases. However, the data for SP-B are limited. OBJECTIVES The aim of this feasibility study was to assess whether immature SP-B pre-proteins might have value as a possible biomarker for pulmonary diseases. METHODS In serum samples from patients with different chronic lung diseases (interstitial lung diseases [ILDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, inflammation, patients on ventilator support; total n = 283), C-proSP-B was measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay based on mouse monoclonal anti-C-proSP-B antibodies. Levels were correlated to lung functional and clinical parameters. RESULTS The highest C-proSP-B levels were detected in the serum of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. In a multivariate analysis, C-proSP-B levels were able to discriminate IPF patients from patients with all other pulmonary diseases (p < 0.0001). No significant correlations were found between C-proSP-B levels and lung function, smoking history, or disease extent. CONCLUSIONS SP-B pre-proteins might serve as a biomarker in pulmonary diseases with alveolar or interstitial damage such as ILDs, especially in IPF. Their role in the long-term monitoring of such diseases has to be clarified further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kahn
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Unit, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Rossler
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hornemann
- Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Unit, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Werner Schmidt
- Department for Anesthesiology, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J F Herth
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Heidelberg, Germany
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Susilovic-Grabovac Z, Banfi C, Brusoni D, Mapelli M, Ghilardi S, Obad A, Bakovic-Kramaric D, Dujic Z, Agostoni P. Diving and pulmonary physiology: Surfactant binding protein, lung fluid and cardiopulmonary test changes in professional divers. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 243:27-31. [PMID: 28467885 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of breathing pattern ranging from an increase of respiratory rate to overt hyperventilation during and after SCUBA diving is frequently reported and is associated with intrathoracic fluid overload. This study was undertaken to assess breathing efficiency after diving and the association with damage of alveolar cells. Ventilation efficiency (VE/VCO2) during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before and 2h after a standard protocol dive has been analyzed in twelve professional males divers (39.5±10.5years). Furthermore, within 30min from surfacing, subjects underwent blood sample for surfactant derived proteins (SPs) determination, while thoracic ultrasound was performed at 30, 60, 90 and 120min. Dive consisted in a single quick descend to 18m of sea water, a 47min bottom stay and a direct ascent to the surface. CPET showed a preserved exercise performance with an increase of VE/VCO2 after diving (21.4±2.9 vs. 22.9±3.3, p<0.05). Mature SP-B increased while other SPs were unchanged. Ultrasound lung comets (ULC) were high in the first post-dive evaluation with a significant, but not complete, progressive reduction at 120min after surfacing. In conclusion we showed that, after a single dive, lung fluid increased with an increase of ventilation inefficiency and of the mature form of SP-B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ante Obad
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Darija Bakovic-Kramaric
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Split, Split, Croatia; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy; Department of Clinical sciences and Community health, Cardiovascular Section, University of Milano, Milano Italy.
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Banfi C, Agostoni P. Surfactant protein B: From biochemistry to its potential role as diagnostic and prognostic marker in heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:456-62. [PMID: 27414721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing interest raised on circulating biomarkers of structural alveolar-capillary unit damage and very recent data support surfactant protein type B (SP-B) as the most promising candidate in this setting. With respect to other proteins proposed as possible markers of lung damage, SP-B has some unique qualities: it is critical for the assembly of pulmonary surfactant, making its lack incompatible with life; it has no other known site of synthesis except alveolar epithelial cells different from other surfactant proteins; and, it undergoes a proteolytic processing in a pulmonary-cell-specific manner. In the recent years circulating SP-B isoforms, mature or immature, have been demonstrated to be detectable in the circulation depending on the magnitude of the damage of alveolar capillary membrane. In the present review, we summarize the recent knowledge on SP-B regulation, function and we discuss its potential role as reliable biological marker of alveolar capillary membrane (dys)function in the context of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
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Magrì D, Banfi C, Maruotti A, Farina S, Vignati C, Salvioni E, Morosin M, Brioschi M, Ghilardi S, Tremoli E, Agostoni P. Plasma immature form of surfactant protein type B correlates with prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. A pilot single-center prospective study. Int J Cardiol 2015; 201:394-9. [PMID: 26310985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas exchange abnormalities are part of the heart failure (HF) syndrome and growing interest raised on possible biomarkers of alveolar-capillary unit damage. The present pilot single-center study sought to investigate the prognostic values of circulating surfactant protein type B (SP-B) in a cohort of systolic HF patients. METHODS One hundred and fifty-one HF stable outpatients and 37 healthy subjects underwent a full clinical assessment, including pulmonary function and lung diffusion for carbon monoxide (DLco), maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and measurements for both circulating immature and mature forms of SP-B. Study end-points were hospitalization due to HF worsening and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS Immature SP-B, but not the mature form, was significantly higher in HF patients than in controls and was independently related to DLco, peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory efficiency. During the follow-up (median: 995 days; interquartile range: 739-1247 days), 97 patients experimented at least one HF hospitalization and 9 died for cardiovascular causes. At univariate analysis immature SP-B levels were significantly related to both cardiovascular death (p=0.033) and HF hospitalization (p<0.001). At multivariate analysis, immature SP-B levels remained independently associated to HF hospitalization (hazard ratio: 2.304; 95% confidence interval 1.858-3.019; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Present data confirm a strong relationship between circulating immature SP-B levels, gas exchange abnormalities and exercise limitations in stable HF as well as they are consistent with the use of immature SP-B in HF clinical risk assessment. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm its prognostic role as well as to evaluate whether immature SP-B plasma concentration varies in response to specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Magrì
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Maruotti
- Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Institutions, Economy and Society, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Farina
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Vignati
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Morosin
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy; Cardiovascular Dept., "Ospedali Riuniti", Trieste, Postgraduate School of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy.
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Dubaniewicz A, Kalinowski L, Dudziak M, Kalinowska A, Singh M. Peroxynitrite in Sarcoidosis: Relation to Mycobacterium Stationary Phase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 866:41-9. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Surfactant-derived proteins as markers of alveolar membrane damage in heart failure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115030. [PMID: 25514679 PMCID: PMC4267772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In heart failure (HF) alveolar-capillary membrane is abnormal. Surfactant-derived proteins (SPs) and plasma receptor for advanced-glycation-end-products (RAGE) have been proposed as lung damage markers. Methods Eighty-nine chronic HF and 17 healthy subjects were evaluated by echocardiography, blood parameters, carbon monoxide lung diffusion (DLCO) and cardiopulmonary exercise test. We measured immature SP-B, mature SP-B, SP-A, SP-D and RAGE plasma levels. Results Immature SP-B (arbitrary units), mature SP-A (ng/ml) and SP-D (ng/ml), but not mature SP-B (ng/ml) and RAGE (pg/ml) levels, were higher in HF than in controls [immature SP-B: 15.6 (13.1, 75th–25th interquartile range) Vs. 11.1 (6.4), p<0.01; SP-A, 29.6 (20.1) Vs. 18.3 (13.5), p = 0.01; SP-D: 125 (90) Vs. 78 (58), p<0.01]. Immature SP-B, SP-A, SP-D and RAGE values were related to DLCO, peak oxygen consumption, ventilatory efficiency, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), whereas plasma mature SP-B was not. The DLCO Vs. immature SP-B correlation was the strongest one. At multivariate analysis, RAGE was associated to age and creatinine, SP-A to DLCO and BNP, SP-D to BNP, mature SP-B to DLCO and creatinine, and immature SP-B only but strongly to DLCO. Conclusions Immature SP-B is the most reliable biological marker of alveolar-capillary membrane function in HF.
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