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Sonpanao P, Janebodin K, Namvichaisirikul N, Thongjit S, Jitprasertwong P. The Prevalence of Xerostomia in Older Thai Individuals with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Type of Toothpaste and Oral Functions: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Questionnaires. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:76. [PMID: 37489324 PMCID: PMC10366830 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalence of xerostomia in older people with diabetes mellitus and its impacts on oral functions, as well as to determine potential risk factors for xerostomia. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 623 older type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Thai people using valid structural questionnaires. Patients were interviewed, and data were recorded. Xerostomia was assessed using subjective symptom questionnaires. Risk factors for xerostomia were analyzed using bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Among the study participants, 38.4% of the older T2DM people had xerostomia, which is associated with sex, age, type of toothpaste, years of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c level, other systemic diseases, medication, smoking, alcohol consumption, and denture wearing. It was significant that xerostomia was associated with toothpaste containing spicy herbal extracts (OR: 9.32 [3.46 to 15.25]), while toothpaste containing artificial sweeteners tended to lower the risk of xerostomia. In addition, older T2DM adults with xerostomia had greater impaired oral functions, which include difficulties in speaking (OR: 3.31 [1.11 to 9.80]), tasting (OR: 5.12 [3.26 to 8.06]), swallowing (OR: 3.59 [2.32 to 5.53]), and chewing (OR: 3.34 [1.15 to 5.82]). CONCLUSIONS Xerostomia is prevalent in older Thai people with T2DM. The results suggest that toothpaste containing spicy herbal extracts might increase the risk of xerostomia, resulting in various oral function problems. Therefore, greater awareness of xerostomia in this group should be raised to monitor dental health, and professionals should work in parallel with other aspects of oral health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panitan Sonpanao
- Translational Medicine (International Program), Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kajohnkiart Janebodin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Niwatchai Namvichaisirikul
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Supattarayan Thongjit
- School of Family and Community Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Jitprasertwong
- School of Geriatric Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Reuss JM, Alonso-Gamo L, Garcia-Aranda M, Reuss D, Albi M, Albi B, Vilaboa D, Vilaboa B. Oral Mucosa in Cancer Patients-Putting the Pieces Together: A Narrative Review and New Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3295. [PMID: 37444405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a key player in cancer patients and during cancer treatment. The increasing prevalence of cancer and cancer-therapy-associated side effects are behind the major role that oral mucosa plays in oncological patients. Oral mucositis is a debilitating severe complication caused by the early toxicity of chemo and/or radiotherapy that can restrict treatment outcome possibilities, even challenging a patient's survival. It has been referred to as the most feared cancer treatment complication. Predictive variables as to who will be affected, and to what extent, are still unclear. Additionally, oral mucositis is one of the sources of the increasing economic burden of cancer, not only for patients and their families but also for institutions and governments. All efforts should be implemented in the search for new approaches to minimize the apparently ineluctable outburst of oral mucositis during cancer treatment. New perspectives derived from different approaches to explaining the interrelation between oral mucositis and the oral microbiome or the similarities with genitourinary mucosa may help elucidate the biomolecular pathways and mechanisms behind oral mucosa cancer-therapy-related toxicity, and what is more important is its management in order to minimize treatment side effects and provide enhanced cancer support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Reuss
- Department of Postgraduate Prosthodontics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Alonso-Gamo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infanta Cristina, 28981 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola Garcia-Aranda
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Department of Oncologic Radiotherapy, Hospital Universitario Sanchinarro, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debora Reuss
- Lecturer Dental School, Universidad San Pablo CEU, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Albi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Quironsalud Group Public Hospitals, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Albi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debora Vilaboa
- Aesthetic Dentistry Department, Universidad San Pablo CEU, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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Bizo L, Mureşan-Pop M, Barabás R, Barbu-Tudoran L, Berar A. In Vitro Degradation of Mg-Doped ZrO 2 Bioceramics at the Interface with Xerostom ® Saliva Substitute Gel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2680. [PMID: 37048973 PMCID: PMC10096315 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia-based bioceramics, one of the most important materials used for dental applications, have been intensively studied in recent years due to their excellent mechanical resistance and chemical inertness in the mouth. In this work, the structural, morphological and dissolution properties of the Zr1-xMgxO2 (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3) system, prepared by the conventional ceramic method, were evaluated before and after immersion in saliva substitute gel (Xerostom®, Biocosmetics Laboratories, Madrid, Spain), one of the most common topical dry mouth products used in dentistry. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) techniques were employed to investigate the phase transformations and morphology of the ceramics during the degradation process in Xerostom®. In vitro analyses showed overall good stability in the Xerostom® environment, except for the x = 0.05 composition, where significant t- to m-ZrO2 transformation occurred. In addition, the strong interconnection of the grains was maintained after immersion, which could allow a high mechanical strength of the ceramics to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bizo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeş-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str., RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Marieta Mureşan-Pop
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeş-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str., RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Réka Barabás
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Hungarian Line of Study, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Lucian Barbu-Tudoran
- Electron Microscopy Center “Prof. C. Craciun”, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Str., RO-400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonela Berar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Str., RO-400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Mejía-Chuquispuma NJ, Flores-Jiménez KV, Castro-Auqui AC, Mattos-Vela MA. Manejo odontológico de las manifestaciones orales inducidas por radioterapia de cabeza y cuello. BIONATURA 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
La radioterapia es una de las primeras opciones de tratamiento para el cáncer de cabeza y cuello; sin embargo, puede ocasionar diversas manifestaciones secundarias en la cavidad oral tales como mucositis oral, xerostomía, infecciones orales oportunistas, osteorradionecrosis y trismo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir el manejo preventivo y terapéutico de las complicaciones orales inducidas por radioterapia de cabeza y cuello en la práctica odontológica propuestos hasta la actualidad. Se encontraron diversas medidas que han logrado reducir la incidencia y gravedad de dichas manifestaciones orales; sin embargo, aún existen algunas que requieren de más estudios para confirmar su efectividad.
Palabras clave: cáncer de cabeza y cuello; manifestaciones bucales; radioterapia; terapéutica.
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Wiriyakijja P, Niklander S, Santos-Silva AR, Shorrer MK, Simms ML, Villa A, Sankar V, Kerr AR, Riordain RN, Jensen SB, Delli K. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VIII: Development of a Core Outcome Set for Dry Mouth: A Systematic Review of Outcome Domains for Xerostomia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023:S2212-4403(23)00068-8. [PMID: 37198047 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify all outcome domains used in clinical studies of xerostomia, that is, subjective sensation of dry mouth. This study is part of the extended project "World Workshop on Oral Medicine Outcomes Initiative for the Direction of Research" to develop a core outcome set for dry mouth. STUDY DESIGN A systematic review was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. All clinical and observational studies that assessed xerostomia in human participants from 2001 to 2021 were included. Information on outcome domains was extracted and mapped to the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials taxonomy. Corresponding outcome measures were summarized. RESULTS From a total of 34,922 records retrieved, 688 articles involving 122,151 persons with xerostomia were included. There were 16 unique outcome domains and 166 outcome measures extracted. None of these domains or measures were consistently used across all the studies. The severity of xerostomia and physical functioning were the 2 most frequently assessed domains. CONCLUSION There is considerable heterogeneity in outcome domains and measures reported in clinical studies of xerostomia. This highlights the need for harmonization of dry mouth assessment to enhance comparability across studies and facilitate the synthesis of robust evidence for managing patients with xerostomia.
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Ramchandrappa K, Shah R, Tyagi A. Can Submandibular Gland be Preserved During Neck Disscetion in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma? Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:6351-6355. [PMID: 36742853 PMCID: PMC9895482 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Submandibular gland is commonly removed as an integral part of level I neck dissection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. However, it is unclear whether lymph nodes are present within the submandibular gland which may form the basis of lymphatic spread and gland removal. So, this study investigated the incidence of submandibular gland involvement in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma to determine the possible feasibility of submandibular gland sparing neck dissection. The medical records of 83 patients diagnosed with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively to determine frequency of intraglandular lymph nodes in submandibular gland [submandibular gland metastasis] and incidence and mechanism of submandibular gland involvement by oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. The overall incidence of cervical metastasis was 56.4%, of whom majority had level I metastasis. Submandibular gland involvement via direct invasion from the anatomical proximity of T4a tumors or extra nodal extension from level 1b node was evident in 6 patients. Despite the high incidence of level I metastasis, lymphatic metastases to submandibular gland itself are unlikely based on absence of intraglandular lymph nodes. The results suggest the feasibility of preserving the submandibular gland in early-stage oral cavity carcinoma unless the tumor extends level 1b with extra nodal extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnappa Ramchandrappa
- Surgical Oncology, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institiute of Oncolgy, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rahulkumar Shah
- Head and Neck Surgery Resident, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institiute of Oncology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Amit Tyagi
- Head and Neck Surgery Resident, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institiute of Oncology, Bengaluru, India
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Martins ML, Leite KLDF, Magno MB, Masterson D, Vicente-Gomila JM, Cavalcanti YW, Maia LC, Fonseca-Gonçalves A. The Xylitol Applicability and its Effects in Health Area Worldwide: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2022.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Marín C, Díaz-de-Valdés L, Conejeros C, Martínez R, Niklander S. Interventions for the treatment of xerostomia: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e104-e111. [PMID: 33574994 PMCID: PMC7864369 DOI: 10.4317/jced.57924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xerostomia or dry mouth sensation corresponds to a common clinical problem that can significantly impair the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL). Currently, there is a large variety of local agents available for the treatment of xerostomia, but there is a lack robust evidence supporting the use of one treatment over another. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of a 1% malic acid salivary stimulant spray with a 1.33% betaine-based saliva substitute mouthwash in the improvement of xerostomia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-one participants with drug induced or idiopathic xerostomia were randomly allocated into three groups, two intervention and one control group (placebo). OHRQoL and severity of xerostomia were assessed with the OHIP-14sp questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS) respectively. Stimulated and non-stimulated salivary flow rates before and after treatments were also measured. RESULTS All three groups reported a significantly improvement in the dry mouth sensation and non-stimulated salivary flow rates, but only the malic acid spray and the betaine-based mouthwash significantly improved the OHRQoL. There were no significant differences between both intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that both tested agents are comparable in improving the dry mouth sensation and OHRQoL of patients with drug induced and idiopathic xerostomia. Key words:Xerostomia, dry mouth, malic acid, betaine, oral-health related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Marín
- Departamento de Patología y Cirugía Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Laura Díaz-de-Valdés
- Departamento de Patología y Cirugía Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Catalina Conejeros
- Departamento de Patología y Cirugía Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - René Martínez
- Departamento de Patología y Cirugía Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Sven Niklander
- Departamento de Patología y Cirugía Oral, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Taberna M, Gil Moncayo F, Jané-Salas E, Antonio M, Arribas L, Vilajosana E, Peralvez Torres E, Mesía R. The Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) Approach and Quality of Care. Front Oncol 2020; 10:85. [PMID: 32266126 PMCID: PMC7100151 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The core function of a multidisciplinary team (MDT) is to bring together a group of healthcare professionals from different fields in order to determine patients' treatment plan. Most of head and neck cancer (HNC) units are currently led by MDTs that at least include ENT and maxillofacial surgeons, radiation and medical oncologists. HNC often compromise relevant structures of the upper aerodigestive tract involving functions such as speech, swallowing and breathing, among others. The impairment of these functions can significantly impact patients' quality of life and psychosocial status, and highlights the crucial role of specialized nurses, dietitians, psycho-oncologists, social workers, and onco-geriatricians, among others. Hence, these professionals should be integrated in HNC MDTs. In addition, involving translational research teams should also be considered, as it will help reducing the existing gap between basic research and the daily clinical practice. The aim of this comprehensive review is to assess the role of the different supportive disciplines integrated in an MDT and how they help providing a better care to HNC patients during diagnosis, treatment and follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Taberna
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), ONCOBELL, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Gil Moncayo
- Psicooncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Jané-Salas
- Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Antonio
- Oncogeriatrics Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Arribas
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vilajosana
- Head and Neck Nurse, Head and Neck Functional Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Peralvez Torres
- Expert SLP in Oncologic Patients, Head of SLP's Department, Atos Medical Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Mesía
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), B-ARGO, Barcelona, Spain
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López-Pintor RM, Ramírez L, Serrano J, de Pedro M, Fernández-Castro M, Casañas E, Hernández G. Effects of Xerostom ® products on xerostomia in primary Sjögren's syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. Oral Dis 2018; 25:772-780. [PMID: 30561129 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of Xerostom® toothpaste and mouthwash in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients with xerostomia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A double-blinded, randomized study where patients were assigned at baseline test or control products. Patients used the products 3 times/day/28 days. We used a visual analogue scale (VAS) for xerostomia and an Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), baseline and after treatment, to assess possible improvement. RESULTS A total of 28 patients with pSS were included in this study, but only 24 finished it (all women, mean age 55.21 ± 11.87), and 13 patients received the test and 11 the control. VAS and OHIP-14 scores decreased in both groups after treatment but significant differences between groups were not found. We do not detect VAS intragroup significant differences before and after treatment in test and control groups. A significant improvement in OHIP-14 was identified in the treatment group, while no significant differences were observed in the control group. No adverse effects were present. CONCLUSIONS Xerostom® toothpaste and mouthrinse may alleviate and improve quality of life without associated side effects, but further research with a larger number of participants and follow-up are necessary to establish the positive efficacy of these topical products in pSS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María López-Pintor
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Serrano
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel de Pedro
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elisabeth Casañas
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hernández
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Submandibular gland invasion and feasibility of gland-sparing neck dissection in oral cavity carcinoma. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2018; 132:446-451. [PMID: 29720283 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215118000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the incidence and routes of submandibular gland involvement in oral cavity carcinoma to determine the feasibility of submandibular gland sparing neck dissection. METHODS The records of 155 patients diagnosed with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, with a total of 183 neck specimens, including those involving level I, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Submandibular gland involvement, via direct invasion from the anatomical proximity of T4a tumours, was evident in two patients. The floor of mouth location, either primarily or as an extension of the primary tumour, was the only risk factor for submandibular gland involvement in oral cavity carcinoma (p = 0.042). Tumour location, clinical and pathological tumour (T) and nodal (N) stages, and radiological suspicion of mandible invasion, were not found to be statistically relevant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest the feasibility of preserving the submandibular gland in early stage oral cavity carcinoma unless the tumour is located in, or extends to, the floor of mouth.
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