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Sousa LN, Winter IC, Varela DD, Luvison EZ, Guzmán JFC, Machado AMV, Figueiredo RDV, Pena GT, dos Santos ACS, Faleiros RR, Carvalho ADM. Lidocaine's Ineffectiveness in Mitigating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pain and Peristaltic Effects in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:3147. [PMID: 39518869 PMCID: PMC11545326 DOI: 10.3390/ani14213147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study involved seven horses in a randomized crossover clinical trial to evaluate the effect of lidocaine on horses with induced endotoxemia. Horses received intravenous lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg bolus, followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/min) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride at the same manner) one hour before LPS administration (0.03 μg/kg, IV infusion over 30 min). We monitored clinic and hematologic parameters, abdominal auscultation, ultrasound, and pain over time. No relevant clinical differences existed between treatments regarding peristalsis, abdominal pain, or any other parameters before and after endotoxemia induction. These findings do not support the clinical use of lidocaine to mitigate abdominal pain and intestinal hypomotility promoted by endotoxemia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Nunes Sousa
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.C.W.); (R.R.F.); (A.d.M.C.)
| | - Isabella Caixeta Winter
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.C.W.); (R.R.F.); (A.d.M.C.)
| | - Diego Duarte Varela
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.C.W.); (R.R.F.); (A.d.M.C.)
| | - Eduarda Zancanaro Luvison
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.C.W.); (R.R.F.); (A.d.M.C.)
| | - Juan Felipe Colmenares Guzmán
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil (A.M.V.M.); (A.C.S.d.S.)
| | - Ana Moutinho Vilella Machado
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil (A.M.V.M.); (A.C.S.d.S.)
| | | | - Gabriel Tavares Pena
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil (A.M.V.M.); (A.C.S.d.S.)
| | - Ana Clara Silva dos Santos
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil (A.M.V.M.); (A.C.S.d.S.)
| | - Rafael Resende Faleiros
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.C.W.); (R.R.F.); (A.d.M.C.)
- CNPq Research Fellow, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasília 71605-001, Brazil
| | - Armando de Mattos Carvalho
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (I.C.W.); (R.R.F.); (A.d.M.C.)
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Brandon AM, Williams JM, Davis JL, Martin EG, Capper AM, Crabtree NE. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide administered via subcutaneous bolus and intravenous constant rate infusion to adult horses. Vet Surg 2024; 53:1111-1122. [PMID: 38925540 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of metoclopramide administered via intravenous continuous rate infusion (IV CRI) and subcutaneous (SC) bolus and evaluate for gastrointestinal motility and adverse side effects. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study; randomized, crossover design. ANIMALS Six healthy adult horses. METHODS Each horse received metoclopramide via IV CRI (0.04 mg/kg/h for 24 h) and SC bolus (0.08 mg/kg once), with ≥1 week washout period between. Plasma was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Compartmental modeling was used to determine PK parameters for each treatment; nonparametric superposition was used to simulate multiple SC bolus regimens. Gastrointestinal motility and evidence of adverse effects were monitored. RESULTS Tmax (h) for SC bolus was 0.583 ± 0.204 versus 17.3 ± 6.41 for IV CRI, while Cmax (ng/mL) was 27.7 ± 6.38 versus 43.6 ± 9.97, respectively. AUC (h × ng/mL) was calculated as 902 ± 189 for 24 h IV CRI versus 244 ± 37.4 simulated for 0.08 mg/kg SC bolus every 8 h. Simulations revealed similar exposure between groups with administration of 0.96 mg/kg/day SC bolus, divided into three, four, or six doses. SC bolus bioavailability was estimated as 110 ± 11.5%. No clear trends in motility alteration were identified. No adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION Repeated SC boluses of metoclopramide at 0.08 mg/kg would result in lower total drug exposure and Tmax than IV CRI administration but would be highly bioavailable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Higher and/or more frequent SC bolus doses are needed to achieve a similar AUC to IV CRI. No adverse effects were noted; however, evaluation of alternative dosing strategies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Brandon
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jarred M Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jen L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily G Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ava M Capper
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Naomi E Crabtree
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Marzok M, Kandeel M, Alkhodair K, Abdel-Raheem S, Ismail H, Farag A, Ibrahim H, El-Ashkar M, Shousha S, El-Khodery S. Evaluation of cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography after administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron in donkeys ( Equus asinus): an experimental study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1189710. [PMID: 37680391 PMCID: PMC10480612 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1189710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography after the administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron in donkeys. For this purpose, 10 apparently healthy Egyptian Baladi donkeys (Equus asinus) were used in a crossover prospective study. Two trials were conducted with the administration of metoclopramide hydrochloride anhydrous at a dose of 0.25 mg Kg-1 and ondansetron hydrochloride sodium at a dose of 0.15 mg Kg-1. The control group (placebo) received a total volume of 50 mL of isotonic saline at 0.9%. An echocardiographic examination was performed using a Digital Color Doppler Ultrasound System equipped with a 2-3.9 MHz phased array sector scanner transducer. In general, the fractional shortening (FS%) was significantly affected by the time for metoclopramide (p = 0.031) and ondansetron (p = 0.047) compared with those of placebo, with treatment with metoclopramide provoking significantly higher percentages of FS% at T60 (p = 0.009) and T90 (p = 0.028) compared with those for ondansetron and placebo. The interaction of time x treatment also showed a statistically significant alteration of FS% (p < 0.05), while the values returned to the basal line at T240. Metoclopramide induced a significant decrease in E-point to septal separation (EPSS) at T90 (p = 0.005), and T240 (p = 0.007) compared with ondansetron and placebo. The time x treatment interaction also showed a significant (p < 0.05) variation in EPSS, with values returning to the basal line at T300. Mitral valve opening velocity (DE SLP) values were significantly affected by time (p = 0.004) in the metoclopramide group compared with those of ondansetron and placebo. Administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron provoked significant alterations of DE SLP at T60 (p = 0.039), T120 (p = 0.036), and T300 (p = 0.005) compared with placebo. In conclusion, caution should be exercised when administering both treatments, especially to animals with suspected cardiac problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Khaled Alkhodair
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherief Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hisham Ismail
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene "Meat Hygiene", Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa Farag
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
| | - Hossam Ibrahim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
| | - Maged El-Ashkar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
| | - Saad Shousha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sabry El-Khodery
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
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Patton ME, Andrews FM, Bogers SH, Wong D, McKenzie HC, Werre SR, Byron CR. Effects of Bit Chewing on Gastric Emptying, Small Intestinal Transit, and Orocecal Transit Times in Clinically Normal Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2518. [PMID: 37570326 PMCID: PMC10416828 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ileus is a common life-threatening problem in horses, and currently available treatments may be ineffective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bit chewing, a form of sham feeding, decreases the gastric emptying time (GET), small intestinal transit time (SITT), and total orocecal transit time (OCTT) in clinically normal horses in a prospective crossover study. Nine healthy horses were acclimated and fed a standardized diet. Following 24 h of fasting, self-contained video endoscopy capsules and acetaminophen were administered into the stomach via a nasogastric tube. Each horse underwent experimental (bit chewing for 20 min every 6 h) or control (no bit chewing) conditions, with a 3-week minimum washout period between conditions. The horses were enrolled in either part of the study until all video capsules were retrieved and/or 30 days lapsed. The video capsules were recovered from manure, and GET, SITT, and OCTT were determined from a video analysis. Bit chewing significantly decreased OCTT (p = 0.015) compared to the control conditions. Bit chewing decreased GET and SITT, but the differences were not significant. The mean (median) times determined via the video capsule analysis for the bit-chewing conditions were as follows: GET, 2.34 h (2.86 h); SITT, 3.22 h (3.65 h); and OCTT, 5.13 h (6.15 h), and for the control conditions, they were as follows: GET, 3.93 h (5 h); SITT, 3.79 h (4.4 h); and OCTT, 8.02 h (9.92 h). Bit chewing decreased OCTT in healthy horses. Because this segment of the gastrointestinal tract is frequently affected by ileus, bit chewing may be a safe and inexpensive intervention for that condition in horses. Further investigation in clinical patients with ileus is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E. Patton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.E.P.); (S.H.B.); (H.C.M.III)
| | - Frank M. Andrews
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Sophie H. Bogers
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.E.P.); (S.H.B.); (H.C.M.III)
| | - David Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IW 50011, USA;
| | - Harold C. McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.E.P.); (S.H.B.); (H.C.M.III)
| | - Stephen R. Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Christopher R. Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.E.P.); (S.H.B.); (H.C.M.III)
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Wood F, Loomes K. Suspected lidocaine toxicity and the use of metoclopramide and neostigmine to treat post‐operative small intestinal ileus in a donkey. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Loomes
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Malton North Yorkshire UK
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6
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Mathie AH, Dixon C. Diagnosing and treating gastric impactions in horses. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Beder NA, Mourad AA, Aly MA. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of the administration of neostigmine and metoclopramide on duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractility in Arabian horses: A comparative study. Vet World 2020; 13:2447-2451. [PMID: 33363340 PMCID: PMC7750228 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2447-2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim As means for enhancing gastrointestinal (GI) motility, prokinetics have previously been evaluated in different breeds of horses with varying success. No previous studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of prokinetics on the intestinal tract of Arabian horses breed. Using B-mode ultrasound in the quantification of intestinal contractility, this study aimed to compare the impact of neostigmine and metoclopramide on the intestinal motility of healthy Arabian horses. Materials and Methods Twenty-one clinically healthy Arabian horses were equally distributed into three groups. The control group was administered with 5 mL normal saline intramuscularly (IM). The second group was administered with neostigmine (0.044 mg/kg body weight [BW], IM), and the third group was administered with metoclopramide (0.25 mg/kg BW, IM). Duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions were counted through ultrasonography for 3 min (pre-administration and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post-administration). Results In the neostigmine group, a significant (p<0.05) increase in duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions was observed 15 min post-administration compared with that in the control group (15±1.0, 11.33±1.53, and 12.33±2.31 vs. 11.0±2.0, 6.33±0.58, and 5.33±0.58 contractions per 3 min, respectively), continuing to 60 min post-administration for the duodenum and cecum and 120 min for colon and then returning to the normal; however, the metoclopramide group showed a significant (p<0.05) increase only in cecal and colonic contractions 60 min post-administration compared with the control group (11.0±1.0 and 12.33±0.58 vs. 6±1.0 and 5.67±0.58 contractions per 3 min, respectively), continuing until the end of the experiment. Excessive sweating, excitation, and straining were recorded following the administration of neostigmine, whereas no side effects were observed in the metoclopramide group. Conclusion Neostigmine improves duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions in healthy adult Arabian horses, whereas metoclopramide only improves cecal and colonic contractions. Metoclopramide appears to be safer and longer acting than neostigmine in the Arabian horse breed. Ultrasonography is a valuable noninvasive tool for the quantification of intestinal contractility. Future studies should consider the use of various dosages of metoclopramide and administration routes and investigate its impact on horses with GI transit disorders and inclusion in colic post-operative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Abdallah Beder
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Atef Mourad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Allam Aly
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
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Ocampo L, Coello M, Aquino I. Comparative Efficacy of the Prokinetic Effects of Cisapride and Tegaserod in Equines. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103179. [PMID: 32797801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cisapride and tegaserod on intestinal smooth muscle activity in equines. Efficacy was evaluated through measurement of gastrointestinal transit time, bowel movements per day, stool weight, and bowel sounds. Drug safety was evaluated via heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Records were obtained throughout three periods: a control phase without treatment, a period of cisapride administration at a dose of 0.22 mg/kg, and a period of tegaserod treatment at a dose of 0.27 mg/kg. Gastrointestinal transit time, bowel movements per day, and stool weight were significantly improved on administration of both cisapride and tegaserod, as compared with the control phase. With tegaserod administration, gastrointestinal transit time accelerates more than to cisapride administration; however, no significant difference was seen in bowel movements per day and stool weight. In terms of heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature, no significant variations were seen between the three sample phases. Because of the above findings, tegaserod can be considered an effective stimulant of intestinal smooth muscle, accelerating gastrointestinal transit time in healthy horses and representing a potential therapeutic agent similar to cisapride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ocampo
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Coello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Husbandry for Horses. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzcoatl Aquino
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department. School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Lawson AL, Sherlock CE, Mair TS. Equine duodenal motility, assessed by ultrasonography, as a predictor of reflux and survival following colic surgery. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
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Grauw J, Loon T. Successful treatment of prolonged postoperative ileus following resection of a small intestinal spindle cell sarcoma in a horse. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janny Grauw
- Department of Equine SciencesUtrecht University Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Thijs Loon
- Department of Equine SciencesUtrecht University Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Thibault CJ, Wilson DV, Robertson SA, Sharma D, Kinsley MA. A retrospective study of fecal output and postprocedure colic in 246 horses undergoing standing sedation with detomidine, or general anesthesia with or without detomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:458-465. [PMID: 31196750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine time to first passage of feces, total fecal piles and incidence of colic in the first 24 hours postprocedure in horses undergoing standing sedation with detomidine, or general anesthesia with or without detomidine. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS A total of 246 horses. METHODS Records of all horses that underwent standing sedation or general anesthesia between December 2012 and March 2016 were reviewed. Horses aged <6 months, admitted for colic or cesarean section, with inadequate data, and those not administered xylazine and/or detomidine were excluded. Records included patient signalment, fasting duration, procedure performed, drugs administered, time to first feces, number of fecal piles during 24 hours postprocedure and mention of colic. Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Tukey's post hoc comparison tests were used. Parametric data were reported as mean ± standard deviation with significance defined as p <0.05. RESULTS In total, 116 and 57 horses underwent general anesthesia without detomidine (group GA) and with detomidine (group GA-D), respectively, and remaining 73 horses underwent standing sedation with detomidine (group S-D). Detomidine dose was significantly higher in group S-D than in group GA-D. Time to first feces was longer (7.1 ± 4.2 hours), and group S-D horses passed one fewer fecal pile (6.3 ± 2.4) than group GA horses. There was no interaction between detomidine treatment and preprocedure food withholding and the time to first feces or the number of fecal piles in the first 24 hours postprocedure. Overall, seven horses (2.8%) showed signs of colic (five, one and one in GA, GA-D and S-D, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detomidine administration, as part of an anesthetic protocol or for standing sedation procedures, should not be expected to contribute to postprocedural colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Thibault
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Deborah V Wilson
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | - Dhruv Sharma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Marc A Kinsley
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Gomaa NA, Ibrahim HM, Ishii M, Nassif MN, El-khodery SA. Dose-dependent effects of mosapride citrate on duodenal and cecal motility in donkeys (Equus asinus). Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa A. Gomaa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Hussam M.M. Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mitsuo Ishii
- Large Animal Medicine Research Unit, Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Medhat N. Nassif
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Sabry A. El-khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, 13662Tripoli, Libya
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Xu H, Xiong J, Xu J, Li S, Zhou Y, Chen D, Cai X, Ping J, Deng M, Chen J. Mosapride Stabilizes Intestinal Microbiota to Reduce Bacterial Translocation and Endotoxemia in CCl 4-Induced Cirrhotic Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2801-2811. [PMID: 28815345 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired intestinal motility may lead to the disruption of gut microbiota equilibrium, which in turn facilitates bacterial translocation (BT) and endotoxemia in cirrhosis. We evaluated the influence of mosapride, a prokinetic agent, on BT and DNA fingerprints of gut microbiota in cirrhotic rats. METHODS A rat model of cirrhosis was set up via subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The portal pressure, liver and intestinal damage, plasma endotoxin, BT, and intestinal transit rate (ITR) of cirrhotic rats were determined. Fecal DNA fingerprints were obtained by ERIC-PCR. The expressions of tight junction proteins were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Mosapride treatment to cirrhotic rats significantly reduced the plasma endotoxin level and incidence of BT, accompanied by increased ITR. Cirrhotic rats (including those treated with mosapride) suffered from BT exhibited significantly lower ITR than those who are free of BT. Pearson coefficient indicated a significant and negative correlation between the plasma endotoxin level and ITR. The genomic fingerprints of intestinal microbiota from the three groups fell into three distinctive clusters. In the mosapride-treated group, Shannon's index was remarkably increased compared to the model group. Significantly positive correlation was detected between Shannon's index and ITR. Mosapride did not improve hepatic and intestinal damages and ileal expressions of occludin and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS Mosapride significantly increases intestinal motility in cirrhotic rats, thus to recover the disordered intestinal microbiota, finally resulting in decreased plasma endotoxin and BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jingfang Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shuiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Liver Cirrhosis Section, Department of Hepatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongya Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xinjun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ping
- Liver Cirrhosis Section, Department of Hepatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Emergency, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jianyong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, 208 Huancheng Dong Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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14
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Zhou J, Tang X, Wang J, Chen Z, Wang X, Jiang B. Feasibility of a novel low-volume and sodium phosphate-free bowel preparation regimen for colon capsule endoscopy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1739-1743. [PMID: 28810644 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowel preparation regimens for colon capsule endoscopy are not yet standardized since they are not well optimized. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of a novel low-volume and sodium phosphate-free bowel preparation regimen for colon capsule endoscopy. A total of 31 patients were prospectively enrolled. In the novel regimen, on the day prior to examination, a low-fiber diet was permitted, 5 mg mosapride citrate was administered twice (1 h prior to lunch and supper) and 1 l polyethylene glycol was administered in the evening. On the day of the examination, an additional 1 l polyethylene glycol, 5 mg mosapride citrate and 200 mg simethicone were administered before capsule ingestion. Polyethylene glycol booster (0.5 l) was administered twice, at 1 and 4 h following capsule ingestion. Colon cleansing levels, ileocecal valve transit time and completion rate were evaluated. A total of 29 patients were included in the final analysis, 90% of whom achieved adequate preparation of the overall colon. Ileocecal valve transit time was 2.35±0.82 h and completion rate was 79.3%. The results revealed that the novel low-volume and sodium phosphate-free bowel preparation regimen for colon capsule endoscopy was feasible, with adequate colon cleansing and completion rates, and has the potential to be used as an alternative regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
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15
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Johnson RA, Kierski KR, Jones BG. Evaluation of gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, sedation score, and nausea score associated with intravenous constant rate infusion of lidocaine hydrochloride in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:550-557. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.5.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Salem SE, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Has intravenous lidocaine improved the outcome in horses following surgical management of small intestinal lesions in a UK hospital population? BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:157. [PMID: 27459996 PMCID: PMC4962447 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative lidocaine treatment is commonly used in horses that undergo surgical treatment of colic, to prevent or treat postoperative ileus and reduce the effects of intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury. However, its clinical efficacy has not been evaluated in a large population of horses undergoing small intestinal surgery. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether systemic lidocaine administration reduced the prevalence, volume and duration of postoperative reflux and improved rates of survival following surgical treatment of small intestinal lesions. Data were collected as a part of two prospective studies investigating postoperative survival of surgical colic patients admitted to a UK equine referral hospital during the periods 2004–2006 and 2012–2014. Kaplan-Meier plots of cumulative probability of survival and the log-rank test were used to compare survival between horses that did or did not receive lidocaine. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the total reflux volume and duration of reflux between the groups. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify pre- and intraoperative risk factors for non-survival. Results Data from 318 horses were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of postoperative reflux was 24.5 %. This was significantly higher (34.8 %) in horses admitted in 2012–2014 compared to the 2004–2006 cohort (16.7). Perioperative lidocaine treatment had no effect on total reflux volume, duration of reflux or rates of postoperative survival nor was it a risk factor associated with altered postoperative survival. Variables identified to be associated with increased risk of postoperative mortality included packed cell volume on admission (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03 95 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.004–1.06, p = 0.024), heart rate on admission (HR 1.014, 95 % CI 1.004–1.024, p =0.008) and duration of surgery (HR 1.007, 95 % CI 1.002–1.01, p = 0.008). Conclusions Lidocaine therapy had no effect on the prevalence of postoperative reflux, total reflux volume and duration of reflux nor did it have any effect on postoperative survival in horses undergoing surgical management of small intestinal disease for treatment of colic. There is a need for a well-designed multicentre, prospective randomised controlled trial to fully investigate the efficacy of lidocaine across different hospital populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0784-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebl E Salem
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Chris J Proudman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, UK
| | - Debra C Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK. .,Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
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18
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Wang SY, Liu YP, Fan YH, Zhang L, Cai LJ, Lv B. Mechanism of aqueous fructus aurantii immaturus extracts in neuroplexus of cathartic colons. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9358-66. [PMID: 26309361 PMCID: PMC4541387 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of aqueous fructus aurantii immaturus (FAI) extracts on the intestinal plexus of cathartic colons. METHODS Cathartic colons were induced in rats with dahuang, a laxative used in traditional Chinese medicine. Once the model was established (after approximately 12 wk), rats were administered mosapride (1.54 mg/kg) or various doses of aqueous FAI extracts (1-4 g/kg) for 14 d. Transit function was assessed using an ink propulsion test. Rats were then sacrificed, and the ultramicrostructure of colonic tissue was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HTR4) and neurofilament-H was assessed in colon tissues using real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mosapride and high dose (4 g/kg) of aqueous FAI extracts significantly improved the bowel movement in cathartic colons compared to untreated model colons as measured by the intestinal transit rate (70.06 ± 7.25 and 72.02 ± 8.74, respectively, vs 64.12 ± 5.19; P < 0.05 for both). Compared to controls, the ultramicrostructure of cathartic colons showed signs of neural degeneration. Treatment with mosapride and aqueous FAI extracts resulted in recovery of ultrastructural pathology. Treatment with mosapride alone upregulated the gene and protein expression of 5-HTR4 compared to untreated controls (P < 0.05 for both). Treatment with aqueous FAI extracts (≥ 2 g/kg) increased 5-HTR4 mRNA levels (P < 0.05), but no change in protein level was observed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein levels of neurofilament-H were significantly increased with mosapride and ≥ 2 g/kg aqueous FAI extracts compared to controls (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Aqueous FAI extracts and mosapride strengthen bowel movement in cathartic colons via increasing the expression of 5-HTR4 and neurofilament-H.
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19
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Sanchez LC, Robertson SA. Pain control in horses: What do we really know? Equine Vet J 2014; 46:517-23. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - S. A. Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
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20
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Hosoe N, Matsuoka K, Naganuma M, Ida Y, Ishibashi Y, Kimura K, Yoneno K, Usui S, Kashiwagi K, Hisamatsu T, Inoue N, Kanai T, Imaeda H, Ogata H, Hibi T. Applicability of second-generation colon capsule endoscope to ulcerative colitis: a clinical feasibility study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1174-9. [PMID: 23517279 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Colon capsule endoscopy has already been used for colon visualization and detection of polyps but its applicability to inflammatory bowel disease is still unconfirmed. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of evaluating the severity of mucosal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) using a second-generation colon capsule endoscope (CCE-2). METHODS Forty patients with histological confirmed diagnosis of UC were enrolled. Low-volume (2 L) polyethylene glycol solution with prokinetics (mosapride citrate and metoclopramide) regimen was used for the bowel preparation. In Phase 1, consisting of 10 patients, to confirm appropriate CCE-2 bowel preparation for UC. In Phase 2, consisting of 30 patients, CCE-2 was performed with a fixed bowel preparation regimen. CCE-2 findings were recorded for 8 h starting from capsule ingestion and conventional colonoscopy was subsequently performed on the same day. CCE-2 procedure completion rate and the colon cleansing level with a 4-point grading scale (poor, fair, good, and excellent) were evaluated in Phase 2. Correlations between Matts endoscopic scores as judged by CCE-2 and conventional colonoscopy were calculated. RESULTS CCE-2 procedure was completed within 8 h in 69% of the patients. The proportion of patients with good or excellent cleansing level was below 50%. However, Matts endoscopic scores determined by CCE-2 showed a strong correlation with scores obtained by conventional colonoscopy (average ρ = 0.797). CONCLUSIONS Although modifications in bowel preparation are needed, CCE-2 might be feasible for assessing the severity of mucosal inflammation in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Ida Y, Hosoe N, Imaeda H, Bessho R, Ichikawa R, Naganuma M, Kanai T, Hibi T, Ogata H. Effects of the oral administration of mosapride citrate on capsule endoscopy completion rate. Gut Liver 2012; 6:339-43. [PMID: 22844562 PMCID: PMC3404171 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2012.6.3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims In capsule endoscopy (CE), the capsule does not always reach the cecum within its battery life, which may reduce its diagnostic yield. We evaluated the effect of mosapride citrate, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-4 agonist that increases gastrointestinal motility, on CE completion. Methods In a retrospective study, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses for 232 CE procedures performed at our hospital. To identify factors that affect CE completion, the following data were systematically collected: gender, age, gastric transit time (GTT), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, previous abdominal surgery, hospitalization, use of a polyethylene glycol solution, use of mosapride citrate (10 mg), body mass index (BMI), and total recording time. Results The univariate analysis showed that oral mosapride citrate, GTT, and BMI were associated with improved CE completion. Multivariate analyses showed that oral mosapride citrate (odds ratio [OR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 3.91) and GTT (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.87) were significant factors for improving the CE completion. Oral mosapride citrate significantly shortened the GTT and small bowel transit time (SBTT). Conclusions Oral mosapride citrate reduced the GTT and SBTT during CE and improved the CE completion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Huerta-Franco MR, Vargas-Luna M, Montes-Frausto JB, Flores-Hernández C, Morales-Mata I. Electrical bioimpedance and other techniques for gastric emptying and motility evaluation. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2012; 3:10-8. [PMID: 22368782 PMCID: PMC3284521 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v3.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to identify non-invasive, inexpensive, highly sensitive and accurate techniques for evaluating and diagnosing gastric diseases. In the case of the stomach, there are highly sensitive and specific methods for assessing gastric motility and emptying (GME). However, these methods are invasive, expensive and/or not technically feasible for all clinicians and patients. We present a summary of the most relevant international information on non-invasive methods and techniques for clinically evaluating GME. We particularly emphasize the potential of gastric electrical bioimpedance (EBI). EBI was initially used mainly in gastric emptying studies and was essentially abandoned in favor of techniques such as electrogastrography and the gold standard, scintigraphy. The current research evaluating the utility of gastric EBI either combines this technique with other frequently used techniques or uses new methods for gastric EBI signal analysis. In this context, we discuss our results and those of other researchers who have worked with gastric EBI. In this review article, we present the following topics: (1) a description of the oldest methods and procedures for evaluating GME; (2) an explanation of the methods currently used to evaluate gastric activity; and (3) a perspective on the newest trends and techniques in clinical and research GME methods. We conclude that gastric EBI is a highly effective non-invasive, easy to use and inexpensive technique for assessing GME.
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23
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Wong DM, Davis JL, White NA. Motility of the equine gastrointestinal tract: Physiology and pharmacotherapy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Endotoxemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in horses affected by colic. This article briefly reviews the pathogenesis of endotoxemia in horses with colic, reviews current established treatments, and describes new advances in the treatment of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Kelmer
- Large Animal Department, Koret Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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