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Cilia G, Tafi E, Zavatta L, Dettori A, Bortolotti L, Nanetti A. Seasonal trends of the ABPV, KBV, and IAPV complex in Italian managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Arch Virol 2024; 169:43. [PMID: 38334819 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) usually persist as covert infections in honey bee colonies. They can cause rapid bee mortality in cases of severe infection, often associated with high Varroa destructor infestation, by which they are transmitted. In various countries, these viruses have been associated with colony collapse. Despite their potential danger, these viruses are often disregarded, and little information is available on their occurrence in many countries, including Italy. In 2021, 370 apiaries representing all of the Italian regions were investigated in four different months (June, September, November, and March) for the presence of ABPV, KBV, and IAPV. IAPV was not found in any of the apiaries investigated, whereas 16.45% and 0.67% of the samples tested positive for ABPV and KBV, respectively. Most ABPV cases occurred in late summer-autumn in both northern and southern regions. We observed a scattered pattern of KBV-positive colonies that did not allow any seasonal or regional trends to be discerned. Differences observed among regions and months were potentially related to the dynamics of varroa infestation, viral genetic variations, and different climatic conditions resulting in variations in bee behaviour. This study improves our understanding of the circulation of bee viruses and will contribute to better disease prevention and preservation of bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cilia
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Tafi
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Zavatta
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amanda Dettori
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Nanetti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
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Alonso-Prados E, González-Porto AV, Bernal JL, Bernal J, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M. A Case Report of Chronic Stress in Honey Bee Colonies Induced by Pathogens and Acaricide Residues. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080955. [PMID: 34451419 PMCID: PMC8398566 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case report, we analyze the possible causes of the poor health status of a professional Apis mellifera iberiensis apiary located in Gajanejos (Guadalajara, Spain). Several factors that potentially favor colony collapse were identified, including Nosema ceranae infection, alone or in combination with other factors (e.g., BQCV and DWV infection), and the accumulation of acaricides commonly used to control Varroa destructor in the beebread (coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate). Based on the levels of residues, the average toxic unit estimated for the apiary suggests a possible increase in vulnerability to infection by N. ceranae due to the presence of high levels of acaricides and the unusual climatic conditions of the year of the collapse event. These data highlight the importance of evaluating these factors in future monitoring programs, as well as the need to adopt adequate preventive measures as part of national and international welfare programs aimed at guaranteeing the health and fitness of bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alonso-Prados
- Unidad de Productos Fitosanitarios, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Amelia-Virginia González-Porto
- Laboratorio de Mieles y Productos de las Colmenas Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain;
| | - José Luis Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Instituto Universitario Centro de Innovación en Química y Materiales Avanzados (I.U.CINQUIMA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.L.B.); (J.B.)
| | - José Bernal
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Instituto Universitario Centro de Innovación en Química y Materiales Avanzados (I.U.CINQUIMA), Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.L.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla—La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-949-88-88-56
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Alonso-Prados E, Muñoz I, De la Rúa P, Serrano J, Fernández-Alba AR, García-Valcárcel AI, Hernando MD, Alonso Á, Alonso-Prados JL, Bartolomé C, Maside X, Barrios L, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M. The toxic unit approach as a risk indicator in honey bees surveillance programmes: A case of study in Apis mellifera iberiensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134208. [PMID: 31505351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of genetic diversity and exposure to xenobiotics on the prevalence of pathogens was studied within the context of a voluntary epidemiological study in Spanish apiaries of Apis mellifera iberiensis, carried out during the spring season of years 2014 and 2015. As such, the evolutionary lineages of the honey bee colonies were identified, a multiresidue analysis of xenobiotics was carried out in beebread and worker bee samples, and the Toxic Unit (TUm) was estimated for each sampled apiary. The relationship between lineages and the most prevalent pathogens (Nosema ceranae, Varroa destructor, trypanosomatids, Black Queen Cell Virus; and Deformed Wing Virus) was analysed with contingency tables, and the possible relationships between TUm and the prevalence of these pathogens were studied by using a factor analysis. The statistical analysis supported the associations between V. destructor and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), and between N. ceranae and Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), but the association between these pathogens and trypanosomatids was not observed. TUm values varied between 5.5 × 10-6 and 3.65 × 10-1. When TUm < 3.35 × 10-4, it was mainly determined by coumaphos, tau-fluvalinate and/or chlorfenvinphos. At higher values, other insecticides also contributed to TUm, although a clear predominance was not seen up to TUm ≥ 1.83 × 10-2, when it was mainly defined by acrinathrin, spinosad and/or imidacloprid. The possible cumulative effect from the joint action of xenobiotics was >10% in the 63% of the cases. The prevalence of pathogens did not appear to be influenced by the distribution of evolutionary lineages and, while the prevalence of V. destructor was not found to be determined by TUm, there was a trend towards an increasing prevalence of N. ceranae when TUm ≥ 23 10-4. This study is an example of using TUm approach beyond the field of the ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alonso-Prados
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Muñoz
- Área de Biología Animal, Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar De la Rúa
- Área de Biología Animal, Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Serrano
- Área de Biología Animal, Dpto. Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | | | - María Dolores Hernando
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Alonso
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Alonso-Prados
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bartolomé
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Grupo de Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Xulio Maside
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Grupo de Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Forenses, Anatomía Patolóxica, Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, e Pediatría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Laura Barrios
- Departamento de Estadística, CTI. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain; Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal (IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Mariano Higes
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain
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Hassanyar AK, Huang S, Li Z, Rizwan M, Mehmood S, Raza MF, Qasim M, Hussain M, Su S. Prevalence of bee viruses in Apis cerana cerana populations from different locations in the Fujian Province of China. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00830. [PMID: 30884179 PMCID: PMC6741300 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of honeybee viral diseases has recently been causing major problems in the beekeeping industry, causing economic losses worldwide. Honeybees are susceptible to a variety of diseases and various pathogens. Among these pathogens, prevalence viruses, along with other factors, are seriously threatening the health of bee species. In the present study, samples were collected from 80 Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) colonies from three different locations, Cangshan, Fuan, and Yongtai, in the Fujian Province of China. All samples were screened using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detection of seven honeybee viruses, namely, Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), and Kashmir bee virus (KBV). Our results showed that CSBV was the most prevalent as it was detected in (90%), of the samples, DWV was detected in (81.25%), and IAPV was detected in (26.25%). In contrast, insignificant prevalence results were obtained from all apiaries for BQCV, CBPV, APBV, and KBV, which were not detected in any sample. Here, we are providing the first report on the molecular detection of honeybee viruses, especially the prevalence of IAPV, from different regions in the Fujian Province of China with a high prevalence of bee viruses, on A. c. cerana, and there is great concern for the presence of honeybee viruses in the population of the native honeybee (A. c. cerana) in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest EcologyChemical Ecology Group Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Muhammad Fahad Raza
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of HorticultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Songkun Su
- College of Bee ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) has become the most well-known, widespread, and intensively studied insect pathogen in the world. Although DWV was previously present in honeybee populations, the arrival and global spread of a new vector, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, has dramatically altered DWV epidemiology. DWV is now the most prevalent virus in honeybees, with a minimum average of 55% of colonies/apiaries infected across 32 countries. Additionally, DWV has been detected in 65 arthropod species spanning eight insect orders and three orders of Arachnida. Here, we describe the significant progress that has been made in elucidating the capsid structure of the virus, understanding its ever-expanding host range, and tracking the constantly evolving DWV genome and formation of recombinants. The construction of molecular clones, working with DWV in cell lines, and the development of immunohistochemistry methods will all help the community to move forward. Identifying the tissues in which DWV variants are replicating and understanding the impact of DWV in non-honeybee hosts are major new goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Martin
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, United Kingdom;
| | - Laura E Brettell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2751, Australia;
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Cirkovic D, Stevanovic J, Glavinic U, Aleksic N, Djuric S, Aleksic J, Stanimirovic Z. Honey bee viruses in Serbian colonies of different strength. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5887. [PMID: 30479890 PMCID: PMC6240340 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of honey bees is of great economic importance because of their role in pollination. Crucial steps towards this goal are epidemiological surveys of pathogens connected with honey bee losses. In this study deformed wing virus (DWV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) and sacbrood virus (SBV) were investigated in colonies of different strength located in five regions of Serbia. The relationship between colony strength and virus occurrence/infection intensity were assessed as well as the genetic relationship between virus sequences from Serbia and worldwide. Real-time RT-PCR analyses detected at least one virus in 87.33% of colonies. Single infection was found in 28.67% colonies (21.33%, 4.00%, 2.67% and 0.67% in cases of DWV, ABPV, SBV and CBPV, respectively). In the majority of colonies (58.66%) more than one virus was found. The most prevalent was DWV (74%), followed by ABPV, SBV and CBPV (49.30%, 24.00% and 6.70%, respectively). Except for DWV, the prevalence of the remaining three viruses significantly varied between the regions. No significant differences were found between colony strength and either (i) the prevalence of DWV, ABPV, SBV, CBPV and their combinations, or (ii) DWV infection levels. The sequences of honey bee viruses obtained from bees in Serbia were 93-99% identical with those deposited in GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Cirkovic
- Department of Chemical and Technological Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Jevrosima Stevanovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Glavinic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Aleksic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Spomenka Djuric
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Aleksic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Muli E, Kilonzo J, Dogley N, Monthy G, Kurgat J, Irungu J, Raina S. Detection of Pesticide Residues in Selected Bee Products of Honeybees (Apis melllifera L.) Colonies in a Preliminary Study from Seychelles Archipelago. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:451-457. [PMID: 30143829 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in honey and pollen from Seychelles against a target of 108 pesticides using LC-MS/MS were analyzed. Fifteen pesticides were detected, at trace levels (< 15 ppb) and below the acceptable maximum residue limits (MRLs) as per EU regulations. In honey, six insecticide and three fungicide residues were detected. Eight insecticide and four fungicide residues were detected in the pollen matrix. The least contaminated honey and pollen samples had three and nine chemical residues respectively while the most contaminated honey and pollen samples had eight and eleven chemical residues respectively. Contact and oral LD50 values were used to calculate Pollen Hazard Quotients (PHQ) = concentration in ppb ÷ LD50 as µg/bee. The pollen hazard quotients (PHQ) obtained are way below those reported in literature. Residues were detected in low quantities, however, their high frequency and diversity and possible synergistic interactions may lead to negative impact on honeybees' health in Seychelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliud Muli
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.
- South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya.
| | - Joseph Kilonzo
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Norman Dogley
- Seychelles Agriculture Agency, English River, Seychelles
| | - Gerald Monthy
- Seychelles Agriculture Agency, English River, Seychelles
| | - Justus Kurgat
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Janet Irungu
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Suresh Raina
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Large pathogen screening reveals first report of Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) parasitizing Apis mellifera intermissa (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 137:33-37. [PMID: 27130035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As it is most likely that global warming will also lead to a shift in pollinator-habitats northwards, the study of southern species becomes more and more important. Pathogen screenings in subspecies of Apis mellifera capable of withstanding higher temperatures, provide an insight into future pathogen host interactions. Screenings in different climate regions also provide a global perspective on the prevalence of certain pathogens. In this project, we performed a pathogen screening in Apis mellifera intermissa, a native subspecies of Algeria in northern Africa. Colonies were sampled from different areas in the region of Annaba over a period of two years. Several pathogens were detected, among them Apicystis bombi, Crithidia mellificae, Nosema ceranae, Paenibacillus larvae, Lake Sinai Virus, Sacbrood Virus and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). Our screening also revealed a phoroid fly, Megaselia scalaris, parasitizing honey bee colonies, which we report here for the first time. In addition, we found DWV to be present in the adult flies and replicating virus in the larval stages of the fly, which could indicate that M. scalaris acts as a vector of DWV.
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Ravoet J, De Smet L, Wenseleers T, de Graaf DC. Vertical transmission of honey bee viruses in a Belgian queen breeding program. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:61. [PMID: 25889959 PMCID: PMC4365526 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Member States of European Union are encouraged to improve the general conditions for the production and marketing of apicultural products. In Belgium, programmes on the restocking of honey bee hives have run for many years. Overall, the success ratio of this queen breeding programme has been only around 50%. To tackle this low efficacy, we organized sanitary controls of the breeding queens in 2012 and 2014. Results We found a high quantity of viruses, with more than 75% of the egg samples being infected with at least one virus. The most abundant viruses were Deformed Wing Virus and Sacbrood Virus (≥40%), although Lake Sinai Virus and Acute Bee Paralysis Virus were also occasionally detected (between 10-30%). In addition, Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus strain Brookings, Black Queen Cell Virus, Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus and Varroa destructor Macula-like Virus occurred at very low prevalences (≤5%). Remarkably, we found Apis mellifera carnica bees to be less infected with Deformed Wing Virus than Buckfast bees (p < 0.01), and also found them to have a lower average total number of infecting viruses (p < 0.001). This is a significant finding, given that Deformed Wing Virus has earlier been shown to be a contributory factor to winter mortality and Colony Collapse Disorder. Moreover, negative-strand detection of Sacbrood Virus in eggs was demonstrated for the first time. Conclusions High pathogen loads were observed in this sanitary control program. We documented for the first time vertical transmission of some viruses, as well as significant differences between two honey bee races in being affected by Deformed Wing Virus. Nevertheless, we could not demonstrate a correlation between the presence of viruses and queen breeding efficacies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0386-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Ravoet
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lina De Smet
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Wenseleers
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk C de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Cepero A, Ravoet J, Gómez-Moracho T, Bernal JL, Del Nozal MJ, Bartolomé C, Maside X, Meana A, González-Porto AV, de Graaf DC, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M. Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:649. [PMID: 25223634 PMCID: PMC4180541 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Here we present a holistic screening of collapsing colonies from three professional apiaries in Spain. Colonies with typical honey bee depopulation symptoms were selected for multiple possible factors to reveal the causes of collapse. Results Omnipresent were Nosema ceranae and Lake Sinai Virus. Moderate prevalences were found for Black Queen Cell Virus and trypanosomatids, whereas Deformed Wing Virus, Aphid Lethal Paralysis Virus strain Brookings and neogregarines were rarely detected. Other viruses, Nosema apis, Acarapis woodi and Varroa destructor were not detected. Palinologic study of pollen demonstrated that all colonies were foraging on wild vegetation. Consequently, the pesticide residue analysis was negative for neonicotinoids. The genetic analysis of trypanosomatids GAPDH gene, showed that there is a large genetic distance between Crithidia mellificae ATCC30254, an authenticated cell strain since 1974, and the rest of the presumed C. mellificae sequences obtained in our study or published. This means that the latter group corresponds to a highly differentiated taxon that should be renamed accordingly. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that the drivers of colony collapse may differ between geographic regions with different environmental conditions, or with different beekeeping and agricultural practices. The role of other pathogens in colony collapse has to bee studied in future, especially trypanosomatids and neogregarines. Beside their pathological effect on honey bees, classification and taxonomy of these protozoan parasites should also be clarified. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-649) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariano Higes
- Bee Pathology Laboratory, Consejería de Agricultura, Gobierno de Castilla-La Mancha, Centro Apícola Regional (CAR), Marchamalo E-19180, Spain.
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11
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Ren J, Cone A, Willmot R, Jones IM. Assembly of recombinant Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus capsids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105943. [PMID: 25153716 PMCID: PMC4143317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dicistrovirus Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) has been implicated in the worldwide decline of honey bees. Studies of IAPV and many other bee viruses in pure culture are restricted by available isolates and permissive cell culture. Here we show that coupling the IAPV major structural precursor protein ORF2 to its cognate 3C-like processing enzyme results in processing of the precursor to the individual structural proteins in a number of insect cell lines following expression by a recombinant baculovirus. The efficiency of expression is influenced by the level of IAPV 3C protein and moderation of its activity is required for optimal expression. The mature IAPV structural proteins assembled into empty capsids that migrated as particles on sucrose velocity gradients and showed typical dicistrovirus like morphology when examined by electron microscopy. Monoclonal antibodies raised to recombinant capsids were configured into a diagnostic test specific for the presence of IAPV. Recombinant capsids for each of the many bee viruses within the picornavirus family may provide virus specific reagents for the on-going investigation of the causes of honeybee loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Ren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Cone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Willmot
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Stankus T. Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: An Update on Honeybee Colony Collapse Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0194262x.2014.912573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Blanchard P, Carletto J, Siede R, Schurr F, Thiéry R, Ribière M. Identification of Kashmir bee virus in France using a new RT-PCR method which distinguishes closely related viruses. J Virol Methods 2014; 198:82-5. [PMID: 24389125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new RT-PCR protocol has been developed, avoiding potential misdiagnosis of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) linked to the use of KBV primers designed originally. The PCR assay validation was realised taking into account the analytical specificity and the PCR detection limit. KBV was detected in a bee sample collected in France from an apparently healthy apiary in 2012. The specificity of the primers was confirmed by sequencing the PCR product. This French sequence clustered into the KBV genotype by phylogenetic analysis, while previous French sequence isolates collected in 2002 belong to the IAPV genotype. These data represent the first detection of KBV in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Blanchard
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Diseases Unit, BP 111, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jerome Carletto
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Diseases Unit, BP 111, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Reinhold Siede
- Bieneninstitut Kirchhain (LLH), Erlenstraβe 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany
| | - Frank Schurr
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Diseases Unit, BP 111, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Richard Thiéry
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Diseases Unit, BP 111, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Magali Ribière
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Bee Diseases Unit, BP 111, 06902 Sophia Antipolis, France
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14
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Wang H, Xie J, Shreeve TG, Ma J, Pallett DW, King LA, Possee RD. Sequence recombination and conservation of Varroa destructor virus-1 and deformed wing virus in field collected honey bees (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74508. [PMID: 24058580 PMCID: PMC3776811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We sequenced small (s) RNAs from field collected honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombuspascuorum) using the Illumina technology. The sRNA reads were assembled and resulting contigs were used to search for virus homologues in GenBank. Matches with Varroadestructor virus-1 (VDV1) and Deformed wing virus (DWV) genomic sequences were obtained for A. mellifera but not B. pascuorum. Further analyses suggested that the prevalent virus population was composed of VDV-1 and a chimera of 5’-DWV-VDV1-DWV-3’. The recombination junctions in the chimera genomes were confirmed by using RT-PCR, cDNA cloning and Sanger sequencing. We then focused on conserved short fragments (CSF, size > 25 nt) in the virus genomes by using GenBank sequences and the deep sequencing data obtained in this study. The majority of CSF sites confirmed conservation at both between-species (GenBank sequences) and within-population (dataset of this study) levels. However, conserved nucleotide positions in the GenBank sequences might be variable at the within-population level. High mutation rates (Pi>10%) were observed at a number of sites using the deep sequencing data, suggesting that sequence conservation might not always be maintained at the population level. Virus-host interactions and strategies for developing RNAi treatments against VDV1/DWV infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environmental Research Council, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiazheng Xie
- Beijing Genome Institute, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tim G. Shreeve
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jinmin Ma
- Beijing Genome Institute, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Denise W. Pallett
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environmental Research Council, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Linda A. King
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Possee
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Natural Environmental Research Council, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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15
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Farooqui T. A potential link among biogenic amines-based pesticides, learning and memory, and colony collapse disorder: A unique hypothesis. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:122-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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