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Bhat AM, Malik HU, Chaubey KK, Hussain T, Mir AQ, Nabi SU, Gupta S, Singh SV. Bio-typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates recovered from the Himalayan sheep and goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:237. [PMID: 33791865 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information on bio-type profile of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubeculosis (MAP) in sheep flocks and goat herds of Himalayan region is not reported earlier. The aim of our study was to determine the bio-type of MAP infecting livestock of this region. A total of 71 faecal samples (sheep-57, goats-14) were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and IS900 PCR, and then processed for culture on Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) having mycobactin J (MJ). Out of 71 faecal samples, MAP colonies were seen only in four samples (sheep-3 and goat-1). Isolates were confirmed as MAP on the basis of slow growth, acid fastness, MJ dependency, IS900 and IS1311 PCR. All the IS900 and IS1311 PCR positive samples were bio-typed by IS1311 PCR-REA (restriction endonuclease analysis), which confirmed all four isolates as 'bison type.' In IS1311 based phylogeny of MAP isolates by ClustalW method of the MegAlign program of DNASTAR Lasergene software, the four sequences of MAP isolates (NCBI sequence nos. MH988763, MH988765, MH988766 and MH988764) did not show any distinct clustering/grouping pattern. However, these four isolates showed a bit of closeness to the MAP sequences (KC990353.1 and KC990352.1) of 'bison type' isolated from wood bison in Canada. In conclusion, this is the first report on isolation and bio-type profile of MAP infecting sheep and goats of Himalayan region. Study will help in devising prevention and control strategies against spread of MAP infection in livestock population of Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Majid Bhat
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Hamid Ullah Malik
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, U.P., India.,Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goats, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tufail Hussain
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Qayoom Mir
- Mountain Research Centre for Sheep and Goats, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Showkat Un Nabi
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, U.P., India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Microbiology Lab, Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, U.P., India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
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Characteristics and Epidemiological Investigation of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Tai'an, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3896754. [PMID: 32258119 PMCID: PMC7094201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3896754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we examined paratuberculosis cases among 2-4-year-old dairy cows at farms in Shandong Province, China. Paratuberculosis cases were diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, pathological autopsy, and histopathological inspection. Characteristics of paratuberculosis in the affected dairy cattle included poor body condition, persistent diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, granulomatous ileitis (multibacillary), mesenteric lymphadenitis, and hepatitis. Acid-fast bacilli from fecal specimens and lymphocytes were putatively identified as MAP based on Ziehl-Neelsen staining, then confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-based testing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. Overall, only one MAP strain was isolated from a herd with symptomatic diarrhea. However, analysis of 586 serum samples from nine herds in Tai'an City revealed that 66.7% of herds and 14.2% of animals were seropositive for MAP. Our findings suggest that paratuberculosis is widely prevalent and therefore a significant threat to the dairy industry in Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China.
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Espeschit IF, Souza MCC, Lima MC, Moreira MAS. First molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis identified in animal and human drinking water from dairy goat farms in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 49:358-361. [PMID: 29107584 PMCID: PMC5913760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the etiologic agent of Johne's disease or paratuberculosis, was identified by culture and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 50% and 30% of water samples for animal and human consumption, respectively, from ten dairy goat farms in Brazil. IS1311 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis identified the isolates as cattle type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis F Espeschit
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina C C Souza
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Magna C Lima
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria A S Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Doenças Bacterianas, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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de Castro Campos de Souza M, Lima MC, de Freitas Espeschit Braga I, Schwarz DGG, de Souza Rodrigues AP, Sales EB, Junior AAF, Moreira MAS. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) isolated from dairy goats in Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Evaluation of the association between the lactation stage and serum and milk ELISA results in the diagnosis of ovine Paratuberculosis. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Galiero A, Fratini F, Mataragka A, Turchi B, Nuvoloni R, Ikonomopoulos J, Cerri D. Detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cheeses from small ruminants in Tuscany. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:195-9. [PMID: 26555160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is an infectious disease which affects mainly domestic and wild ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Map has been associated with human diseases like Crohn disease, type-1 diabetes, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The aim of this study was to determine the level of Map positivity of cheeses produced in Tuscany (Italy) as an indication of human exposure to the specific pathogen. Sampling was focused on artisanal cheeses produced without commercial starter culture from raw sheep or goat milk, on small-scale farms. Samples were tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture. Map DNA was detected in 4/7 (57.14%) goat, and in 14/25 (56%) sheep cheeses by qPCR, whereas cultivation produced a positive result in only one case. This corresponded to a goat cheese that had also reacted positively by qPCR and yielded a viable Type S (sheep) strain of Map. The Map load of the tested samples based on qPCR ranged from 6×10 to 1.8×10(4)Map cells/g of cheese. The results indicate on average 56.57% and 66.6% positivity of cheese samples and farms, respectively. Hence, the type of cheeses that were analyzed within the context of this study seem to constitute a considerable source of human exposure to Map; although the question remains of whether the Map cells were present in a viable form, since positive results were almost exclusively recorded by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Galiero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonia Mataragka
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Health and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Nuvoloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Health and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenesis: a review. Vet Res 2015; 46:64. [PMID: 26092160 PMCID: PMC4473831 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is an important pathogen that causes a chronic, progressive granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis. The disease is endemic in many parts of the world and responsible for considerable losses to the livestock and associated industries. Diagnosis and control are problematic, due mostly to the long incubation period of the disease when infected animals show no clinical signs and are difficult to detect, and the ability of the organism to survive and persist in the environment. The existence of phenotypically distinct strains of Map has been known since the 1930s but the genetic differentiation of Map strain types has been challenging and only recent technologies have proven sufficiently discriminative for strain comparisons, tracing the sources of infection and epidemiological studies. It is important to understand the differences that exist between Map strains and how they influence both development and transmission of disease. This information is required to develop improved diagnostics and effective vaccines for controlling Johne's disease. Here I review the current classification of Map strain types, the sources of the genetic variability within strains, growth characteristics and epidemiological traits associated with strain type and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenicity.
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Angelidou E, Kostoulas P, Leontides L. Flock-level factors associated with the risk of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in Greek dairy goat flocks. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:233-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Angelidou E, Kostoulas P, Leontides L. Bayesian validation of a serum and milk ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Greek dairy goats across lactation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:819-28. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Experimental infection of lambs with C and S-type strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: immunological and pathological findings. Vet Res 2014; 45:5. [PMID: 24428881 PMCID: PMC3897920 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main genotypes of recognized isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) are cattle (C) and sheep (S) strains. An experimental infection was conducted to establish the effect of Map strain on the pathogenesis of ovine paratuberculosis. Twenty-four out of thirty 1.5-month-old Assaf lambs were divided into 4 groups of 6 and infected orally with three low passage field isolates, two of S- (22G and the pigmented Ovicap49) and one of C– (764) type, and the reference K-10 strain (C type). The remaining six animals were unchallenged controls. Animals were euthanized at 150 and 390 days post-infection (dpi). Throughout the experiment, the peripheral immune response was assessed and histological and molecular (PCR) studies were conducted on samples of intestine and related lymphoid tissue. Specific antibody and IFN-γ production was significantly higher in animals infected with the C strains, while no consistent IFN- γ responses were observed in the S-type strain infected groups. A positive intradermal skin test response was detected in all infected groups. Lambs infected with S-type strains had granulomatous lesions restricted to the lymphoid tissue with no differences in the lesion intensity over time. In both C–type strain groups, lesions were more severe at 150 dpi while at 390 dpi lesions, characterized by well-demarcated granulomas with fibrosis, decreased in severity. Only infected lambs were positive to PCR. These results suggest that the strain of Map has a strong influence over the immune and pathological responses developed by the host. Lesions induced by C–type strains in lambs show a regressive character and tend to decrease as the infection progresses.
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Development and validation of a liquid medium (M7H9C) for routine culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to replace modified Bactec 12B medium. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3993-4000. [PMID: 24048541 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01373-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from clinical samples, such as feces, is the most sensitive antemortem test for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in ruminants. In Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and some other countries, the Bactec 460 system with modified Bactec 12B medium (Becton, Dickinson) has been the most commonly used liquid culture system, but it was discontinued in 2012. In this study, a new liquid culture medium, M7H9C, was developed. It consists of a Middlebrook 7H9 medium base with added Casitone, albumin, dextrose, catalase, egg yolk, mycobactin J, and a cocktail of antibiotics. We found that polyoxyethylene stearate (POES) was not essential for the cultivation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in either the Bactec 12B or the M7H9C medium. The limit of detection determined using pure cultures of the C and S strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was 7 bacilli per 50 μl inoculum in the two media. The new medium was validated using 784 fecal and tissue samples from sheep and cattle, >25% of which contained viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Discrepant results for the clinical samples between the two media were mostly associated with samples that contained <10 viable bacilli per gram, but these results were relatively uncommon, and the performances of the two media were not significantly different. M7H9C medium was less than half the cost of the Bactec 12B medium and did not require regular examination during incubation, but a confirmatory IS900 PCR test had to be performed on every culture after the predetermined incubation period.
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