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Tkaczenko H, Lukash O, Kurhaluk N. Analysis of the season-dependent component in the evaluation of morphological and biochemical blood parameters in Shetland ponies of both sexes during exercise. J Vet Res 2024; 68:155-166. [PMID: 38525221 PMCID: PMC10960263 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Determination of morphological and biochemical blood indices facilitates assessment of the health and welfare of horses, their nutrient demand, the effects of training already undertaken, and the horses' suitability for exercise. Identification of the season-dependent components and the effects of sex and exercise on changes in frequently referenced haematological and biochemical parameters was the main goal of the current study. Material and Methods The blood morphology of 21 healthy adult Shetland ponies (11 mares and 10 stallions) aged 6.5 ± 1.4 years from the central Pomeranian region in Poland was analysed. Blood samples were taken once per season for one year. Results No statistically significant season-dependent differences were found in the blood morphology parameters in either mares or stallions before or after exercise. Beta-coefficient results revealed the strength and type of the relationship of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and granulocyte count (GRA) with the season, of red blood cell count (RBC), haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and mean platelet volume with the sex, and of RDW, white blood cell count, GRA and RBC with the exercise factor. Biomarkers demonstrating the relationship between aerobic and anaerobic levels of energy metabolism in the blood did not show any sex dependency in regression analysis. Conclusion The sex-independence of energy metabolism biomarkers may indicate the universality of these parameters. Both seasonality itself and its combination with the exercise factor took part in the formation of effective adaptive reactions for maintenance of morphological blood indices in the ponies during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Tkaczenko
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200Słupsk, Poland
| | - Oleksandr Lukash
- Department of Ecology, Geography and Nature Management, T. H. Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Colehium”, 14013Chernihiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200Słupsk, Poland
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Immune Functions Alterations Due to Racing Stress in Thoroughbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091203. [PMID: 35565629 PMCID: PMC9104563 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Racehorses are under constant stress when training and during competitions. It is known that high levels of cortisol, the hormone responsible for stress regulation, can impact the immune system. Hence, the importance of assessing the immune cells, blood components and cortisol during different times of athlete horses’ routines, including races. This research verified the impact of training and racing on the immune function of Thoroughbreds’ trough phagocytosis and oxidative neutrophil burst assays, serum cortisol determination, erythrocytes apoptosis, lymphoproliferation, and blood count analyses. Abstract Racehorses are constantly exposed to stress. Aiming to verify the state of blood components and cortisol alterations during their routine and after races, phagocytosis and oxidative neutrophil burst assays, serum cortisol determination, erythrocytes apoptosis evaluation, lymphoproliferation assays, and blood count tests were performed in thirty Thoroughbred racehorses, which were divided in two groups. The samples were taken right after races (moment 0 d), during rest periods (−11 d, +1 d, +3 d), and after training (−8, +2, +5). In both groups, the phagocytosis showed a decrease in percentage and intensity immediately after the race when comparing samples collected during rest or training periods. In the mean values of oxidative burst on samples collected immediately after the race, group I animals demonstrated a decrease (524.2 ± 248.9) when compared with those samples collected in other moments. No significant differences were found between the results of different moments regarding the apoptotic cells and lymphoproliferation assays. The mean values of serum cortisol levels were increased immediately after racing. There was an increase in the percentage of neutrophils found immediately after the race. It was possible to conclude that, although a transient reduction was found in the number of neutrophils, the horses’ adaptive function was not affected.
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Baakhtari M, Imaizumi N, Kida T, Yanagita T, Ramah A, Ahmadi P, Takebe N, Iwamoto Y, Korosue K, Tsuzuki N, Yasuda M. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on immune status of young racing horses. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:558-565. [PMID: 35197413 PMCID: PMC9096041 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise and competition are associated with depressed immune function.
Young horses, which participate in high-intensity exercise and competitions, are at
increased risk for the development of infectious disease due to depression of immune
function. The effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on the immune
status of young racing horses were evaluated, determining whether BCAA might help to avoid
or reduce immune suppression during exercise and competitions. Twenty horses (10 male and
10 female) were treated with BCAA supplementation; another twenty untreated horses (10
male and 10 female) constituted control group. Peripheral blood was collected from each
animal and evaluated for lymphocyte subsets, phagocytosis analysis of monocytes and
granulocytes, lymphocyte proliferative response, and expression of cytokine-encoding
messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs). The numbers of CD4+, CD8+, and
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells in females of the
treated group were significantly higher than those in females of the control group. The
lymphocyte proliferative response in female of the treated group also was significantly
higher than that in females of the control group. In addition, expression of mRNAs
encoding interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in females of the treated group
was significantly higher than that in females of the control group. There were no
significant differences between males of the treated and control groups. The results of
this study indicated the positive effects of BCAA supplementation in counteracting
immunosuppression in young female racing horses during and following high-intensity
exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Baakhtari
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Balkh University
| | - Noriko Imaizumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tetsuo Kida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tenya Yanagita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Amany Ramah
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
| | - Parnian Ahmadi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Balkh University
| | - Naoya Takebe
- Japan Racing Association (JRA) and Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm
| | - Yohei Iwamoto
- Japan Racing Association (JRA) and Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm
| | - Kenji Korosue
- Japan Racing Association (JRA) and Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm
| | - Nao Tsuzuki
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masahiro Yasuda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
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Picetti TS, Soveral LDF, Miotto R, Erpen LMS, Kreutz Y, Guizzo JA, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Orally administered β-glucan improves the hemolytic activity of the complement system in horses. Vet World 2021; 14:835-840. [PMID: 34083928 PMCID: PMC8167517 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.835-840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Immune-modulating molecules mainly act on innate immune cells, which are central to early defense against invading pathogens and contribute to developing adaptive immunity. Yeast-extracted β-glucan, a model immune-modulating molecule, is widely used in several animal species; however, its effect on horse immune parameters has not been thoroughly investigated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of orally administered β-glucan on selected innate immune parameters in horses. Materials and Methods: Eighteen thoroughbred horses were assigned equally into three groups as follows: One control group (no β-glucan) and two β-glucan experimental groups (one received 125 mg and the other 2 g of β-glucan per day for 28 days). Blood samples were collected before and at the end of the experiment for hematological analysis, whole blood phagocytosis, respiratory burst assays, and to assess the serum lysozyme and complement hemolytic activities. Results: At the end of the experiment, significant decreases (p<0.05) in monocyte numbers were observed in the control horses (258.8±45.9 vs. 115.3±41.5) and in those fed 125 mg/day of β-glucan (208.8±72.3 vs. 99.2±60.7), whereas a significant increase in numbers was noted in the horses that were fed 2 g/day of β-glucan (303.5±45.8 vs. 429.8±86.0; p<0.05). The natural hemolytic activity of the complement was higher only in horses fed 2 g/day of β-glucan (p=0.018) compared to the other groups. The hemolytic activity in the classical pathway was higher in those fed 125 mg/day (p=0.0035) and 2 g/day of β-glucan (p=0.0001). Conclusion: β-glucan improves important innate immune parameters and might be fed to horses before stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taline Scalco Picetti
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Figueiredo Soveral
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rovian Miotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Marina Scheer Erpen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Kreutz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Guizzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, 99052-900 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Anderson SL, Singh B. Equine neutrophils and their role in ischemia reperfusion injury and lung inflammation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:639-648. [PMID: 29335779 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Horses are susceptible to a multitude of inflammatory conditions that are characterized by a strong neutrophilic response. Here, we review basic equine neutrophil biology and explore the role of neutrophils in inflammatory conditions with emphasis on intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury and lung inflammation. In addition, unique aspects of equine neutrophil biology have been highlighted. Neutrophils comprise the highest proportion of circulating white blood cells in equine blood. The concentration of circulating equine neutrophils is a primary indicator of systemic inflammation. Additionally, equine neutrophils exposed to various stimulants develop "toxic" changes characterized as cytoplasmic basophilia, presence of Döhle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolation and toxic granulation. In contrast to human neutrophils, equine neutrophils fail to undergo chemotaxis in response to the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and are dependent on the addition of arachidonic acid due to reduced activity of phospholipase A2 to synthesize leukotrienes as part of the arachidonic acid pathway. Understanding the biologic function of neutrophils in horses is integral to developing methods to modulate inflammation associated with ischemia reperfusion injury and lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA.
| | - Baljit Singh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Andriichuk A, Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N. Gender Differences of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Erythrocyte Damage in Well-Trained Horses During Exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Frellstedt L, Waldschmidt I, Gosset P, Desmet C, Pirottin D, Bureau F, Farnir F, Franck T, Dupuis-Tricaud MC, Lekeux P, Art T. Training Modifies Innate Immune Responses in Blood Monocytes and in Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:135-42. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0341oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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