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Malaluang P, Niazi A, Guo Y, Nagel C, Guimaraes T, Rocha A, Aurich C, Morrell JM. Bacterial diversity in semen from stallions in three European countries evaluated by 16S sequencing. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1409-1421. [PMID: 38305959 PMCID: PMC11147884 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a significant role in shaping the health and functioning of the systems it inhabits. The seminal microbiome of stallions has implications for the health of the reproductive tract, sperm quality during preservation and antibiotic use in semen extenders. Diverse bacteria are present on the external genital tract and a mix of commensal microorganisms populates various parts of the reproductive tract, influencing the seminal bacterial content. Other sources of bacteria include the environment, semen collection equipment, and personnel. The bacterial load can adversely affect sperm quality and fertility, particularly in artificial insemination, where semen is extended and stored before use. Antibiotics are frequently used to inhibit bacterial growth, but their effectiveness varies depending on the bacterial strains present. The aim of this study was to assess the bacterial diversity in semen from 37 healthy stallions across three European nations (Germany, Portugal, and Sweden) using 16S sequencing. Semen samples were collected from individual stallions at three AI centers; DNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were performed. Differences in bacterial diversity among the stallions were seen; although bacterial phyla were shared across the regions, differences were observed at the genus level. Climate, husbandry practices, and individual variability likely contribute to these differences. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring antibiotic strategies for semen preservation based on regional bacterial profiles. The study presents a comprehensive approach to understanding the intricacies of the stallion seminal microbiome and its potential implications for reproductive technologies and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongpreecha Malaluang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 40000, Thailand
| | - Adnan Niazi
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Christina Nagel
- Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiago Guimaraes
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Antonio Rocha
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 75007, Sweden.
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Yániz J, Toquet M, Santolaria P, Silvestre MA, Toledo-Perona R, Gómez-Martín Á. Microbiota Analysis of Ejaculated Honey Bee Drone Semen and the Effect of Semen Collection Method on Bacterial Loads. INSECTS 2024; 15:377. [PMID: 38921092 PMCID: PMC11203891 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Artificial insemination in queen honey bees is the only tool that provides complete control over mating for research and breeding purposes, making it essential in genetic improvement and conservation programs in this species. The aims of this study were to characterize drone semen bacterial loads by culture-dependent and independent methods and to describe their variation depending on the method of semen collection, the colony and the apiary. In the first experiment, the bacterial loads of semen collected from the seminal vesicles or from ejaculates was studied using culture-dependent methods. The collection method had a significant influence on the overall bacterial count in semen. Out of the 42 semen samples analyzed, 26 (61.9%) tested positive for bacterial isolation. This encompassed the entirety of samples obtained from the seminal vesicles (21 of 21), whereas only 23.8% of those derived from ejaculates (5 out of 21) showed bacterial isolation. In the second experiment, next-generation sequencing techniques were used to describe the microbiome of ejaculated drone semen for the first time. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota, while the most abundant genera were Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Prevotella, Alloprevotella and Streptococcus. The results showed that the apiary had a significant effect on the community structure composition and abundance of the seminal microbiota, and significative differences in abundance were observed for the genera Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Bifidobacterium and Alloprevotella. Significant differences were also observed in the richness of the microbiota between apiaries and colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Yániz
- BIOFITER Research Group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Department of Animal Production and Food Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Marion Toquet
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (R.T.-P.); (Á.G.-M.)
| | - Pilar Santolaria
- BIOFITER Research Group, Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Department of Animal Production and Food Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22071 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Miguel Angel Silvestre
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Raquel Toledo-Perona
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (R.T.-P.); (Á.G.-M.)
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (M.T.); (R.T.-P.); (Á.G.-M.)
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Morrell JM, Cojkic A, Malaluang P, Ntallaris T, Lindahl J, Hansson I. Antibiotics in semen extenders - a multiplicity of paradoxes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD23218. [PMID: 38447204 DOI: 10.1071/rd23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Addition of antibiotics to semen extenders was taken for granted for many years, from the time that commercial artificial insemination in livestock first began many decades ago. However, there is now a growing realisation that this non-therapeutic utilisation of antibacterial agents is contrary to current recommendations for prudent use that medical and veterinary professionals are advised to follow. Furthermore, antibiotics are not benign, having negative effects on sperm samples, the inseminated female, personnel and potentially the environment. The purpose of this review is three-fold: to highlight the fact that antibiotics are used in semen extenders, with the result that considerable amounts are used globally in animal breeding, to review recent studies on the negative aspects of using antibiotics for this purpose, and to look at possible alternatives. Recent changes in the legislation regarding semen extenders occurred in some, but not all, countries, leaving question marks for semen producers as to whether antibiotics should be added to semen extenders or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Morrell
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Cojkic
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Pongpreecha Malaluang
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Theodoros Ntallaris
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Animal Biosciences, SLU, Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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Gonzalez-Castro RA, Peña FJ, Herickhoff LA. Spermatozoa cooled to 5°C one day after collection from porcine commercial semen doses retain sperm functionality with reduced bacterial load. Andrology 2024; 12:186-197. [PMID: 37058577 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial porcine semen is stored at 17°C, leading to a reduction of sperm quality and increase of bacterial growth. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of 5°C storage on porcine sperm functionality cooled one day after collection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semen doses (n = 40) were transported at 17°C and cooled at 5°C one day after collection. Spermatozoa were evaluated at Days 1, 4, and 7 for motility, viability, acrosome integrity, membrane stability, intracellular zinc, oxidative stress, and bacterial growth. RESULTS Contaminated semen doses predominantly exhibited Serratia marcescens, with increasing bacterial load during 17°C storage. Under hypothermal storage, negative doses for bacteria growth at Day 1 remained negative, and bacterial load did not increase in bacterial contaminated samples. Motility was significantly reduced through 17°C storage, but at 5°C, motility was only reduced at Day 4. Samples with bacterial growth (35.0%, 14/40) had significantly reduced motility at 17°C, but motility was unaltered at 5°C. Plasma membrane and acrosome integrity without bacterial contamination were unaffected at 17°C, but were significantly reduced at 5°C on Day 7. Plasma membrane and acrosome integrity significantly decreased with bacterial contamination regardless of temperature. High mitochondrial activity in viable spermatozoa without bacteria was not altered by temperature, but was significantly reduced by bacterial contamination at 17°C. Membrane stability was significantly reduced at Day 4, but tended (p = 0.07) to be higher in samples without bacterial growth. Viable spermatozoa exhibiting high zinc were significantly reduced throughout storage regardless of temperature. Oxidative stress levels were not altered, but significantly increased with bacterial contamination at 17°C. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Porcine spermatozoa cooled to 5°C one day after collection retain functional attributes similar to spermatozoa stored at 17°C, but have a reduced bacterial load. Cooling extended boar semen to 5°C is feasible after transport to avoid modifying semen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Gonzalez-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Fernando J Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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Qi S, He Q, Zhang Z, Chen H, Giménez-Lirola L, Yuan F, Bei W. Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Serum, Semen, Oral Fluid, and Preputial Fluid Samples of Boars. Vet Sci 2023; 10:689. [PMID: 38133240 PMCID: PMC10747573 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is commonly associated with clinical symptoms such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like lesions, respiratory signs, and reproductive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of PCV3 in a boar stud. The objectives were to detect PCV3 in semen, as well as matched serum, oral fluid, and preputial fluid samples from adult boars using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), analyze PCV3-IgG antibody data, and genetically characterize a positive sample. A total of 112 samples from 28 boars were collected from a large-scale pig farm in Guangxi, China. The qPCR results showed that the PCV3 DNA was not detected in semen, with a positive rate of 0% (0/28), while it was detected in serum (3.57%-1/28), oral fluid (64.28%-18/28), and preputial fluid (46.4%-13/28). The seropositivity rate of PCV3-IgG in serum was 82.14% (23/28) according to the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) results. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the PCV3 isolates belonged to the PCV3c clades. This is the first report of PCV3 detection in preputial fluid from boars. The results suggest that PCV3 is transmitted among boars on pig farms and exhibits epidemic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qiyun He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Luis Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (S.Q.); (Z.Z.); (H.C.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430000, China
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Ngo C, Suwimonteerabutr J, Prapasarakul N, Morrell JM, Tummaruk P. Bacteriospermia and its antimicrobial resistance in relation to boar sperm quality during short-term storage with or without antibiotics in a tropical environment. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 37198655 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In tropical environments, boar semen is prepared either from a boar on the same farm as the sow herd or collected in semen collection centers and then transported to other farms. Thus, the semen doses can be used for artificial insemination either immediately or preserved for 2-3 days. The present study investigated the bacteriospermia and its antimicrobial resistance in relation to boar sperm quality during short-term storage in semen extender with or without antibiotics in Thailand. M&M: In total, 20 Duroc ejaculates were collected. Each ejaculate was diluted in Beltsville Thawing Solution extender either with 0.25 g of gentamicin per liter (ANTIBIOTIC) or without gentamicin (NO-ANITIBIOTIC) to create semen doses containing 3,000 × 106 sperm/100 mL. These were stored at 17 °C for 4 days. Semen characteristics and total bacterial count (CFU per mL, log10) were measured after collection and during storage. RESULTS Sperm viability was decreased by 6.4% for every 1.0 log10 increase in total bacterial count (p = 0.026) and Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated across ejaculates. Throughout the 4 days of storage, sperm motility, viability and acrosome integrity in the ANTIBIOTIC group were higher than those in the NO-ANTIBIOTIC group (p < 0.05), while the total bacterial count was lower (1.9 ± 0.1 versus 3.9 ± 0.1 log10, respectively; p < 0.001). Without antibiotic supplementation, the total numbers of bacteria counted on days 2 and 3 of storage were higher than those determined on days 0 and 1 (p < 0.001). Differences in semen quality were detected on days 2 and 3 between the NO-ANTIBIOTIC and ANTIBIOTIC groups in high-viability semen (p < 0.05). However, no differences in sperm quality between the NO-ANTIBIOTIC and ANTIBIOTIC groups were detected in the low-viability semen on each storage day (p > 0.05). On the last day of preservation, Globicatella sanguinis (57.2%), Delftia acidovorans (18.9%) and Micrococcus spp. (5.9%) remained as the top three most abundant contaminants in the semen with antibiotic. CONCLUSION Our findings contribute new insights toward reducing antibiotics as well as rational antibiotic use in the boar AI industry. The growth of bacteria was significantly greater only after 2 days of preservation in the semen without antibiotic. For semen doses diluted from highly viable ejaculates, it is possible to store for 2 days without any antibiotic supplementation. Moreover, bacterial counts increased at the end of storage in the presence of gentamycin, suggesting the loss of bacteriostatic properties of gentamicin to the growth of bacteria during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- CongBang Ngo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Junpen Suwimonteerabutr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Diagnosis and Monitoring for Animal Pathogens, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 75007, Sweden
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Pena Jr S, Pagente MA, Ymas BP, Janier MB. Bacteriospermia among smallholder artificial insemination boars in the Philippines and potential associated factors. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.365230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Contreras MJ, Núñez-Montero K, Bruna P, García M, Leal K, Barrientos L, Weber H. Bacteria and Boar Semen Storage: Progress and Challenges. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121796. [PMID: 36551453 PMCID: PMC9774694 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine breeding today is based on artificial insemination with chilled semen. This is stored at 5 °C with antibiotic supplementation to avoid bacteriospermia. There are many negative consequences on sperm quality and functionality as a result of bacterial contamination, as well as on the health of the sow. Nowadays, various techniques are being developed to reduce the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and thus avoid the generation of antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to inform about the bacterial contamination consequences of storing liquid semen from boar and to provide an update on current methods and alternatives to antibiotic use in cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Contreras
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Kattia Núñez-Montero
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Pablo Bruna
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Matías García
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Karla Leal
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
| | - Leticia Barrientos
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (H.W.)
| | - Helga Weber
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Center of Excellence in Traslational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0458, Temuco 01145, Chile
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (H.W.)
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Rubim Sacramento RC, Neuenschwander Maciel LP, Paiva Coimbra JLD, Corcini CD, Junior ASV, Komninou ER, Hogg CO, Ashworth CJ, de Albuquerque Lagares M, Chiarini-Garcia H, Almeida FRCLD. Birthweight leads to seminal and testicular morphofunctional commitment in sexually mature boars. Theriogenology 2022; 189:237-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gonzalez‐Castro R, Porflidt C, Patton T, Goins D, Herickhoff L. Effect of season, genetic line and temperature during transport on sperm motility of commercial insemination doses of pooled boar semen: a retrospective study. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:1363-1374. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Gonzalez‐Castro
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins Colorado US
| | | | - Toni Patton
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
| | - Donna Goins
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
| | - Lisa Herickhoff
- Membrane Protective Technologies Inc, Fort Collins Colorado US
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Boar Semen Contamination: Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010043. [PMID: 35011149 PMCID: PMC8749634 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Boar semen can contain many bacterial species, some of which can have a negative impact upon the quality of the semen, as well as on the sows’ reproductive capacity. Semen contamination may occur at time of collection or during semen processing. The aim of this study was to identify gram-negative bacteria that appear in boar semen and to establish models of antimicrobial resistance of isolated gram-negative bacteria. Semen doses examined contained bacterial species with a known negative effect on sows’ reproductive tracts (Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli), and more than half of these isolates were resistance to gentamycin (56.52%) and penicillin (58.69%) antimicrobials commonly used in boar semen extenders. This work proved the presence of pathogenic multiple resistant bacteria in semen, and therefore, we highly recommend periodic microbiological screening of bacteriospermia in boars to avoid the use of low-quality semen in the pig industry. Abstract Bacterial contamination of boar semen occurs with some frequency in artificial insemination centers and may have a negative effect on the quality of the semen as well as on the sows’ reproductive capacity. Normally, the source of bacterial contamination in pig seminal doses is the own boar. However, distilled water or laboratory equipment used to elaborate the seminal doses can be an important source of bacterial contamination. This study focused on the identification of gram-negative bacteria in boar semen, and impact on the quality of ejaculates obtained from boar, as well as on the establishment of antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated gram-negative bacteria. Semen samples were collected from 96 boars, ranging in age from 12–36 month, from three artificial insemination centers from the North-West of Romania. Bacterial species were identified by two methods: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and API 20 E (BioMerieux, France). The main bacteria isolated from the doses diluted semen were gram-negative bacteria (47.91%), with a majority of the contaminant bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae: Seratia marcescens 19.56%, Proteus mirabilis 15.21% and Escherichia coli 10.86% and to the family Pseudomonaceae: Ralstonia picketii 17.39%, Burkholderia cepacia 10.86%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.69%, and Pseudomonas fluorescens 4.34%, respectively. More than half of these isolates (56.52%) were resistant to gentamycin and 58.69% were resistant to penicillin. These antibiotics are very frequently added in sperm diluent in the centers for the processing of sperm from boars in Romania. Regular monitoring for bacterial contamination is an important aspect of a control program.
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The Efficiency of Selected Extenders against Bacterial Contamination of Boar Semen in a Swine Breeding Facility in Western Slovakia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113320. [PMID: 34828051 PMCID: PMC8614807 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the efficiency of selected semen extenders to prevent bacterial overgrowth in boar ejaculates stored for 72 h. Among the identified bacterial isolates, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most prevailing species. While all extenders supplemented with antibiotics ensured a satisfactory sperm vitality during the storage period, neither of them was able to achieve a complete elimination of bacteria from extended semen. Furthermore, a number of bacterial isolates exhibited resistance to several antibiotics chosen for the microbial susceptibility test (e.g., tigecyklin and ciprofloxacin). Abstract Bacteriospermia has become a serious factor affecting sperm quality in swine breeding, this is why antibiotics (ATBs) are a critical component of semen extenders. Due to ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance, the aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of selected commercially available semen extenders to prevent a possible bacterial contamination of boar ejaculates. Three Androstar Plus extenders containing different combinations of antibiotics were used to process ejaculates from 30 healthy Duroc breeding boars. Androstar Plus without antibiotics was used as a control. The extended samples were stored at 17 °C for 72 h. Sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, DNA integrity and oxidative profile of each extended sample were assessed following 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Furthermore, selective media were used to quantify the bacterial load and specific bacterial species were identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The results indicate that semen extenders enriched with ATBs ensured a significantly higher preservation of the sperm quality in comparison to the ATB-free control. The total bacterial count was significantly decreased in the extenders supplemented with ATBs (p < 0.001), however gentamycin alone was not effective enough against Gram-positive bacteria, while a few colonies of Enterococcus hirae, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium spp. were present in the samples extended in the presence of a triple combination of ATBs. In conclusion, we may suggest that semen extenders enriched in antibiotics were not able to fully eliminate the bacteria present in the studied samples. Furthermore, selection of suitable antibiotics for semen extension should be accompanied by adequate hygiene standards during the collection and handling of boar ejaculates.
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Paschoal AFL, Mellagi APG, Ferrari CV, Takeuti KL, Oliveira GDS, Bernardi ML, Ulguim RDR, Bortolozzo FP. Adjusted method of penis fixation during boar semi-automatic semen collection aiming to reduce bacterial contamination. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:897-904. [PMID: 33740831 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semen collection has an essential role in the initial bacterial load in boar ejaculates and extended semen. The study aimed to explore the efficacy of an adjusted penis fixation in a semi-automatic collection system on reducing bacterial contamination of ejaculates in two-boar studs with different scenarios. Historically, stud A had low levels of bacterial load in raw semen, while stud B had a high level of contamination. A total of 56 mature boars had their semen collected using two methods of penis fixation: (a) Traditional: The penis was fixed directly with the artificial cervix and transferred to the adjustable clamp; (b) Adjusted: The fixation was performed with one gloved-hand, and after exteriorization, the penis was gripped using the artificial cervix with the other gloved-hand and transferred to the adjustable clamp. The bacterial load (p = .0045) and the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml (p = .0101) were reduced in the Adjusted compared to the Traditional method. Bacterial load was reduced when using the Adjusted method in stud B (p = .0011), which showed a greater occurrence of critical factors for bacterial contamination (p ≤ .0034). The Adjusted method reduced the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml when the preputial ostium was dirty (p = .016) and the duration of semen collection was >7 min (p = .022) compared to the Traditional method. In conclusion, the Adjusted penis fixation was efficient in reducing bacterial load of ejaculates, mainly in boar stud B, which had high contamination challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fernanda Lopes Paschoal
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Karine Ludwig Takeuti
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Oliveira
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Setor de Suínos da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Dalmutt AC, Moreno LZ, Gomes VTM, Cunha MPV, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Knöbl T, Pedroso AC, Moreno AM. Characterization of bacterial contaminants of boar semen: identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1848845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa C. Dalmutt
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Z. Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vasco T. M. Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos P. V. Cunha
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Terezinha Knöbl
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea M. Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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A pilot RNA-seq study in 40 pietrain ejaculates to characterize the porcine sperm microbiome. Theriogenology 2020; 157:525-533. [PMID: 32971422 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a key role in homeostasis and health and it has been also linked to fertility and semen quality in several animal species including swine. Despite the more than likely importance of sperm bacteria on the boar's reproductive ability and the dissemination of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes, the high throughput characterization of the swine sperm microbiome remains scarce. We carried RNA-seq on 40 ejaculates each from a different Pietrain boar and found that a proportion of the sequencing reads did not map to the Sus scrofa genome. The current study aimed at using these reads not belonging to pig to carry a pilot study to profile the boar sperm bacterial population and its relation with 7 semen quality traits. We found that the boar sperm contains a broad population of bacteria. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria (39.1%), Firmicutes (27.5%), Actinobacteria (14.9%) and Bacteroidetes (5.7%). The predominant species contaminated sperm after ejaculation from soil, faeces and water sources (Bacillus megaterium, Brachybacterium faecium, Bacillus coagulans). Some potential pathogens were also found but at relatively low levels (Escherichia coli, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis). We also identified 3 potential antibiotic resistant genes from E. coli against chloramphenicol, Neisseria meningitidis against spectinomycin and Staphylococcus aureus against linezolid. None of these genes were highly abundant. Finally, we classified the ejaculates into categories according to their bacterial features and semen quality parameters and identified two categories that significantly differed for 5 semen quality traits and 13 bacterial features including the genera Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Rhodobacter. Our results show that boar semen contains a bacterial community, including potential pathogens and putative antibiotic resistance genes, and that these bacteria may affect its reproductive performance.
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Tsakmakidis IA, Samaras T, Anastasiadou S, Basioura A, Ntemka A, Michos I, Simeonidis K, Karagiannis I, Tsousis G, Angelakeris M, Boscos CM. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Alternative to Antibiotics Additive on Extended Boar Semen. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081568. [PMID: 32784995 PMCID: PMC7466471 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on boar semen. Beltsville thawing solution without antibiotics was used to extend ejaculates from 5 boars (4 ejaculates/boar). Semen samples of control group (C) and group with Fe3O4 (Fe; 0.192 mg/mL semen) were incubated under routine boar semen storage temperature (17 °C) for 0.5 h and nanoparticles were removed by a magnetic field. Before and after treatment, aliquots of all groups were cultured using standard microbiological methods. The samples after treatment were stored (17 °C) for 48 h and sperm parameters (computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) variables; morphology; viability; hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST); DNA integrity) were evaluated at storage times 0, 24, 48 h. Semen data were analyzed by a repeated measures mixed model and microbial data with Student’s t-test for paired samples. Regarding CASA parameters, Fe group did not differ from C at any time point. In group C, total motility after 24 h and progressive motility after 48 h of storage decreased significantly compared to 0 h. In group Fe, linearity (LIN) after 48 h and head abnormalities after 24 h of storage increased significantly compared to 0 h. The microbiological results revealed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in group Fe compared to control at both 24 and 48 h. In conclusion, the use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during semen processing provided a slight anti-microbiological effect with no adverse effects on sperm characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Tsakmakidis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-994-467
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.S.); (K.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Sofia Anastasiadou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Athina Basioura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Aikaterini Ntemka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Ilias Michos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Konstantinos Simeonidis
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.S.); (K.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Isidoros Karagiannis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Georgios Tsousis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Mavroeidis Angelakeris
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (T.S.); (K.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Constantin M. Boscos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.A.); (A.B.); (A.N.); (I.M.); (I.K.); (G.T.); (C.M.B.)
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Zhang J, Liu H, Yang Q, Li P, Wen Y, Han X, Li B, Jiang H, Li X. Genomic Sequencing Reveals the Diversity of Seminal Bacteria and Relationships to Reproductive Potential in Boar Sperm. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1873. [PMID: 32903829 PMCID: PMC7438901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of emerging studies suggest that pathogenic microorganisms in semen may cause a decline in the reproductive potential of spermatozoa, and the bacterial diversity and profile of ejaculated boar semen in different seasons are currently unknown. To explore the bacterial composition and changes in ejaculated boar semen from winter and summer, and the underlying mechanism of decline in sperm quality and fertility capacity in summer, 120 ejaculated semen samples were examined for bacterial communities using genomic sequencing technology, and the associations between microbial composition and sperm reproductive potential were investigated. The results showed that Proteobacteria (57.53%), Firmicutes (31.17%), Bacteroidetes (4.24%), and Actinobacteria (3.41%) are the dominant phyla in the ejaculated semen, and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas (34.41%) and Lactobacillus (19.93%), which belong to the phyla of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively. Interestingly, the higher diversity of bacteria in ejaculated semen of winter differs from that of summer semen, potentially due to seasonal changes related to changes in semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity. Furthermore, the highly abundant Lactobacillus in winter samples were positively associated with sperm quality and reproductive performance obtained from sows inseminated with such semen samples, while in contrast, the highly abundant Pseudomonas in summer samples was negatively associated with sperm quality and reproductive potential. Additionally, our results strongly indicated that Lactobacillus is not only a potential probiotic for semen quality and fertility potential but also beneficial for restraining the negative influence of Pseudomonas. Overall, our findings significantly contribute to the current understanding of the phenotypes and etiology of male "summer infertility," and may represent a frontier in male reproductive disorders and possible early prevention against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangzhen Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peifei Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Bushe Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongju Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Menezes TDA, Mellagi APG, da Silva Oliveira G, Bernardi ML, Wentz I, Ulguim RDR, Bortolozzo FP. Antibiotic-free extended boar semen preserved under low temperature maintains acceptable in-vitro sperm quality and reduces bacterial load. Theriogenology 2020; 149:131-138. [PMID: 32259750 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the sperm quality and number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in extended boar semen stored at low temperatures with or without antibiotics. Normospermic ejaculates (n = 34) were diluted in split samples with Androstar® Premium with or without antibiotics (ampicillin and apramycin sulfate). The extended semen doses were stored for 120 h under three storage temperatures (5, 10, and 17 °C). Variables were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure, in a factorial design. The extended semen doses under low-temperature storage (5 and 10 °C) had total motility above 75% throughout the storage. The interaction antibiotic × temperature was significant for total (P = 0.004) and progressive motility (P = 0.005). In extended boar semen doses with antibiotics, the total and progressive motility increased as the storage temperature increased (80.2%, 84.5%, and 89.1%; 70.5%, 76.0%, and 82.9% for total and progressive motility at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.05). In extended semen doses without antibiotics, the total and progressive motility were lower when stored at 5 °C than at 10 °C and 17 °C (81.8%, 85.4% and 86.6% and 71.9%, 76.7%, 78.9% for total and progressive motility at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.05). After the thermoresistance test, total and progressive motility of doses with antibiotics were higher at 17 °C than 5 °C (P < 0.05); however, they were not affected (P > 0.05) by storage temperature in extended semen doses without antibiotics. The number of CFU mL-1 was lower in extended semen doses without antibiotics stored at 5 and 10 °C than at 17 °C (P < 0.05); however, in extended semen doses with antibiotics, no effect of storage temperature was observed (P > 0.05). The bacterial load was greater in extended semen without antibiotics than with antibiotics, regardless of the storage temperature (P < 0.05). The acrosome and sperm membrane integrity were not influenced (P > 0.05) by using antibiotics. A higher percentage of normal acrosomes was observed as the storage temperature increased (93.6%, 94.3%, and 96.8% at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.0001). The membrane integrity was higher (P < 0.0001) in extended semen doses stored at 17 °C than at 10 or 5 °C. The pH rose throughout the storage in all the treatments, except in extended semen doses stored at 17 °C without antibiotics, in which a decrease in the pH occurred at 120 h (P < 0.05). Although the sperm quality being negatively affected by low temperatures, the storage of extended boar semen doses at 5 °C is possible since the sperm viability in vitro was maintained for up to 5 days, fulfilling the requirements of semen quality to be used in artificial insemination. Nevertheless, the use of extended semen doses without antibiotics requires the optimization of hygiene procedures during semen dose processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tila de Alcantara Menezes
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Silva Oliveira
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mari Lourdes Bernardi
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivo Wentz
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Bacteriospermia and Sperm Quality of Cryopreserved Bull Semen Used in Artificial Insemination of Cows in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:2098315. [PMID: 32411339 PMCID: PMC7204317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2098315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this trial were to estimate prevalence of bacteriospermia, to determine the bacterial load, and to isolate the types of bacteria as well as to assess the association between bacterial load and sperm quality traits in cryopreserved bull semen in field conditions in the South Wollo Zone. A total of 309 cryopreserved straws of semen from the Holstein Friesian (HF)-cross bull (n = 180 straws) and pure Jersey bull (n = 129 straws) were investigated. Bacteriological assessments of the presence of aerobic bacteria, estimation of bacterial count and bacterial isolation, as well as semen quality were performed. Aerobic bacterial contamination was prevalent in 38.8% of the semen straws. No significant difference in the prevalence of bacteriospermia was observed among bulls although the HF-cross bull had a higher prevalence (40.0%). But, significant difference in prevalence of bacteriospermia was found among semen ejaculates of the same bull. The risk of bacteriospermia in the HF-cross bull was higher (Odds ratio = 1.86, 95% CI = 0.168–20.26) compared to Jersey although not significant. Overall average bacterial load of 50.38 ± 16.29 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml (from nil to 1318.20 CFU/ml) was found. No significant difference in bacterial count among bulls and their ejaculates was observed. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed that the proportions of motility, live, and normal morphology were negatively influenced by an increase in the bacterial contamination of semen. In this study, three isolates of coagualse-negative Staphylococcus species and one isolate of Corynebacterium species were found. Average percentages of sperm motility (48.35 ± 1.23), live (66.08 ± 1.0), and normal morphology (80.62 ± 1.24) were observed. It was concluded that cryopreservation does not guarantee the quality of semen from bacterial contamination. Hence, meticulous care should be adopted to prevent contamination of semen by bacteria during collection, transportation, processing, and storage times.
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Monaco D, Lacalandra GM. Considerations for the development of a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) semen collection centre. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 212:106239. [PMID: 31864495 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dromedary camel (DC) is a strategic animal for the exploitation of the desert and unhospitable lands (arid and semiarid areas). These animals are a genetic resource, locally adapted and more resilient to these environs, that may significantly contribute to food security and sustainable development of marginal land areas. Artificial insemination is the least invasive, least expensive technique for improving genetic selection and minimising transmission of venereal disease among animals and herds. Besides semen preservation protocols, specific approaches for the development of DC semen collection centres - biosecurity measures, screening for infectious diseases, management of animals, welfare, nutrition, control of seasonality, training, hygiene of semen collection and processing - have been considered less important aspects. The aim of this research is to describe the aspects related to the development of a DC semen collection centre, summarising the latest studies in the field of welfare, reproduction and diseases, and describing biosecurity and hygiene aspects related to semen collection and handling. Scientific gaps and requirements for maximising the production of good quality and safe-to-use semen doses with minimal risks of disease transmission are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Monaco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy.
| | - G M Lacalandra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeV), University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Italy
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Oehler C, Janett F, Schmitt S, Malama E, Bollwein H. Development of a flow cytometric assay to assess the bacterial count in boar semen. Theriogenology 2019; 133:125-134. [PMID: 31091483 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a new flow cytometric assay for the determination of the bacterial count in commercially processed boar semen. In total 224 fresh boar semen samples collected at an AI-station were analyzed. The number of total viable counts (TVC) was determined by using flow cytometry after staining with SYBR Green I and Propidium Iodide (PI). In the first part of the study 111 fresh boar semen samples were spiked with pure cultures of defined numbers of bacteria commonly detected in boar ejaculates and analyzed by flow cytometry. In the second part, 113 fresh semen samples were assessed on the day of collection through flow cytometry and the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, as the standard bacteriological method. The first part of the study showed a strong correlation between the detected and expected numbers (r = 0.96; P < 0.001), while in the second part of the study the TVC determined by flow cytometry and by the MPN method correlated only moderately (r = 0.28; P < 0.01; median MPN: 24,000 ± MAD 21,600 bacteria/mL; median flow cytometry: 24,426 ± MAD 15,610 bacteria/mL). In summary flow cytometry is a fast alternative to the classical culture technique to determine highly contaminated boar ejaculates. The developed flow cytometric protocol enables one to enumerate the viable bacteria within fresh boar ejaculates without requiring numerous treatment steps, and thus offering the possibility of an on-line use in AI-centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Oehler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fredi Janett
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Malama
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gao H, Gao Y, Yang C, Dong D, Yang J, Peng G, Peng J, Wang Y, Pan C, Dong W. Influence of outer membrane vesicles of Proteus mirabilis isolated from boar semen on sperm function. Vet Microbiol 2018; 224:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lopez Rodriguez A, Van Soom A, Arsenakis I, Maes D. Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28770098 PMCID: PMC5525438 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is the preferred method for reproduction in the majority of the intensive pig production systems Worldwide. To this end, fresh extended ready-to-use semen doses are either purchased from AI-centres or produced by boars kept on-farm. For profitable semen production, it is necessary to obtain a maximum amount of high quality semen from each boar. This paper reviews current knowledge on factors that may affect semen quality by influencing the boar or the semen during processing. Genetic markers could be used for early detection of boars with the highest fertility potential. Genetic selection for fast growth might jeopardize semen quality. Early detection of boars no longer fit for semen production might be possible by ultrasonography of the testes. Seasonal variation in sperm quality could be associated with changes in photoperiod and heat stress during summer. Comfortable housing, with appropiate bedding material to avoid locomotion problems is essential. In some areas, cooling systems may be necessary to avoid heat stress. The sperm quality can be manipulated by feeding strategies aiming, for instance, to increase sperm resistance to oxidative stress and extend storage duration. High collection frequency will negatively influence sperm quality. Also, if collection is not hygienically performed it will result in bacterial contamination of the semen doses. The concern over bacterial contamination has risen not only because of its negative effect on semen quality but also due to the detection of antimicrobial resistance in isolates from extended semen. Moreover, bacterial and viral pathogens must be monitored because they affect semen production and quality and constitute a risk of herd infection. During processing, boar sperm are submitted to many stress factors that can cause oxidative stress and capacitation-like changes potentially reducing their fertility potential. Dilution rate or dilution temperature affects the quality of the semen doses. Some packaging might preserve semen better than others and some plastic components might be toxic for sperm. Standard operation procedures and quality assurance systems in AI centres are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lopez Rodriguez
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Knecht D, Jankowska-Mąkosa A, Duziński K. Analysis of the lifetime and culling reasons for AI boars. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:49. [PMID: 28580140 PMCID: PMC5452416 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to analyze the lifetime and culling reasons for boars used in insemination centers (AI centers). METHODS The data collected from 355 culled boars from 1998 to 2013 included: age at start of semen collection, boar herd life, culling reason, daily gain and lean meat content, and number of ejaculates not meeting sales requirements after dilution. Culling reasons were divided into 7 groups: low semen value (LSV), low or lack of libido (LL), leg problems (LP), infectious diseases (ID), old age (OA), reduced demand for semen from the given boar (RD), and others (OT). RESULTS The most common culling reasons for boars were LSV (23.7%) and RD (22.5%). It was observed that the lowest daily gains were noted in boars culled due to OA. Boars culled due to OA and RD were maintained in production for the longest time (over 1000 d), for LSV and ID retention was about 700 d, and due to LL below 400 d. The survival probability was over 0.9 until 1.5 yr, and just over 0.2 until 4 yr. The highest relative frequency was observed in the 36th and 42nd mo of life (over 16%). Hazard risk analysis revealed a more than 10 times higher risk of culling in the case of LL, ID or OT, in comparison to OA. CONCLUSIONS The results can be used as a direct point of reference for the identification of emerging problems in AI boar exploitation and the development of an appropriate culling policy in AI centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Knecht
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51– 630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jankowska-Mąkosa
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51– 630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Duziński
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51– 630 Wroclaw, Poland
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The impact of bacteriospermia on boar sperm storage and reproductive performance. Theriogenology 2016; 85:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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