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Gu Y, Huang L, Wu C, Huang J, Hao H, Yuan Z, Cheng G. The Evolution of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Salmonella under Exposure to Sub-Inhibitory Concentration of Enrofloxacin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212218. [PMID: 34830098 PMCID: PMC8619427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of resistance in Salmonella to fluoroquinolones (FQs) under a broad range of sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) has not been systematically studied. This study investigated the mechanism of resistance development in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) under sub-MICs of 1/128×MIC to 1/2×MIC of enrofloxacin (ENR), a widely used veterinary FQ. It was shown that the resistance rate and resistance level of S. Enteritidis varied with the increase in ENR concentration and duration of selection. qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression of outer membrane porin (OMP) genes, ompC, ompD and ompF, were down-regulated first to rapidly adapt and develop the resistance of 4×MIC, and as the resistance level increased (≥8×MIC), the up-regulated expression of efflux pump genes, acrB, emrB amd mdfA, along with mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) gradually played a decisive role. Cytohubba analysis based on transcriptomic profiles demonstrated that purB, purC, purD, purF, purH, purK, purL, purM, purN and purT were the hub genes for the FQs resistance. The 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process, purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process and purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process were the top three biological processes screened by MCODE. This study first described the dynamics of FQ resistance evolution in Salmonella under a long-term selection of sub-MICs of ENR in vitro. In addition, this work offers greater insight into the transcriptome changes of S. Enteritidis under the selection of ENR and provides a framework for FQs resistance of Salmonella for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cuirong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junhong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (C.W.); (J.H.); (H.H.); (Z.Y.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-8728-7165
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Sitovs A, Sartini I, Giorgi M. Levofloxacin in veterinary medicine: a literature review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:111-126. [PMID: 33964616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A potent third-generation antimicrobial fluoroquinolone drug, levofloxacin was introduced into human clinical practice in 1993. Levofloxacin is also used in veterinary medicine, however its use is limited: it is completely banned for veterinary use in the EU, and used extralabel in only companion animals in the USA. Since its introduction to clinical practice, many studies have been published on levofloxacin in animal species, including pharmacokinetic studies, tissue drug depletion, efficacy, and animal microbial isolate susceptibility to levofloxacin. This literature overview highlights the most clinically relevant and scientifically important levofloxacin studies linked to the field of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Zhou H, Liang Y, Gao L, Ren J, Xue F, Guo D, Jiang Y, Yang Z, Lian L, Dai J. Identification and expression analyses of new genes associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108629. [PMID: 31554132 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Quinolone-resistant foodborne pathogens have become an important public health concern, however, little is known about the molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistance among Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. This study aimed to explore new genes implicated in resistance to CIP in genome-wide. CIP susceptibility of six V. parahaemolyticus isolates was analyzed by disk diffusion and micro-broth dilution methods. To establish a model for CIP-resistant V. parahaemolyticus, in vitro continuous subcultures in drug gradient medium were adopted, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was eventually increased by 64-128 times. Quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and it was demonstrated that there were mutations of gyrA at position 83 and parC at position 85. In addition, whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis showed that an emergence of joint variations was found in ten genes, and the expression of those was detected by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Collectively, these results suggest that the mutation of these novel gene sequences and the increase of expression of those genes may be related to CIP resistance in V. parahaemolyticus, which provide insights into the molecular basis for the phenotypic variations in bacterial antibiotic resistance, and thus may help clinicians develop more efficient strategies for antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dehua Guo
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Lele Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from companion animals in Europe (ComPath II study). Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Uddin MJ, Ahn J. Characterization of β-lactamase- and efflux pump-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:921-928. [PMID: 30263820 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the β-lactamase- and efflux pump-mediated antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium (WT-ST), ciprofloxacin-induced antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium (CI-ST), and clinically-acquired antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium (CA-ST). The β-lactamase activities were significantly increased up to 63 μmol/min/mL in CA-ST and 24 μmol/min/mL in CI-ST when compared to WT-ST (13 μmol/min/mL). The highest efflux pump activity was observed in CI-ST and CA-ST, showing more than 45%. The antibiotic susceptibilities of WT-ST, CI-ST, and CA-ST were increased in the presence of β-lactamase and efflux pump inhibitors. CA-ST showed the highest activity in AcrD, MdtABC, EmrAB, MdtK, and MacAB efflux pumps. The repressed ompF were responsible for the decreased susceptibility of CA-ST to ampicillin (MIC > 512 μg/mL). This study would provide useful information for better understating of the development of multidrug resistance in association with β-lactamase and efflux pump activities and designing new antibiotic chemotherapy in combination with inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jalal Uddin
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review with a focus on Mediterranean countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:421-435. [PMID: 27889879 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs. These molecules have been widely prescribed to treat various infectious diseases and have been classified into several generations based on their spectrum of activity. Quinolones inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by interfering with the action of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Mutations in the genes encoding these targets are the most common mechanisms of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. Moreover, three mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998 and include Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6')-Ib-cr, and plasmid-mediated efflux pumps QepA and OqxAB. Plasmids with these mechanisms often encode additional antimicrobial resistance (extended spectrum beta-lactamases [ESBLs] and plasmidic AmpC [pAmpC] ß-lactamases) and can transfer multidrug resistance. The PMQR determinants are disseminated in Mediterranean countries with prevalence relatively high depending on the sources and the regions, highlighting the necessity of long-term surveillance for the future monitoring of trends in the occurrence of PMQR genes.
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Fiegen U, Klein G, de Jong A, Kehrenberg C. Detection of a Novel qnrB19-Carrying Plasmid Variant Mediating Decreased Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonella enterica Serovar Hadar. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:280-284. [PMID: 27404660 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hadar isolates of avian origin collected between 2007 and 2010 from chicken carcasses in five geographically spread abattoirs in Germany were investigated for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants. Four isolates were identified by PCR analysis and hybridization experiments to carry qnrB genes. The isolates were indistinguishable by their XbaI macrorestriction patterns and did not exhibit a mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes. The qnrB genes were found to be located on small plasmids of ∼2.6 kb, which mediated decreased susceptibility only to quinolones. The plasmids were assigned to the same type, pHAD28, and transformation studies into an Escherichia coli recipient strain confirmed their transferability. Sequence analysis of the complete plasmid pHAD28 revealed the presence of a qnrB19 gene. The gene was found on a novel variant of qnrB19-harboring plasmids with high similarity to plasmids pPAB19-3 from E. coli and pPAB19-4 from Salmonella sp. M9397. A presumptive recombination side was detected, suggesting that interplasmid recombination events might have played a role in the development of this plasmid variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Fiegen
- 1 Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- 1 Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anno de Jong
- 2 Bayer Animal Health GmbH , Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- 1 Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Ballesté-Delpierre C, Fàbrega A, Ferrer-Navarro M, Mathur R, Ghosh S, Vila J. Attenuation of in vitro host-pathogen interactions in quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi mutants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:111-22. [PMID: 26446080 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between quinolone resistance acquisition and invasion impairment has been studied in some Salmonella enterica serovars. However, little information has been reported regarding the invasive human-restricted pathogen Salmonella Typhi. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of quinolone resistance acquisition and its impact on virulence in this serovar. METHODS Two antibiotic-resistant mutants (Ty_c1 and Ty_c2) were generated from a Salmonella Typhi clinical isolate (Ty_wt). The three strains were compared in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular mechanisms of resistance, gene expression of virulence-related factors, ability to invade eukaryotic cells (human epithelial cells and macrophages) and cytokine production. RESULTS Multidrug resistance in Ty_c2 was attributed to AcrAB/TolC overproduction, decreased OmpF (both mediated by the mar regulon) and decreased OmpC. The two mutants showed a gradually reduced expression of virulence-related genes (invA, hilA, hilD, fliC and fimA), correlating with decreased motility, reduced infection of HeLa cells and impaired uptake by and intracellular survival in human macrophages. Moreover, Ty_c2 also showed reduced tviA expression. Additionally, we revealed a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β production and decreased NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide an in-depth characterization of the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the Salmonella Typhi serovar and evidence that acquisition of antimicrobial resistance is concomitantly detected with a loss of virulence (epithelial cell invasion, macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine production). We suggest that the low prevalence of clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi highly resistant to ciprofloxacin is due to poor immunogenicity and impaired dissemination ability of these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ballesté-Delpierre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Anna Fàbrega
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Mario Ferrer-Navarro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Ramkumar Mathur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jordi Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
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