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Rodrigues JA, Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR. A systematic review on products derived from nematophagous fungi in the biological control of parasitic helminths of animals. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:224. [PMID: 38822201 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Nematophagous fungi have been widely evaluated in the biological control of parasitic helminths in animals, both through their direct use and the use of their derived products. Fungal bioproducts can include extracellular enzymes, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), as well as secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review covering the evaluation of products derived from nematophagous fungi in the biological control of parasitic helminths in animals. In total, 33 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The majority of the studies were conducted in Brazil (72.7%, 24/33), and bioproducts derived from the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans were the most commonly evaluated (36.3%, 12/33). The studies involved the production of extracellular enzymes (48.4%, 16/33), followed by crude enzymatic extract (27.2%, 9/33), secondary metabolites (15.1%, 5/33) and biosynthesis of AgNPs (9.1%, 3/33). The most researched extracellular enzymes were serine proteases (37.5%, 6/16), with efficacies ranging from 23.9 to 85%; proteases (31.2%, 5/16), with efficacies from 41.4 to 95.4%; proteases + chitinases (18.7%, 3/16), with efficacies from 20.5 to 43.4%; and chitinases (12.5%, 2/16), with efficacies ranging from 12 to 100%. In conclusion, extracellular enzymes are the most investigated derivatives of nematophagous fungi, with proteases being promising strategies in the biological control of animal helminths. Further studies under in vivo and field conditions are needed to explore the applicability of these bioproducts as tools for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossiara Abrante Rodrigues
- Post-Graduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Sate of Paraíba, Patos, Brazil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Paraíba - IFPB, State of Paraíba, Sousa, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Post-Graduate Program in Science and Animal Health, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Sate of Paraíba, Patos, Brazil.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Institute of Paraíba - IFPB, State of Paraíba, Sousa, Brazil.
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Rajput M, Kumar M, Pareek N. Myco-chitinases as versatile biocatalysts for translation of coastal residual resources to eco-competent chito-bioactives. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vieira ÍS, Oliveira IDC, Campos AK, Araújo JV. Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia: Nematicidal effects of single and combined use after passage through cattle gastrointestinal tract. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:108005. [PMID: 32971132 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nematodiosis are responsible for financial losses in cattle production systems due to treatment costs, falling production rates and animal deaths. The incorporation of sodium alginate pellets containing nematophagous fungi in the bovine diet is a method for the control of nematodiosis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the viability of Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia contained in sodium alginate pellets after passage through the bovine gastrointestinal tract, as well as to evaluate the effects of single and combined use of these fungi against bovine parasitic nematodes. The reduction in parasitic nematode infective larvae of bovines by the combined use of Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia was more than the reduction in infective larvae by Arthrobotrys cladodes or Pochonia chlamydosporia alone in the collections 12, 24 and 36 h after giving the pellets to the animals. Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia combined promoted maximum reduction of infective larvae of 86.3%. Therefore, the combination of Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia may be an effective method to control gastrointestinal nematodiosis affecting grazing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Stoupa Vieira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Av. P.H Rolfs, s/n, CEP, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Isabela de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Av. P.H Rolfs, s/n, CEP, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Av. P.H Rolfs, s/n, CEP, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Av. P.H Rolfs, s/n, CEP, 36570-900, Brazil
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In vitrobiological control of bovine parasitic nematodes byArthrobotrys cladodes,Duddingtonia flagransandPochonia chlamydosporiaunder different temperature conditions. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e194. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVariations in temperature can affect the development of nematophagous fungi, especially when they are used in the biological control of parasitic nematodes in the pastures where cattle are reared. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of temperature on the performance of nematophagous fungi in the biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes. The mycelial growth, chlamydospore production and nematicidal activity ofDuddingtonia flagrans, Arthrobotrys cladodesandPochonia chlamydosporiawere evaluated at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The fungal strains achieved mycelial growth, chlamydospore production and nematicidal activity on parasitic nematodes under all temperature conditions tested. The fungi showed higher growth at intermediate temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) than at the extremes of 15 and 35°C. At 25 and 30°C,D. flagransrealized 96.8 and 94.5% nematicidal activity on bovine parasitic nematodes, respectively.Arthrobotrys cladodeseffected nematicidal activity of 85.3 and 83.5%, at 20 and 25°C, respectively. At 20 and 30°C,P. chlamydosporiaachieved nematicidal activity of 81.3 and 87.4%, respectively. The maximum chlamydospore production was reached at 20, 25 and 30°C forD. flagrans, at 20 and 25°C forA. cladodesandP. chlamydosporia.The results of this study demonstrated that the tested fungal strains ofD. flagrans, A. cladodesandP. chlamydosporia,when used in the biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes, were not limited byin vitrotemperature variations. Therefore, the use of these strains of fungi as biological control agents of parasitic nematodes is promising.
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Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia in the biological control of nematodiosis in extensive bovine production system. Parasitology 2020; 147:699-705. [PMID: 32008588 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cattle production in extensive systems favours the occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes, and the use of nematophagous fungi complements the control strategies for these nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the fungi Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia in the biological control of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in grazing cattle. Twenty-four calves were randomly divided into four groups and allocated to independent paddocks from February 2018 to January 2019. In the first group, the animals received pellets containing P. chlamydosporia. In the second group, the animals received pellets containing A. cladodes. In the third group, the animals received pellets containing a combination of the fungi A. cladodes and P. chlamydosporia. In the control group, the animals received pellets without fungus. The combined use of A. cladodes and P. chlamydosporia showed greater efficacy in the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes than the same fungi used separately. The parasite load was lower and weight gain was greater (P ⩽ 0.05) in the groups of cattle treated with nematophagous fungi. Therefore, the use of A. cladodes and P. chlamydosporia is promising in the biological control of nematodiosis in cattle.
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Soares AMDS, Wanderley LF, Costa Junior LM. The potential of plant and fungal proteins in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes from animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:339-345. [PMID: 31291435 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infection is an important cause of high economic losses in livestock production. Nematode control based on a synthetic chemical approach is considered unsustainable due to the increasing incidence of anthelmintic resistance. Control alternatives such as the use of natural products are therefore becoming relevant from an environmental and economic point of view. Proteins are macromolecules with various properties that can be obtained from a wide range of organisms, including plants and fungi. Proteins belonging to different classes have shown great potential for the control of nematodes. The action of proteins can occur at specific stages of the nematode life cycle, depending on the composition of the external layers of the nematode body and the active site of the protein. Advances in biotechnology have resulted in the emergence of numerous protein and peptide therapeutics; however, few have been discussed with a focus on the control of animal nematodes. Here, we discuss the use of exogenous proteins and peptides in the control of gastrointestinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martins Dos Santos Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Vegetal, Curso de Engenharia Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Lêdia Feitosa Wanderley
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Vegetal, Curso de Engenharia Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Livio Martins Costa Junior
- Laboratório de Controle de Parasitos, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Sobral SA, Ferreira BS, Senna CC, Ferraz CM, Moreira TF, Fidelis Junior OL, Hiura E, Tobias FL, Machado RZ, Araújo JVD, Braga FR. Rhabditis spp., in the Espírito Santo, State of Brazil and evaluation of biological control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:333-337. [PMID: 31188945 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe occurrences of Rhabditis spp. causing parasitic otitis in dairy cattle of Gir breed in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, and to evaluate the biological control of this nematode using the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34). After nematode detection and collection, three groups were formed: two groups that were treated, respectively, with the fungal isolates; and a control group, without fungus. The treatments were as follows: (a) Petri dishes containing the culture medium 2% water agar (WA) + 250 nematodes + AC001; (b) Petri dishes containing 2% WA + 250 nematodes + NF34; and (c) Petri dishes containing only 2% WA + 250 nematodes. After seven days at 27 °C the treatments with fungi were able to capture and destroy the nematodes, with percentages of 82.0% (AC001) and 39.0% (NF34) in relation to the control group. The results demonstrate the occurrence of Rhabditis spp. after animals physical examination and that there was efficacy of the in vitro predatory activity of both fungal isolates. Thus, these results are important because they can assist in future in vivo control of this nematode in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samilla Alves Sobral
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Bruna Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Caio Colodette Senna
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Carolina Magri Ferraz
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Tiago Facury Moreira
- Departamento de Clínica de Animais de Grande Porte, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Otavio Luiz Fidelis Junior
- Departamento de Clínica de Animais de Grande Porte, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Emy Hiura
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Fernando Luiz Tobias
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Fabio Ribeiro Braga
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Experimental e Controle Biológico, Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
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Soares AMS, Oliveira JTA, Rocha CQ, Ferreira ATS, Perales J, Zanatta AC, Vilegas W, Silva CR, Costa-Junior LM. Myracrodruon urundeuva seed exudates proteome and anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200848. [PMID: 30024949 PMCID: PMC6053183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed exudates are plant-derived natural bioactive compounds consisting of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic molecules. Plant seed exudates have been poorly studied against parasite nematodes. This study was undertaken to identify proteins in the Myracrodruon urundeuva seed exudates and to assess the anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus, an important parasite of small ruminants. M. urundeuva seed exudates (SEX) was obtained after immersion of seeds in sodium acetate buffer. SEX was fractionated with ammonium sulfate at 0–90% concentration to generate the ressuspended pellet (SEXF1) and the supernatant (SEXF2). SEX, SEXF1, and SEXF2 were exhaustively dialyzed against distilled water (cut-off: 12 kDa) and the protein contents determined. Mass spectrometry analyses of SEX, SEXF1, and SEXF2 were done to identify proteins and secondary metabolites. The seed exudates contained protease, protease inhibitor, peptidase, chitinase, and lipases as well as the low molecular weight secondary compounds ellagic acid and quercetin rhamnoside. SEX inhibited H. contortus larval development (LDA) (IC50 = 0.29 mg mL-1), but did not affect larval exsheathment (LEIA). On the other hand, although SEXF1 and SEXF2 inhibited H. contortus LEIA (IC50 = 1.04 and 0.93 mg mL-1, respectively), they showed even greater inhibition efficiency of H. contortus larval development (IC50 = 0.29 and 0.42 mg mL-1, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show the anthelmintic activity of plant exudates against a gastrointestinal nematode. Moreover, it suggests the potential of exuded proteins as candidates to negatively interfere with H. contortus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. S. Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering Program, Exact Sciences Center and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMSS); (LMCJ)
| | - Jose T. A. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Q. Rocha
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies in Phytomedicines, Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - André T. S. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Biosciences, Bioprospecting, Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Biosciences, Bioprospecting, Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina R. Silva
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Livio M. Costa-Junior
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMSS); (LMCJ)
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Araújo SA, Soares AMDS, Silva CR, Almeida Júnior EB, Rocha CQ, Ferreira ATDS, Perales J, Costa-Júnior LM. In vitro anthelmintic effects of Spigelia anthelmia protein fractions against Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189803. [PMID: 29244856 PMCID: PMC5731696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a significant concern for animal health and well-being, and anthelmintic treatment is mainly performed through the use of chemical products. However, bioactive compounds produced by plants have shown promise for development as novel anthelmintics. The aim of this study is to assess the anthelmintic activity of protein fractions from Spigelia anthelmia on the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. Plant parts were separated into leaves, stems and roots, washed with distilled water, freeze-dried and ground into a fine powder. Protein extraction was performed with sodium phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0). The extract was fractionated using ammonium sulfate (0–90%) and extensively dialyzed. The resulting fractions were named LPF (leaf protein fraction), SPF (stem protein fraction) and RPF (root protein fraction), and the protein contents and activities of the fractions were analyzed. H. contortus egg hatching (EHA), larval exsheathment inhibition (LEIA) and larval migration inhibition (LMIA) assays were performed. Proteomic analysis was conducted, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profiles of the fractions were established to identify proteins and possible secondary metabolites. S. anthelmia fractions inhibited H. contortus egg hatching, with LPF having the most potent effects (EC50 0.17 mg mL-1). During LEIA, SPF presented greater efficiency than the other fractions (EC50 0.25 mg mL-1). According to LMIA, the fractions from roots, stems and leaves also reduced the number of larvae, with EC50 values of 0.11, 0.14 and 0.21 mg mL-1, respectively. Protein analysis indicated the presence of plant defense proteins in the S. anthelmia fractions, including protease, protease inhibitor, chitinase and others. Conversely, secondary metabolites were absent in the S. anthemia fractions. These results suggest that S. anthelmia proteins are promising for the control of the gastrointestinal nematode H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alves Araújo
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering Course, Centre for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Martins dos Santos Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering Course, Centre for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMDSS); (LMCJ)
| | - Carolina Rocha Silva
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bezerra Almeida Júnior
- Laboratory of Botanical Studies, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís MA, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Quintino Rocha
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies in Phytomedicines, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís MA, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Livio M. Costa-Júnior
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luíz MA, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMDSS); (LMCJ)
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Costa Silva LP, Oliveira JP, Keijok WJ, da Silva AR, Aguiar AR, Guimarães MCC, Ferraz CM, Araújo JV, Tobias FL, Braga FR. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the cell-free filtrate of nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6373-6381. [PMID: 28919741 PMCID: PMC5587170 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) using biological systems such as fungi has evolved to become an important area of nanobiotechnology. Herein, we report for the first time the extracellular synthesis of highly stable silver NPs (AgNPs) using the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001). The fungal cell-free filtrate was analyzed by the Bradford method and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay and used to synthesize the AgNPs in the presence of a 1 mM AgNO3 solution. They have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopes. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed bioreduction, while X-ray diffractometry established the crystalline nature of the AgNPs. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy images showed approximately 11, 38 nm monodisperse and quasispherical AgNPs. Zeta potential analysis was able to show a considerable stability of AgNPs. The N-H stretches in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicate the presence of protein molecules. The Raman bands suggest that chitinase was involved in the growth and stabilization of AgNPs, through the coating of the particles. Our results show that the NPs we synthesized have good stability, high yield, and monodispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jairo Pinto Oliveira
- Morphology Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - André Romero da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rocha Aguiar
- Department of Parasitology, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Magri Ferraz
- Department of Parasitology, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Tobias
- Department of Microbiology, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ribeiro Braga
- Department of Parasitology, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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