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Kabil E, Göktaş EF, Güneş E, Yatanaslan L, Zor TA, Tektaş MH, İnceman B, Tufan M. Cocktail drug usage and etofenamate detection in post-race equine urine sample: A case report. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5556. [PMID: 36426413 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A recent trend in the use of high-resolution accurate mass screening (HRAMS) for doping control testing in both human and animal sports has emerged owing to significant improvement in high-resolution mass spectrometry in terms of sensitivity, mass accuracy, mass resolution and mass stability. Several HRAMS methods have been reported for the detection of multidrug residues in human or equine urine. These improved analytical technologies have led to changes in the use of prohibited substances, and the administration of more than one substance at low concentrations as a "cocktail" has become one of the methods used to alter performance in racehorses. In one of horse urine samples transferred to the analytical laboratory in Turkey for analysis, 5-hydroxymethyl meloxicam (2.96 ng/ml), etofenamate (2.15 ng/ml), flufenamic acid (108.92 ng/ml) and cobalt (200 ng/ml) were detected. These findings reveal that more than one prohibited substance was used together as a cocktail to alter the racing performance at low doses. In this case report, flufenamic acid was detected as a metabolite of etofenamate along with the parent drug. This case study also supports the advantages of metabolite analysis for anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Kabil
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Ertuğrul Güneş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Levent Yatanaslan
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Tuba Asena Zor
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Muhammet Hakan Tektaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Bahadır İnceman
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Murat Tufan
- Doping Control Laboratory, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Pressure variation in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction associated with digital image colorimetry: Determination of cobalt in food samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wenzel RG, Major D, Hesp KF, Hall E, Doble P. Cobalt accumulation in horses following repeated administration of cobalt chloride. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:465-472. [PMID: 31418855 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor cobalt concentrations in urine, red blood cells and plasma after chronic parenteral administration of cobalt chloride evaluate these results against the current International Federation of Horseracing Authorities thresholds for detecting cobalt misuse. DESIGN Eight mares were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with two mares in each group: Group 1 - control group, Group 2 - 25 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl2 weekly, Group 3 - 50 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl2 weekly, and Group 4 - 25 milligrams cobalt intravenously mid-week and at the end of the week. Urine and blood samples were collected before each weekly administration so that trough levels were assessed. In the group receiving two doses per week, urine and blood were collected prior to the dose given at the end of each week. Samples were initially collected at time zero then weekly for 10 weeks. Three further collections of urine and blood were made at days 81, 106 and 127. METHODS Urine creatinine measurements to assess horse hydration status were performed by the Jaffe reaction method. Cobalt determinations in plasma, blood and urine were by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Haematocrit concentrations, used to calculate red cell cobalt levels, were performed using a microhematocrit centrifuge. Statistical analyses were conducted in Genstat (v17, VSNi). RESULTS Marked cobalt accumulation was evident with increasing cobalt concentrations for all sample matrices in specimens collected immediately prior to cobalt administration. Correlation between the sample matrices improved when urine cobalt concentration was adjusted for creatinine level. Red cell cobalt levels remained elevated for at least 12 weeks after cessation of administration, consistent with the lifespan of the red cell. There was no significant change in haematocrit concentrations for the duration of the study. CONCLUSION The current urine cobalt threshold was only effective at detecting acute cobalt exposure while the plasma cobalt threshold was able to consistently identify chronic high-level cobalt exposure and potential cobalt misuse. The threshold values legislated for urine cobalt do not correlate with those set for plasma. The acute nature of urinary cobalt excretion provides a relatively small window through which cobalt administration is detected. Plasma and red cell cobalt concentrations can provide a clearer picture of potential cobalt misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Wenzel
- NSW Health Pathology, Trace Elements Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 5, Acute Services Building, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia.,Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2001, Australia
| | - D Major
- Derek Major Consulting Pty Ltd, Richmond, New South Wales, 2753, Australia
| | - K F Hesp
- NSW Health Pathology, Trace Elements Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 5, Acute Services Building, Pacific Highway, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - E Hall
- Veterinary Biostatistics, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - P Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, 2001, Australia
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Skalny AV, Zaitseva IP, Gluhcheva YG, Skalny AA, Achkasov EE, Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA. Cobalt in athletes: hypoxia and doping - new crossroads. J Appl Biomed 2019; 17:28. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2018.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Burns TA, Dembek KA, Kamr A, Dooley SB, Dunbar LK, Aarnes TK, Bednarski LS, O'Brien C, Lakritz J, Byrum B, Wade A, Farmer R, Tan S, Toribio RE. Effect of Intravenous Administration of Cobalt Chloride to Horses on Clinical and Hemodynamic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:441-449. [PMID: 29286554 PMCID: PMC5787161 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) is administered to racehorses to enhance performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, cardiovascular, and endocrine effects of parenterally administered CoCl2. Objectives To describe the effects of weekly intravenous doses of CoCl2 on Standardbred horses. Animals Five, healthy Standardbred mares. Methods Prospective, randomized, experimental dose‐escalation pilot. Five Standardbred mares were assigned to receive 1 of 5 doses of CoCl2 (4, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg/kg) weekly IV for 5 weeks. Physical examination, blood pressure, cardiac output, and electrocardiography (ECG) were evaluated for 4 hours after administration of the first and fifth doses. Blood and urine samples were collected for evaluation of cobalt concentration, CBC and clinical chemistry, and hormone concentrations. Results All mares displayed pawing, nostril flaring, muscle tremors, and straining after CoCl2 infusion. Mares receiving 4, 2, or 1 mg/kg doses developed tachycardia after dosing (HR 60–126 bpm). Ventricular tachycardia was noted for 10 minutes after administration of the 4 mg/kg dose. Increases in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) occurred after administration of all doses (4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/kg). Profound hypertension was observed after the 4 mg/kg dose (SAP/DAP, MAP [mmHg] = 291–300/163–213, 218–279). Hemodynamics normalized by 1–2 hours after administration. ACTH and cortisol concentrations increased within 30 minutes of administration of all CoCl2 doses, and cardiac troponin I concentration increased after administration of the 4 and 2 mg/kg doses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The degree of hypertension and arrhythmia observed after IV CoCl2 administration raises animal welfare and human safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Burns
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - K A Dembek
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - A Kamr
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - S B Dooley
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - L K Dunbar
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - T K Aarnes
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - L S Bednarski
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - C O'Brien
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - J Lakritz
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - B Byrum
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - A Wade
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - R Farmer
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - S Tan
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - R E Toribio
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
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McKenzie E. Foundations of performance – factors that contribute to excellence in equine exercise. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Horses are renowned for their incredible capacity for a range of athletic activities, and participation in athletic events arguably represents the most critical strut of the equine industry. Successful performance is typically a primary focus during participation in competitive athletic events, and relies upon a variety of innate physiological and structural factors of the athlete. However, a wide range of external factors also influence performance, and many of these can be readily manipulated. Therefore, thorough assessment of the individual’s inherent capacity for a specific athletic discipline must be combined with optimisation of external factors including nutrition and training to promote excellent performance. Recent progress in methods of athlete selection and monitoring of training responses are assisting continued improvements in equine performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. McKenzie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 227 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Popot MA, Ho EN, Stojiljkovic N, Bagilet F, Remy P, Maciejewski P, Loup B, Chan GH, Hargrave S, Arthur RM, Russo C, White J, Hincks P, Pearce C, Ganio G, Zahra P, Batty D, Jarrett M, Brooks L, Prescott LA, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Bonnaire Y, Wan TS. Interlaboratory trial for the measurement of total cobalt in equine urine and plasma by ICP-MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1400-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnes Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Emmie N.M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin NT Hong Kong, China
| | - Natali Stojiljkovic
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Florian Bagilet
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Pierre Remy
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Pascal Maciejewski
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Benoit Loup
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - George H.M. Chan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin NT Hong Kong, China
| | - Sabine Hargrave
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Rick M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Charlie Russo
- Racing Chemistry Laboratory; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250 Bentley Delivery Centre Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - James White
- Racing Chemistry Laboratory; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250 Bentley Delivery Centre Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Pamela Hincks
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services; LGC Ltd; Newmarket Road, Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Clive Pearce
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services; LGC Ltd; Newmarket Road, Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - George Ganio
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - Paul Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - David Batty
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd; 400 Epsom Road Flemington Victoria 3031 Australia
| | - Mark Jarrett
- Racing Science Centre; Cooksley St Hamilton QLD 4007 Australia
| | - Lydia Brooks
- Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency; 1130 Morrison Dr. Ottawa Ontario K2H 9N Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 960 Carling Av. Bldg#22 C.E.F. Ottawa Ontario K1A 0Y9
| | - Lise-Anne Prescott
- Canadian Pari-Mutuel Agency; 1130 Morrison Dr. Ottawa Ontario K2H 9N Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 960 Carling Av. Bldg#22 C.E.F. Ottawa Ontario K1A 0Y9
| | | | - Yves Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH); 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Terence S.M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse; Sha Tin NT Hong Kong, China
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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