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Mizutani I, Nishi R, Murakami M. Bidirectional Patellar Luxation in Small- or Miniature-Breed Dogs in Japan; Patient Characteristics and Radiographic Measures Compared with Medial Patellar Luxation. Vet Sci 2023; 10:692. [PMID: 38133243 PMCID: PMC10747490 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional patellar luxation (BPL) is a relatively rare form of patellar luxation, with limited information reported regarding breed predisposition and etiology. The purpose of this study was to describe the patient characteristics and radiographic measures of proximodistal patellar position associated with BPL in dogs in Japan, compared with dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL). A retrospective medical record search of surgically corrected MPL and BPL dogs was performed, and breed, age, sex, body weight, and presence of the patella alta in the extended-stifle position were recorded. The ratio of the patellar ligament length to patella length (PLL/PL) and the ratio of the distance between the proximal pole of the patella and the femoral condyle to patella length (A/PL) were measured on stifle radiographs. A total of 35 dogs with BPL and 95 dogs with MPL were included. The BPL was most commonly present in Toy Poodles (odds ratio compared to MPL dogs: 7.05) in the present study. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or body weight between the BPL and MPL groups. Patella alta in the extended-stifle position was more common in the BPL group (23.4%) than in the MPL group (0.8%). However, there were no significant differences in PLL/PL or A/PL between the BPL and MPL groups. The study highlights BPL in different dog breeds in Japan, and suggests that the occurrence of BPL may be related to stifle extension. However, more research is needed to fully understand the etiology of BPL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reo Nishi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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Hayward JJ, Todhunter RJ. Common Orthopedic Traits and Screening for Breeding Programs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00066-9. [PMID: 37225647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic diseases are complex traits, meaning genetics and environmental factors affect risk, making identification of genetic associations difficult. In the United States, hip and elbow scores, patellar luxation scores, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, and shoulder osteochondrosis affectedness are available in the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals registry. Distraction indices and extended, ventrodorsal hip conformation scores are recorded by PennHIP. Application of estimated breeding values for hip and elbow dysplasia in breeder selection reduces the severity and prevalence of these traits. Genomic prediction and whole-genome sequence technologies and methods should improve knowledge of genetics underlying orthopedic diseases, leading to improved canine orthopedic genetic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Oestrus status does not alter breeding suitability assessments regarding medial patellar luxation in female small breed dogs: A blinded multi-observer study. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:102-107. [PMID: 35777278 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Study aims were to evaluate if medial patellar luxation clinical grades changed with oestrus status, and to determine interobserver agreement for different classification methods for grading patellar luxation. Intact female dogs were recruited for grading by 3 independent observers on 2 occasions (pro-oestrus/oestrus and dioestrus/anoestrus) using a published grading system. Observers were blinded to oestrus status. Oestrus status was confirmed by vaginal cytology. Observer agreement was determined using Fleiss' multirater kappa on the original grading scores, simplification to the Norwegian Kennel Club system, and further simplification to a binary suitable/not-suitable for breeding system. The exact McNemar's test was used to assess the effect of oestrus on classification. Of 70 dogs recruited, 53 underwent paired observations. Interobserver agreement was considered moderate to very good for the study sub-groups, with overall kappa values of 0.68 (95% CI 0.63-0.72), 0.79 (0.73-0.84) and 0.92 (0.85-0.99), and percentage agreements of 65%, 81% and 94%, for the original, simplified and binary classifications. Oestrus status did not have a significant effect on classification of breeding suitability. Clinicians and owners should not be concerned about the timing of patellar luxation grading in relation to oestrus. Experienced observers show good or very good agreement using the Norwegian Kennel Club and binary categorisations.
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Garnoeva RS, Paskalev MD. Post-operative radiographic measures of pelvic limb alignment in dogs with medial patellar luxation after trochlear wedge recession versus trochlear block recession surgery. Vet World 2021; 14:1504-1510. [PMID: 34316198 PMCID: PMC8304435 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1504-1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Anatomical and mechanical femoral angles are quite different among dog breeds. Most published data are about large dog breeds, however, medial luxation of patella is more common in small breeds. Measures of pelvic limb alignment are important for outcome of patellar luxation surgery. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the values of anatomical and mechanical femoral and tibial angles in dogs before, immediately after, and 1 month after surgery for correction of medial patellar luxation (MPL). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 54 dogs (67 stifle joints) from four small breeds that underwent surgery by either trochlear block recession (36 stifle joints) or trochlear wedge recession (31 stifle joints) techniques. Results: In both trochleoplasty techniques, statistically significant differences in the values of the anatomical medial proximal femoral angle (aMPFA), anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), and femoral varus angle (in MPL Grade II) and of aMPFA and Q-angle (in MPL Grade III) were found out. Conclusion: After block recession surgery, more angles were positively influenced and this effect was more pronounced in patients with MPL Grade II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Stayova Garnoeva
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Feldmane L, Theyse LFH. Proximodistal and caudocranial position of the insertion of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity and patellar ligament length of normal stifles and stifles with grade II medial patellar luxation in small-breed dogs. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1017-1022. [PMID: 34013994 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of the proximodistal and caudocranial relative position of the patellar ligament insertion on the tibia and patellar ligament length-to-patellar length ratio (PLL:PL) in small-breed dogs with and without grade II medial patellar luxation (MPL). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION Dogs weighing ≤15 kg, including 43 stifles with MPL and 34 control stifles. METHODS The proximodistal and caudocranial relative position of the patellar ligament insertion was determined as a ratio using the vertical (VTT) and horizontal distance (HTT) between the tibial tuberosity insertion and the tibial plateau divided by the tibial plateau length (TPL). In addition, PLL:PL and tibial plateau angle (TPA) were determined. RESULTS The VTT:TPL ratio was lower in affected stifles (95% CI: 0.86-0.94) than in the control group (0.93-1.01; p = .01). No other difference was identified between affected and normal stifles. CONCLUSION The only difference identified in this study consisted of a more proximal position of the patellar ligament insertion in the stifles of small-breed dogs with grade II MPL. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The more proximal position of the patellar ligament insertion will result in a more proximal position of the patella in the trochlear groove and may contribute to the development of MPL. Potentially, this will also affect the risk of recurrence of MPL after surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene Feldmane
- Department for Small Animals, Soft Tissue & Orthopedic Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars F H Theyse
- Department for Small Animals, Soft Tissue & Orthopedic Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Lehmann SV, Andrada E, Taszus R, Koch D, Fischer MS. Three-dimensional motion of the patella in French bulldogs with and without medial patellar luxation. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:76. [PMID: 33579272 PMCID: PMC7881552 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background French bulldogs exhibit significantly larger femoral external rotation and abduction than other breeds. We were curious as to whether this peculiar leg kinematic affects patellar motion and/or might induce medial patellar subluxation (MPSL) or medial patellar permanent luxation (MPPL). We hypothesized that the more abducted leg posture during stance causes an unusual medial pull direction of the rectus femoris muscle during stance, and that this may facilitate the occurrence of MPSL or even MPPL during locomotion. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed existing stifle-joint X-ray-sequences collected during the treadmill walk and trot of seven adult female French bulldogs. We estimated 3D-patellar kinematics using Scientific Rotoscoping. Results The three-dimensional motion of the patella comprises rotations and translations. From the seven dogs analyzed, three exhibited MPSL and one MPPL during the gait cycle. Medial patellar luxation (MPL) occurred mostly around toe-off in both gaits studied. Patellar position was generally not gait-related at the analyzed timepoints. In dogs with MPL, the patella was placed significantly more distally (p = 0.037) at touch-down (TD) and at midswing (p = 0.024), and significantly more medial at midswing (p = 0.045) compared to dogs without MPL. Conclusions Medial patellar luxation seems to be the consequence of the far from parasagittal position of the stifle joint during stance due to a broad trunk, and a wide pelvis. This peculiar leg orientation leads to a medial sideway pull caused by the rectus femoris muscle and the quadriceps femoris and may initiate plastic deformation of the growing femur and tibia. Thus, a way to avoid MPL could be to control breeding by selecting dogs with lean bodies and narrow pelvis. Actual breeding control programs based on the orthopedic examination are susceptible to errors. Systematic errors arise from the fact that the grading system is highly dependent on the dog’s condition and the veterinarians’ ability to perform the palpation on the stifle. Based on our results, the position of the patella at TD, or even perhaps during stand might offer a possibility of an objective radioscopic diagnostic of the MPL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02787-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V Lehmann
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Roxana Taszus
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Koch
- Daniel Koch Kleintierchirurgie AG, Diessenhofen, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Rudd Garces G, Arizmendi A, Barrientos LS, Crespi JA, Morales H, Peral García P, Padula G, Giovambattista G. Epidemiology of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Patellar Luxation in Dogs from the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 34:24-31. [PMID: 33058091 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation and the associated risk factors in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 13,072 clinical records of dogs were reviewed from School Hospital (Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata). Data of age, breed, sex, body weight, patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture condition were registered. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the prevalence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation with the variables and then univariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk of having cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation. Multivariable logistic regression was used including all variables to assess the odds of having patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament rupture. RESULTS Of 13,072 patients treated, 72 and 51 had cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation respectively. Sex was not a major risk factor for either condition. Adult (odds ratio [OR] = 8.2) and senior (OR = 4.3) patients had increased risk of having cranial cruciate ligament rupture, while for patellar luxation age was not a risk factor. Groups 2, 3 and 8 were more likely to have cranial cruciate ligament rupture (OR = 5.5, OR = 9.1 and OR = 2.6), and group 11 had lower risk of having patellar luxation (OR = 0.08). Maxi (OR = 2.4) and giant (OR = 6.0) breeds had higher risk of having cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and medium and maxi breeds had higher risk of patellar luxation (OR = 0.05 and OR = 0.3). Multivariate OR test confirmed that age (adult), body size (giant and maxi) and breed group (Group 3) were significantly associated with having cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and age was associated with having patellar luxation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first epidemiological study of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and patellar luxation in dogs from School Hospital (Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata). Giant and large adult dogs from the Molossoid and Terrier breeds were more likely to have cranial cruciate ligament rupture, while mixed and large dog breeds showed the lowest risk of having patellar luxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rudd Garces
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Arizmendi
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Escuela de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura S Barrientos
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián A Crespi
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Morales
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pilar Peral García
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisel Padula
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Giovambattista
- IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Anderson KL, Zulch H, O'Neill DG, Meeson RL, Collins LM. Risk Factors for Canine Osteoarthritis and Its Predisposing Arthropathies: A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:220. [PMID: 32411739 PMCID: PMC7198754 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common clinical and pathological end-point from a range of joint disorders, that ultimately lead to structural and functional decline of the joint with associated lameness and pain. Increasing understanding of the risk factors associated with osteoarthritis will assist in addressing the significant threat it poses to the welfare of the dog population and implementing preventive measures. Presented here, is the first comprehensive systematic review and evaluation of the literature reporting risk factors for canine osteoarthritis. This paper aimed to systematically collate, review and critically evaluate the published literature on risk factors for canine osteoarthritis and its predisposing conditions such as developmental joint dysplasias, cruciate ligament degeneration, and patellar luxation. Peer-reviewed publications were systematically searched for both osteoarthritis and predisposing arthropathies on Web of Science and PubMed following PRISMA (2009) guidelines, using pre-specified combinations of keywords. Sixty-two papers met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated and graded on reporting quality. Identified risk factors included both modifiable factors (neuter status and body weight) for which intervention can potentially affect the risk of occurrence of osteoarthritis, and unmodifiable factors (sex, breed, and age) which can be used to identify individuals most “at risk.” Osteoarthritis in dogs frequently develops from predisposing arthropathies, and therefore risk factors for these are also important to consider. Papers evaluated in this study were rated as medium to high-quality; gap analysis of the literature suggests there would be significant benefit from additional research into the interactions between and relative weighting of risk factors. There are a number of examples where research outcomes are conflicting such as age and sex; and further investigation into these factors would be beneficial to attain greater understanding of the nature of these risks. Comprehensively collating the published risk factors for osteoarthritis and its predisposing conditions offers opportunities to identify possible means for control and reduction within the population through preventative methods and control strategies. These factors are highlighted here, as well as current literature gaps where further research is warranted, to aid future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L Anderson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.,Dogs Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Lisa M Collins
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Maeda K, Inoue M, Tanaka M, Momozawa Y. Evidence of genetic contribution to patellar luxation in Toy Poodle puppies. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:532-537. [PMID: 30745525 PMCID: PMC6483903 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patellar luxation (PL) is one of the most common orthopedic disorders in dogs and a
genetic factor is considered to play an important role in the development of PL. Genomic
analysis has attempted to identify the genetic markers associated with the development of
PL but only suggestive markers have been identified. Carefully selecting breeds with
higher incidence rates of congenital PL as well as affected dogs with more severe symptoms
are required, but such information remains limited to date. This study aimed to assess the
genetic contribution to the development of PL in puppies. Using data on PL from 2,048
puppies of the nine common breeds in Japan, the association of PL grades between the
limbs, breed, and sex as well as the concordance of PL between littermates were examined.
A significant correlation was found between right and left limbs in PL grades in all the
puppies (Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs)=0.91,
P<0.001) and for each breed (rs=0.81–0.93,
P<0.001). In total, 20.3% of the puppies were affected. The
inter-breed difference in PL prevalence was 2.1–38.1%, and Toy Poodles showed the highest
prevalence rates. Littermates of the affected puppies with PL grade ≥2 had a 16.2-fold
higher risk (P<0.001). Thus, these results suggest that PL in puppies
is primarily influenced by genetics, especially in Toy Poodles. These data highlight the
necessity of using a breeding scheme to decrease the prevalence of PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Maeda
- Anicom Insurance, Inc., 8-17-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 171-0033, Japan
| | - Mai Inoue
- Anicom Insurance, Inc., 8-17-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 171-0033, Japan
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Anicom Insurance, Inc., 8-17-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 171-0033, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Srinarang P, Nganvongpanit K, Pradit W, Buddhachat K, Siengdee P, Soontornvipart K, Chomdej S. Dystroglycan 1: A new candidate gene for patellar luxation in Chihuahua dogs. Vet World 2018; 11:1277-1284. [PMID: 30410234 PMCID: PMC6200557 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1277-1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to uncover new candidate genes related to patellar luxation (PL) in dogs to select for those with low susceptibility for breeding purposes. Materials and Methods: The inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique was performed to construct DNA fingerprints of 61 Chihuahua dogs with PL and 30 healthy Chihuahua dogs. DNA polymorphisms were detected by comparing the sequences between the affected and unaffected dogs, using the pairwise alignments in MultAlin. Genotyping was performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR). The association analysis of ISSR DNA fingerprints and genotypes or phenotypes was performed using the Chi-square (χ2) model and generalized linear model (GLM), respectively. Results: Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely SNP1UBC811 (g.91175C>G) and SNP2UBC811 (g.92259T>C), were found in the intron of the Dystroglycan 1 (DAG1) gene, which was obtained using the PL-related marker UBC811 primer (p=0.02), and genotyped by AS-PCR. When investigated using the GLM, g.91175C>G had a significant association with PL (p=0.0424), whereas g.92259T>C did not have such an association (p=0.0959). Conclusion: DAG1 might be one of the genes related to PL in Chihuahuas and could aid the process of marker-assisted selection in genetic breeding for Chihuahua dogs without PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawadee Srinarang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.,Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Waranee Pradit
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Buddhachat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Puntita Siengdee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kumpanart Soontornvipart
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriwadee Chomdej
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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