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Lillo E, Pellegrini F, Rizzo A, Lanave G, Zizzadoro C, Cicirelli V, Catella C, Losurdo M, Martella V, Tempesta M, Camero M. In Vitro Activity of Ozone/Oxygen Gaseous Mixture against a Caprine Herpesvirus Type 1 Strain Isolated from a Goat with Vaginitis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1920. [PMID: 37370430 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses cause genital lesions and reproductive failure in both humans and animals. Their control is mainly based on prevention using hygienic prophylactic measures due to the absence of vaccines and limitations of antiviral drug therapy. Ozone is an oxidating gas showing a strong microbicidal activity on bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. The present study assessed the in vitro virucidal and antiviral activity of ozone against caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1). The virucidal activity of a gaseous mixture containing O3 at 20 and 50 μg/mL was assessed against the virus at different contact times (30 s, 60 s, 90 s, 120 s, 180 s, and 300 s). Antiviral activity of a gaseous mixture containing O3 at 20 and 50 μg/mL was evaluated against the virus after 30 s and 60 s. Ozone displayed significant virucidal activity when used at all the tested concentrations whilst significant antiviral activity was observed using ozone at 50 μg/mL. The gaseous mixture, tested in the present study, showed virucidal and antiviral activity against CpHV-1 in a dose- and time contact-dependent fashion. Ozone therapy could be evaluated in vivo for the treatment of CpHV-1-induced genital lesions in goats using topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Lillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cicirelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Michele Losurdo
- Department of Prevention of Animal Health and Welfare, Local Health Authority of Matera, Via Montescaglioso, 75100 Matera, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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Liang CS, Chen C, Lin ZY, Shen JL, Wang T, Jiang HF, Wang GX. Acyclovir inhibits white spot syndrome virus replication in crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Virus Res 2021; 305:198570. [PMID: 34555435 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a fatal pathogen threatening global crustacean industry with no commercially available drugs to control WSSV. To address the urgent need for finding effective antiviral agents against WSSV, we examined the anti-WSSV activities of 11 common antiviral agents in crayfish Procambarus clarkia. The results showed that acyclovir displayed the highest inhibition on WSSV replication in vivo (92.59%, 50 mg/kg). Acyclovir repressed WSSV proliferation followed a dose-dependent fashion and pre- or post-treatment of acyclovir exerted strong inhibition on the viral loads. Further, we observed a markedly reduced expression levels of WSSV genes (immediate-early IE gene ie1, DNA polymerase gene DNApol and envelope protein gene Vp28) that are crucial in viral life cycle with the acyclovir treatment during the early infection. Meantime, we also found a significantly increased expressions of anti-oxidative as well as apoptosis related genes, suggesting that acyclovir could effectively suppress WSSV replication in vivo. Finally, acyclovir treatment could significantly improve the survival rate of WSSV-challenged crayfish by 56%. Taken together, acyclovir has the potential to be developed as a promising preventive or therapeutic agent against WSSV infection, and this finding may provide a reference for rapid discovery anti-WSSV agent in crustacean aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shuai Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Lei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hai-Feng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Transcriptome and Proteomic Analysis Reveals Up-Regulation of Innate Immunity-Related Genes Expression in Caprine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071293. [PMID: 34372499 PMCID: PMC8310103 DOI: 10.3390/v13071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a member of the alpha subfamily of herpesviruses, which is responsible for genital lesions and latent infections in goat populations worldwide. In this study, for the first time, the transcriptome and proteomics of CpHV-1 infected Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were explored using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS) technology, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 81 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and mock-infected MDBK cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of these DEGs were mainly involved in the innate immune response, especially the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis results indicated that the identified DEGs were significantly mainly enriched for response to virus, defense response to virus, response to biotic stimulus and regulation of innate immune response. Viral carcinogenesis, the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and pathways associated with several viral infections were found to be significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. Eleven selected DEGs (Mx1, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT5, IFIH1, IFITM3, IRF7, IRF9, OAS1X and OAS1Y) associated with immune responses were selected, and they exhibited a concordant direction both in RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Proteomic analysis also showed significant up-regulation of innate immunity-related proteins. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mostly enriched in defense response and response to virus, and the pathways associated with viral infection were enriched under KEGG analysis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated most of the DEGs related to innate immune responses, as DDX58(RIG-I), IFIH1(MDA5), IRF7, Mx1, RSAD2, OAS1 and IFIT1, were located in the core of the network and highly connected with other DGEs. Our findings support the notion that CpHV-1 infection induced the transcription and protein expression alterations of a series of genes related to host innate immune response, which helps to elucidate the resistance of host cells to viral infection and to clarify the pathogenesis of CpHV-1.
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Hao K, Yuan S, Yu F, Chen XH, Bian WJ, Feng YH, Zhao Z. Acyclovir inhibits channel catfish virus replication and protects channel catfish ovary cells from apoptosis. Virus Res 2020; 292:198249. [PMID: 33253717 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The channel catfish virus (CCV) can cause lethal hemorrhagic infection in channel catfish, resulting in significant economic losses in the fish industry. Effective drugs for the virus are still lacking. Acyclovir is known as a potent antiviral agent against human herpes viruses and some animal DNA viruses. The present study was undertaken to explore the antiviral response and mechanism of acyclovir against CCV in channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells. Acyclovir was able to significantly inhibit the expression of viral genes related to CCV viral DNA synthesis and suppress viral replication at a safe concentration. Furthermore, acyclovir blocked the cytopathic effects and apoptosis induced by CCV, thereby maintaining the normal cellular morphological structure, as shown by the protection of CCO cells from the formation of apoptotic bodies or nuclear fragmentation. Moreover, reverse transcript quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that acyclovir suppressed the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9, while there was no significant impact on the expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting gene bcl-2 in CCV-infected cells. In addition, acyclovir did not promote the expression of immune-related genes such as MyD88, Mx1, IRF3, IRF7, IFN-I, NF-kB and IL-1β, suggesting that the antiviral activity of acyclovir to CCV infection is not achieved by facilitating the expression of immune-related genes in CCO cells. Taken together, the results from this study suggest that acyclovir could effectively regulate CCV-induced infection, and thus is a promising therapeutic agent against CCV. Our results will aid our understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiao Hui Chen
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Wen Ji Bian
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Yong Hui Feng
- Aquatic science research Institute of xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
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Vissani MA, Perglione CO, Zabal O, Alvarez G, Thiry E, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V. Topical Ganciclovir Reduces Viral Excretion in Mares With Equine Coital Exanthema. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103199. [PMID: 33077066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) is the etiological agent of equine coital exanthema (ECE). Because no vaccines or antiviral therapies are available, prevention consists of clinical examination of mares and stallions before mating or semen collection and resting from breeding activities when lesions are present. However, this methodology does not identify subclinically infected animals. Ganciclovir is the most potent compound known to reduce EHV-3 replication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical ganciclovir application to reduce EHV-3 replication in experimentally infected mares. A pilot study, after a double-blind completely randomized design, was carried out. Twenty mares were randomly divided into five groups (three treated with ganciclovir with different regimen of doses, one treated with a placebo, and one nontreated). Mares were experimentally infected with EHV-3 on day 0. Rectal temperature, clinical signs, and lesions were recorded. Daily perineal and vaginal swabs were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for virus detection. The antibody response was assessed by a virus neutralization test in serum samples collected weekly. Mares experimentally infected with EHV-3 and treated with ganciclovir twice a day for 13 days showed reduced levels and duration of viral excretion and less severe lesions. The viral excretion period was reduced from 18 to nine days compared with the untreated groups. We concluded that ganciclovir had an antiviral effect on EHV-3 replication when topically administered in mares showing clinical signs of ECE. Further trials should be performed to optimize the dose of the antiviral for a definitive formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aldana Vissani
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) scientific career, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cecilia Olguin Perglione
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Zabal
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Alvarez
- Dirección de Remonta y Veterinaria, Ejército Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege (B-4000), Liege, Belgium
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) scientific career, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cui Z, Li D, Xie Y, Wang K, Zhang Y, Li G, Zhang Q, Chen X, Teng Y, Zhao S, Shao J, Xingmeng F, Zhao Y, Du D, Guo Y, Huang H, Dong H, Hu G, Zhang S, Zhao Y. Nitazoxanide protects cats from feline calicivirus infection and acts synergistically with mizoribine in vitro. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104827. [PMID: 32579897 PMCID: PMC7306210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes acute upper respiratory infections and oral disease in cats, thus seriously endangering feline health. Recently, there have been outbreaks of particularly virulent variant strains of FCV, which can cause both acute symptoms and fatal systemic disease. The discovery of effective antiviral agents to treat FCV infection is, therefore, gradually assuming increased importance. In this study, we showed that both nitazoxanide and mizoribine had antiviral activity in F81 cells infected with different strains of FCV and also demonstrated a synergistic effect between the two drugs. Experiments in cats challenged with FCV showed that nitazoxanide significantly reduced the clinical symptoms of FCV infection, reduced viral load in the trachea and lungs, and reduced viral shedding. Our results showed that nitazoxanide and mizoribine could potentially be used as therapeutic agents to treat FCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanding Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dengliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yinli Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China; Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China
| | - Guohua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiaoxueying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yue Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shihui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fan Xingmeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dongju Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanbing Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guixue Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130122, China.
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Lanave G, Lucente MS, Siciliano P, Zizzadoro C, Trerotoli P, Martella V, Buonavoglia C, Tempesta M, Camero M. Antiviral activity of PHA767491 on Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:113-117. [PMID: 31445397 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) induces genital lesions in its natural host similar to those caused by Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HHV-2), commonly named herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) in human patients. CpHV-1 infection in goats could represent a useful homologous animal model for the study of HSV-2 infection, chiefly for the assessment of antiviral drugs in in vivo studies. PHA767491 is a potent inhibitor of HSV-1 and HSV-2, being able to limit replication of HHVs both in vitro and in the mouse model. In the present study the antiviral efficacy of PHA767491 against CpHV-1 was evaluated in vitro in MDBK cells. PHA767491 inhibited significantly CpHV-1 replication in a dose-dependent fashion by up to 2.50 log10 TCID50/50 μl and was able to decrease viral DNA by nearly 8 log10. These findings confirm that PHA767491 is highly effective not only against simplexviruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), but also against the varicellovirus CpHV-1. Experiments will be necessary to assess whether PHA767491 is suitable for treatment of vaginal lesions in CpHV-1-goat model. This could provide hints for the therapy of genital alphaherpesvirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria S Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Troszok A, Kolek L, Szczygieł J, Wawrzeczko J, Borzym E, Reichert M, Kamińska T, Ostrowski T, Jurecka P, Adamek M, Rakus K, Irnazarow I. Acyclovir inhibits Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 multiplication in vitro. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1709-1718. [PMID: 30144085 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is an aetiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. In this study, we examined in vitro the anti-CyHV-3 activity of acyclovir (ACV), nucleoside analogue commonly used against human herpesviruses, as well as acyclovir monophospate (ACV-MP). The cytotoxicity of the ACV and the ACV-MP for two common carp cell lines, CCB (Common carp brain) and KF1 (Koi carp fin 1), was determined by means of MTT and crystal violet assays. In subsequent studies, the concentration of 66.67 μM was applied. The ACV and the ACV-MP (66.67 μM) inhibited a cytopathic effect (CPE) induced by the CyHV-3 virus in the CCB (ACV by 66%, ACV-MP by 58%) and the KF1 (ACV by 25%, ACV-MP by 37%). The viral load measured by the means of TaqMan qPCR was reduced in a range of 67%-93% depending on the analogue, the cell line and the time of incubation. The expression of viral genes (ORF149, ORF3, ORF134 and ORF78) in CCB cells infected with the CyHV-3 was strongly downregulated within the range of 78%-91%. In summary, both the ACV and the ACV-MP can inhibit CyHV-3 replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Troszok
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ludmiła Kolek
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczygieł
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Wawrzeczko
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ewa Borzym
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Teresa Kamińska
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ostrowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Chybie, Poland
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