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Prykhodko O, Avilova O, Dmytruk S, Ponyrko A, Gordienko O, Prykhodko E. HISTOULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THYMOCYTES DUE TO THE IMPACT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GENERAL DEHYDRATION OF A MILD DEGREE. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:1709-1716. [PMID: 37740960 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202308101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The objective of the current study was to reveal ultrastructural changes in rats' thymocytes in experimental data in conditions of mild general dehydration. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 20 non-linear adult male laboratory rats weighing 150-170 g. Histological and semi-thin slides of the thymus were prepared according to the required guidelines. RESULTS Results: On average, in the cortical zone of the thymus, there was decreased cellularity by 13.4% (p<0.001), while in the medulla zone this indicator turned out to be unreliable - 5.5% (р=0.19), compared to the indicators in animals of the control group. The study showed that a slight degree of general dehydration of the body causes ultrastructural changes in the thymus and is accompanied by a cell-mediated response of the central link of immunogenesis and results in morphological changes in the thymus, which are atrophic in nature with a typical pattern of remodeling of the organ's microstructure, which corresponds to cellular aging and the associated sign of accelerated involution. CONCLUSION Conclusions: General dehydration of a mild degree in the experiment is accompanied by a cell-mediated response of the central link of immunogenesis and results in morphological changes in the thymus, which are atrophic in nature with a typical pattern of remodeling of the organ's microstructure, which corresponds to cellular aging and the associated sign of accelerated involution.
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The Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Ethanol-Fixed Tissues to Detect Illicit Treatments with Glucocorticoids in Bulls. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193001. [PMID: 36230078 PMCID: PMC9563602 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to set up indirect, rapid methods involving near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis, to detect illicit treatments with glucocorticoids in bull. The ethanol fixation method (EtOH) was applied to 7 different tissues obtained from 20 Friesian bulls, 12 of which were experimentally administered with dexamethasone as part of a growth-promoting protocol for 60 days and slaughtered 26 days after the end of the treatment. A perfect discrimination was obtained for the 7 sampled tissues, considering a full UV-Vis-NIR range (350 ÷ 2500 nm), for both false positive and negative animals. The validated true positive and negative errors were zero for the longissimus thoracis muscle, 10% for the skin-dermis, 15% for the fat, 25% for the thymus gland and the semitendinosus muscle, 30% for the sternomandibularis muscle and 35% for the skin-hair. A multiple test on the most accessible tissues, that is, the thymus gland, the sternomandibularis muscle and fat, can be used as an alternative to provide indications about animals that have been subjected to illicit treatments. In the short space of three days from the slaughter, NIR spectroscopy of ETOH fixed tissues, would allow at least cost the detection of a probable illicit which could eventually be reported to health authorities for specific investigation in the frame of official controls.
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Benedetto A, Biasibetti E, Robotti E, Marengo E, Audino V, Bozzetta E, Pezzolato M. Transcriptional Biomarkers and Immunohistochemistry for Detection of Illicit Dexamethasone Administration in Veal Calves. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121810. [PMID: 35742008 PMCID: PMC9222442 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids such as Dexamethasone (DEX) are commonly licensed for therapy in meat animals due to their known pharmacological properties. However, their misuse aimed to achieve anabolic effects is often found by National Residues Control Plans. The setup of a complementary “biomarker based” methods to unveil such illicit practices is encouraged by current European legislation. In this study, the combined use of molecular and histological quantitative techniques was applied on formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) muscle samples to assess the effects of illicit DEX treatment on veal calves. A PCR array, including 28 transcriptional biomarkers related to DEX exposure, was combined with a histochemical analysis of muscle fiber. An analysis based on unsupervised (PCA) and supervised (PLS-DA and Kohonen’s SOM) methods, was applied in order to define multivariate models able to classify animals suspected of illicit treatment by DEX. According to the conventional univariate approach, a not-significant reduction in type I fibres was recorded in the DEX-treated group, and only 12 out of 28 targeted genes maintained their expected differential expression, confirming the technical limitations of a quantitative analysis on FFPE samples. However, the multivariate models developed highlighted the possibility to establish complementary screening strategies, particularly when based on transcriptional biomarkers characterised by low expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Benedetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (E.R.); Tel.: +39-0112686254 (E.B.); +39-1031360272 (E.R.)
| | - Elisa Robotti
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (E.R.); Tel.: +39-0112686254 (E.B.); +39-1031360272 (E.R.)
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Valentina Audino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (A.B.); (V.A.); (E.B.); (M.P.)
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Guglielmetti C, Brusadore S, Pezzolato M, Baioni E, Ingravalle F, Acutis PL, Mazza M, Bozzetta E. Validation of serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1) as a protein marker of illicit dexamethasone treatment in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1065-1073. [PMID: 35412417 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2062057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids for cattle fattening in livestock production has been widely described; evidence for illegal treatments can be obtained by direct or indirect detection. In our previous study, we applied two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) to identify plasma protein markers of dexamethasone administration in veal calves. Comparison of 2DE maps obtained from blood samples before and after treatment showed the disappearance of two protein spots identified as serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 precursor (PON1). In the present study, we validated PON1 as a marker by analysing a larger number of samples treated with dexamethasone for illicit use. Analysis of samples from experimental treatment with other glucocorticoids, androgens and oestrogens confirmed that their influence on PON1 could be excluded. The specificity of the PON1 protein marker was verified on expected negative field samples to exclude interfering factors. However, there is poor statistical evidence to support a significant association between the outcome of PON1 and the considered variables. The results on field samples were compared with histological examination of the thymus as a biomarker of corticosteroid treatment monitored in the Italian histological plan for the control of growth promoters in animals. Two suspect cases were identified from two Piedmont farms where other animals had tested positive at histological examination. In conclusion, the absence of PON1 in the plasma of veal calves can indirectly reveal illicit dexamethasone treatment in individual animals and so identify suspect farms for further investigation. It is effective in a period ranging from 3 to about 10 days from illicit treatment, covering a time span that goes beyond the limits of official chemical controls and preceding histological controls on the thymus of slaughtered animals. PON1 detection in plasma can be coupled with other tests to identify illegal dexamethasone use on veal calf farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Guglielmetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Sonia Brusadore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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ISASHIKI Y, OHASHI Y, IMATAKE S, BAAKHTARI M, RAMAH A, KIDA T, YANAGITA T, YASUDA M. Studies on the immune status of calves with chronic inflammation and thymus atrophy. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:734-742. [PMID: 35400674 PMCID: PMC9246677 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where the primary T cell repertoire is generated.
Thymus atrophy is induced by various conditions, including infectious diseases,
glucocorticoid treatment, and poor breeding management. Cattle with thymus atrophy tend to
exhibit weak calf syndrome, a condition in which approximately half of neonates die
shortly after birth. Calves with thymus atrophy that survive the first month typically
contract chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we analyzed the populations of the
peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes in calves with thymus atrophy. In
addition, we evaluated polarization of master gene and cytokine mRNA expression in
peripheral blood CD4+ cells in the calves. The population of
CD4+CD8+ cells in thymus of the calves with thymus atrophy was
lower than that of control calves. IL10 mRNA expression in peripheral
blood CD4+ cells of calves with thymus atrophy was significantly lower than
that of control calves. TBX21 mRNA expression in peripheral
CD4+ cells of thymus atrophy calves was tended to be higher than that of the
control group. In addition, FOXP3 mRNA expression in peripheral
CD4+ cells of the thymus atrophy calves was tended to be lower than that of
the control calves. Thymus atrophy calves exhibited chronic inflammatory disease leading,
in severe situations, to conditions such as pneumonia with caseous necrosis. These severe
inflammatory responses likely are due to decreases in IL10 mRNA
expression, impairing control of macrophages, one of the main cell fractions of natural
immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi ISASHIKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yuki OHASHI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Shoichiro IMATAKE
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Mahmoud BAAKHTARI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Amany RAMAH
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tetsuo KIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tenya YANAGITA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masahiro YASUDA
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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Biasibetti E, Pezzolato M, Brugiapaglia A, Biagini D, Lazzaroni C, Bellino C, D'angelo A, Bozzetta E. Thymus and meat physicochemical measurements to discriminate calves treated with anabolic and therapeutic doses of dexamethasone. Animal 2021; 15:100271. [PMID: 34153604 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve the Europe consumers' health, the use of glucocorticoids as growth promoters is prohibited in cattle fattening. In 2008, the Italian Ministry of Health associated to the official control a national monitoring plan based on the histological thymus analysis to identify animals illegally treated with corticosteroids. However, since corticosteroids are authorized and widely used for therapeutic purposes, it is necessary to verify whether the thymus histological test and some physicochemical traits in meat are able to discriminate doped calves from dexamethasone therapeutic treated ones. The aims of this study were (i) to establish whether the therapeutic and illicit corticosteroid treatments of calves could be differentiated through histological evaluation of thymus and by physicochemical meat traits; (ii) to identify a restricted number of physicochemical traits that could differentiate dexamethasone treated from untreated calves. Three groups of 15 calves each were included in this study: group dexamethasone therapeutic treatment treated with dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt at a therapeutic dose (2 mg/kg of live weight for three consecutive days); group dexamethasone anabolic treatment orally treated with dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt according to a presumed anabolic protocol (0.4 mg/day per animal for 20 days); group placebo control treated with a placebo served as control. Results demonstrated that groups could be easily discriminated by thymus microscopy as well as by two meat markers, namely, cooking loss and shear firmness or Warner-Bratzler shear force. The combination of thymus microscopic features and meat physicochemical traits could be used as a practical, economic and accurate screening strategy to discriminate between meat from illegally and therapeutically treated calves. This new reliable and simple tool could contribute to identify animals treated with dexamethasone in those countries where glucocorticoids are illegally used as growth promoters. More in general, this system could be included in the framework of official controls, and applied to verify suppliers' reliability by the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biasibetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - A Brugiapaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy.
| | - D Biagini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - C Lazzaroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - C Bellino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - A D'angelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - E Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Benedetto A, Pezzolato M, Beltramo C, Audino V, Ingravalle F, Pillitteri C, Foschini S, Peletto S, Bozzetta E. Real-time PCR assay for detecting illicit steroid administration in veal calves allows reliable biomarker profiling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival tissue samples. Food Chem 2020; 312:126061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Biancotto G, Bovo D, Mastrorilli E, Manuali E, Angeletti R, Stella R. TMT-Based Proteomics Profiling of Bovine Liver Underscores Protein Markers of Anabolic Treatments. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800422. [PMID: 30865377 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Illegal use of growth promoter compounds in food production exposes consumers to health risk. Surveillance of such practices is based on direct detection of drugs or related metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS. Screening strategies focusing on indirect biological responses are considered promising tools to improve surveillance. In this study, an untargeted shotgun proteomics approach based on tandem mass tags (TMTs) is carried out to identify proteins altered in bovine liver after different anabolic treatments. Three controlled pharmacological treatments with dexamethasone, a combination of dexamethasone and clenbuterol, or a combination of sexual steroids (trenbolone and estradiol) are analyzed. Untargeted TMT analysis of liver digests by high resolution MS allowed for the relative quantification of proteins. Thanks to partial least squarediscriminant analysis, a set of proteins capable to classify animals treated with dexamethasone alone (11 proteins), or in combination with clenbuterol (13 proteins) are identified. No significant difference is found upon administration of sexual steroids. After relative quantification of candidate markers by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), two predictive models are trained to validate protein markers. Finally, an independent animal set of control bulls and bulls treated with dexamethasone is analyzed by PRM to further validate a predictive model giving an accuracy of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Biancotto
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Davide Bovo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mastrorilli
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020, Legnaro PD, Italy
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Analysis of corticosteroids in samples of animal origin using QuEChERS and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:449-457. [PMID: 30478515 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the confirmatory analysis of eight synthetic corticosteroids (betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, 6-methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, flumethasone, beclomethasone, fluocinolone acetonide) is proposed. The method is useful for detecting illegal treatments in different animal species. It consists of an extraction and cleanup using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) strategy. Quantitative determination is achieved by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with heated electrospray ionization in negative mode. Quantification is performed using surrogate matrix-matched standard calibration curve with dexamethasone-D4 as the internal standard. The method was validated for analyzing liver samples according to the criteria established by Decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity was assessed in the 1-10 μg kg-1 range and linear correlation coefficients were over 0.99 for all the analytes. CCα ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 μg kg-1 for substances without maximum residue limit. The method allows confident quantification and confirmation of corticosteroids in liver samples, and its simplicity makes it suitable for analyzing large numbers of samples.
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Zanardello C, Pezzolato M, Capello K, Botta M, Baioni E, Mutinelli F, Vascellari M, Bozzetta E. Immunohistochemistry by anti-cleaved-Lamin A: an improved approach to tackle the misuse of glucocorticoids in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2120-2127. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1503422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zanardello
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Epidemiology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Botta
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
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