1
|
Saeed Y, Zhong R, Sun Z. Advances in traditional herbal formulation based nano-vaccine for cancer immunotherapy: Unraveling the enigma of complex tumor environment and multidrug resistance. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111948. [PMID: 38554445 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is attributed to uncontrolled cell growth and is among the leading causes of death with no known effective treatment while complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and multidrug resistance (MDR) are major challenges for developing an effective therapeutic strategy. Advancement in cancer immunotherapy has been limited by the over-activation of the host immune response that ultimately affects healthy tissues or organs and leads to a feeble response of the patient's immune system against tumor cells. Besides, traditional herbal medicines (THM) have been well-known for their essential role in the treatment of cancer and are considered relatively safe due to their compatibility with the human body. Yet, poor solubility, low bio-availability, and lack of understanding about their pathophysiological mechanism halt their clinical application. Moreover, considering the complex TME and drug resistance, the most precarious and least discussed concerns for developing THM-based nano-vaccination, are identification of specific biomarkers for drug inhibitory protein and targeted delivery of bioactive ingredients of THM on the specific sites in tumor cells. The concept of THM-based nano-vaccination indicates immunomodulation of TME by THM-based bioactive adjuvants, exerting immunomodulatory effects, via targeted inhibition of key proteins involved in the metastasis of cancer. However, this concept is at its nascent stage and very few preclinical studies provided the evidence to support clinical translation. Therefore, we attempted to capsulize previously reported studies highlighting the role of THM-based nano-medicine in reducing the risk of MDR and combating complex tumor environments to provide a reference for future study design by discussing the challenges and opportunities for developing an effective and safe therapeutic strategy against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Saeed
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China.
| | - Ruimin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Zhanghua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Lin X, Sheng Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Su Z, Yu R, Zhang S. Synthesis of a crystalline zeolitic imidazole framework-8 nano-coating on single environment-sensitive viral particles for enhanced immune responses. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1433-1449. [PMID: 36866262 PMCID: PMC9972853 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00767c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating antigens with zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) exhibits many advantages in vaccine development. However, most viral antigens with complex particulate structures are sensitive to pH or ionic strength, which cannot tolerate harsh synthesis conditions of ZIF-8. Balancing the viral integrity and the growth of ZIF-8 crystals is crucial for the successful encapsulation of these environment-sensitive antigens in ZIF-8. Here, we explored the synthesis of ZIF-8 on inactivated foot and mouth disease virus (known as 146S), which is easily disassociated into no immunogenic subunits under the existing ZIF-8 synthesis conditions. Our results showed that intact 146S could be encapsulated into ZIF-8 with high embedding efficiency by lowering the pH of the 2-MIM solution to 9.0. The size and morphology of 146S@ZIF-8 could be further optimized by increasing the amount of Zn2+ or adding cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). 146S@ZIF-8 with a uniform diameter of about 49 nm could be synthesized by adding 0.01% CTAB, which was speculated to be composed of single 146S armored with nanometer-scale ZIF-8 crystal networks. Plenty of histidine on the 146S surface forms a unique His-Zn-MIM coordination in the near vicinity of 146S particles, which greatly increases the thermostability of 146S by about 5 °C, and the nano-scale ZIF-8 crystal coating exhibited extraordinary stability to resist EDTE-treatment. More importantly, the well-controlled size and morphology enabled 146S@ZIF-8(0.01% CTAB) to facilitate antigen uptake. The immunization of 146S@ZIF-8(4×Zn2+) or 146S@ZIF-8(0.01% CTAB) significantly enhanced the specific antibody titers and promoted the differentiation of memory T cells without adding another immunopotentiator. This study reported for the first time the strategy of the synthesis of crystalline ZIF-8 on an environment-sensitive antigen and demonstrated that the nano-size and appropriate morphology of ZIF-8 are crucial to exert adjuvant effects, thus expanding the application of MOFs in vaccine delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Xuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Yanan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University Kiryu 376-8515 Japan
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China +86-10-82544958
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Immunoregulatory properties of the cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. polysaccharide as a potential adjuvant. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
4
|
Li Q, Weng X, Xiao P, Yang Y, Zhang A. Improving adjuvanticity of crude polysaccharides from cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. for influenza vaccine by promoting long-term immunity and T H1/T H2 response with dose-sparing effect. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 294:115350. [PMID: 35533909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Influenza virus vaccines (IVV) with balanced TH1/TH2 responses are critical for controlling seasonal influenza. Emerging evidences suggest that herbal polysaccharides can induce potent TH1 or mixed TH1/TH2 responses. AIM OF STUDY The study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of crude polysaccharides from cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. (CPCAR) as an adjuvant for IVV. MATERIALS AND METHODS CPCAR was prepared with hot extraction and ethanol precipitation method and primary physico-chemical characters were tested. Mice were vaccinated by subcutaneous route with IVV formulated with different dose of CPCAR to detecting the elicited TH1/TH2 responses and long-term immune responses with dose-sparing sparing effect. RESULTS IVV formulated with CPCAR without LPS contamination could augment balanced TH1/TH2 responses, as indicated by early IgG response, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies, effector T-cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Moreover, CPCAR elicited long-term IgG, HAI antibodies, memory T cells, and balanced CD4/CD8 responses within 168 days after vaccination. Compared with IVV alone, a low or high dose of IVV formulated with CPCAR improved the levels of IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a and enhanced memory T cells and balanced CD4/CD8 responses, displaying a 10-fold dose-sparing effect. As determined by IgE response and monitoring results of weekly body weight and daily symptoms after vaccination, anaphylaxis or adverse effect was not observed. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the study demonstrated the potential of CPCAR as an aqueous polysaccharide adjuvant for IVV to induce rapid and balanced TH1/TH2 responses and long-lasting immunity with dose-sparing effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiang Weng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weng X, Li Q, Feng S, Wang B, Zhang A. Adjuvant activities of crude polysaccharides from cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. on TH1-biased response with the induction of DC activation. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1970722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Weng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanxiao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangshaung Feng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang P, Jiang J, Zhang K, Liu W, Tu P, Li J, Song Y, Zheng J, Tang L. Shotgun chemome characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. Using direct infusion-MS/MS ALL. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122735. [PMID: 34020402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In comparison of liquid chromatography, direct infusion is a superior choice to achieve high-throughput measurements. The specificity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) actually result in a so-called MS separation potential when chemical characterization of herbal medicines. Here, a MS/MSALL program was introduced to promote DI-MS/MS to be an eligible tool for shotgun chemome characterization of Artemisia rupestris L. that is currently drawing worldwide interests because of the promising antiviral activity. After MS1 spectral acquisition for the crude extract, the gas phase fractionation concept enabled the precursor ion cohort sequentially entered the collision cell with a stepped unit mass window (step-size as 1 Da) to generate MS2 spectra, thus generating a unique property integrating the advantages of both data-dependent and data-independent acquisition manners. Even though being free of chromatographic separation, spectrometric separations were accomplished for by MS/MSALL program unless the components shared identical nominal molecular weights. Extensive efforts such as the correlations of MS1 signals with MS2 spectra, structural annotations of fragment ion species, information retrieval in some accessible databases, and referring to the literature data, were devoted for chemical characterization, and as a result, 44 compounds, in total, were structurally identified from 50% aqueous methanol exact of A. rupestris, including 8 caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives, 13 flavonoids, 15 monomeric and dimeric sesquiterpenoids, 4 fatty acids, 2 penylpropanoids, along with 2 other compounds. However, isomers were assigned as an isomeric mixture because their precursor ions always co-existed in a single mass window. Above all, DI-MS/MSALL provides an alternative tool for chemome characterization of herbal medicines, in particular when the great measurement workload for a large sample cohort, attributing to the high-throughput advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang D, Liu Y, Zhao W. The Adjuvant Effects on Vaccine and the Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Polysaccharides From Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655570. [PMID: 33869288 PMCID: PMC8047473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most successful strategy to prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases by generating an adequate protective immune response. However, vaccines composed of antigens alone can only stimulate weak immunogenicity to prevent infection in many cases. Adjuvant can enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens. Therefore, adjuvant is urgently needed to strengthen the immune response of the vaccines. An ideal adjuvant should be safe, cheap, biodegradable and biologically inert. In addition to having a long shelf life, it can also promote cellular and humoral immune responses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has many different ingredients, such as glycosides, polysaccharides, acids, terpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and so on. TCM polysaccharides are one of the main types of biologically active substances. They have a large range of pharmacological activities, especially immunomodulatory. TCM polysaccharides can regulate the immune system of animals by binding to multiple receptors on the surface of immune cells and activating different signal pathways. This review focuses on a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in vaccine adjuvant effects of polysaccharides from many important TCM, such as Artemisia rupestris L., Cistanche deserticola, Pinus massoniana, Chuanminshen violaceum, Astragalus, Ganoderma lucidum, Codonopsis pilosula, Lycium barbarum, Angelica, Epimedium, and Achyranthes bidentata. Moreover, this review also introduces their immunomodulatory effects and the molecular mechanisms of action on animal bodies, which showed that TCM polysaccharides can activate macrophages, the signal pathway of T/B lymphocytes, regulate the signal pathway of natural killer cells, activate the complement system, and so on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang D, Yang Y, Li J, Wang B, Zhang A. Enhancing immune responses to inactivated foot-and-mouth virus vaccine by a polysaccharide adjuvant of aqueous extracts from Artemisia rupestris L. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e30. [PMID: 33908204 PMCID: PMC8170215 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects. OBJECTIVES In this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles. METHODS The mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination. RESULTS AEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4⁺ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology in Arid Land, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ailian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang A, Ba X, Weng X, Zhao B, Wang D, Cao H, Huang J. Immunological activities of the aqueous extracts of Cistanche deserticola as a polysaccharide adjuvant for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1880551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueli Ba
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Weng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danyang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Cao
- Xinjiang Tiankang Animal Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiong Huang
- Xinjiang Tiankang Animal Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Wang D, Li Q, He J, Wang B, Li J, Zhang A. Immune-Enhancing Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Artemisia rupestris L. via MAPK and NF-kB Pathways of TLR4/TLR2 Downstream in Dendritic Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030525. [PMID: 32933167 PMCID: PMC7565461 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia rupestris L. has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine owing to its immunomodulatory activity. Aqueous extracts of Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR) contain the main functional component and can activate the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance the adaptive immunity as the adjuvant against infections. To explore the underlying mechanism of immunomodulatory activities of AEAR, DCs were produced from bone-marrow cells of mice and the effects of AEAR on cell viability were assessed by the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) method and annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays. Then, the effects of AEAR on the morphology, maturation, and function of DCs were detected using a microscope, flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, and endocytosis assays. The secretion levels of cytokines were then analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activation state of DCs was evaluated by the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The activity of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, which were involved in the regulation of AEAR on DCs, was further detected by Western blot. AEAR did not have a cytotoxic effect on DCs or mouse splenocytes. AEAR remarkably enhanced the phenotypic maturation of DCs and promoted the expression of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of cytokines in DCs. AEAR also significantly decreased the phagocytic ability of DCs and augmented the abilities of DCs to present antigens and stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation. Simultaneously, AEAR potently activated toll-like receptor (TLR)4-/TLR2-related MAPKs and induced the degradation of IκB and the translocation of NF-κB. In short, AEAR can profoundly enhance the immune-modulating activities of DCs via TLR4-/TLR2-mediated activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways and is a promising candidate immunopotentiator for vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - DanYang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - QuanXiao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiang He
- Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicine, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang 830004, China;
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ailian Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (Y.Y.); (D.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|