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Guan L, Hu A, Ma S, Liu J, Yao X, Ye T, Han M, Yang C, Zhang R, Xiao X, Wu Y. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum postbiotic protects against Salmonella infection in broilers via modulating NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103483. [PMID: 38354474 PMCID: PMC10875300 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection is a major concern in poultry production which poses potential risks to food safety. Our previous study confirmed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) postbiotic exhibited a strong antibacterial capacity on Salmonella in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects and underlying mechanism of LP postbiotic on Salmonella-challenged broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old male yellow-feathered broilers were pretreated with 0.8% deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium or 0.8% LP postbiotic (LP cell-free culture supernatant, LPC) in drinking water for 28 d, and then challenged with 1×109 CFU Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). Birds were sacrificed 3 d postinfection. Results showed that LPC maintained the growth performance by increasing body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in broilers under SE challenge. LPC significantly attenuated SE-induced intestinal mucosal damage. Specifically, it decreased the intestinal injury score, increased villus length and villus/crypt, regulated the expression of intestinal injury-related genes (Villin, matrix metallopeptidase 3 [MMP3], intestinal fatty acid-binding protein [I-FABP]), and enhanced tight junctions (zona occludens-1 [ZO-1] and Claudin-1). SE infection caused a dramatic inflammatory response, as indicated by the up-regulated concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and the downregulation of IL-10, while LPC pretreatment markedly reversed this trend. We then found that LPC inhibited the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by decreasing the gene expression of Caspase-1, IL-lβ, and IL-18. Furthermore, LPC suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway (the reduced levels of toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4], myeloid differentiation factor 88 [MyD88], and NF-κB). Finally, our results showed that LPC regulated gut microbiota by enhancing the percentage of Ligilactobacillus and decreasing Alistipes and Barnesiella. In summary, we found that LP postbiotic was effective to protect broilers against Salmonella infection, possibly through suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome and optimizing gut microbiota. Our study provides the potential of postbiotics on prevention of Salmonella infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Aixin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shiyue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313300, China
| | - Xianci Yao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Meng Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313300, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313300, China.
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Liang X, Ru M, Zhai Z, Huang J, Wang W, Wang R, Zhang Z, Niu KM, Wu X. In vitro antibacterial effects of Broussonetia papyrifera leaf extract and its anti-colitis in DSS-treated mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1255127. [PMID: 37915848 PMCID: PMC10616958 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1255127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) has been extensively cultivated and predominantly utilized in ruminants because of its high protein and bioactive compound content. In the present study, the effects of an ethanolic extract of BP leaves (BPE, 200 mg/kg) on mitigating 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation in mice were evaluated. BPE is rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, and displays potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities against pathogenic strains such as Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in vitro. In a mouse study, oral administration of DSS resulted in weight loss, incidence of diarrhea, enlargement of the liver and spleen, impaired colonic morphology, downregulation of both gene and protein expression related to intestinal antioxidant (Nrf2) and barrier function (ZO-1), decreased diversity of colonic microbiota, and 218 differentially altered colonic metabolites; however, co-treatment with BPE did not restore these modified aspects except for the liver index and colonic bacterial diversity. The singular treatment with BPE did not manifest evident side effects in normal mice but induced a mild occurrence of diarrhea and a notable alteration in the colonic metabolite profile. Moreover, a single BPE administration augmented the abundance of the commensal beneficial bacteria Faecalibaculum and Akkermansia genera. Overall, the extract of BP leaves did not demonstrate the anticipated effectiveness in alleviating DSS-induced intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Ground Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Ru
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenya Zhai
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wanwan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruxia Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai-Min Niu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Zhang F, Luo H. Effect of preoperative colonoscopy combined with preservation of the right vein of the gastric omentum during radical resection of intestinal cancer on the efficacy and prognostic indicators of the procedure. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:396-402. [PMID: 36345870 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.22.03284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value of preoperative colonoscopy combined with right gastroepiploic vein preservation (RGV) in radical resection of colorectal cancer for right colon cancer. METHODS A total of 120 patients with right colon cancer in our hospital from February 2019 to October 2021 were selected and randomly divided into study group (RGV preserved during operation) and control group (RGV not preserved during operation), with 60 cases in each group. Perioperative parameters, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), total protein (TP), D-lactate (D-LA), quality of life scale (SF-36) scores, incidence of complications, and tumor recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Duration of hospitalization was shorter in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). Six months after surgery, I-FABP, D-LA levels and PSQI scores were lower, and TP levels and SF-36 scores were higher in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the study group (11.67% vs. 33.33%) was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in tumor recurrence rate 6 months after operation between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative colonoscopy combined with RGV preservation in radical resection of colorectal cancer for right colon cancer can avoid surgical trauma caused by unnecessary transection, reduce gastrointestinal function damage, promote physical rehabilitation and shorten hospital stay, and reduce the risk of complications such as gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Yubei District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China -
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Ortín-Bustillo A, Botía M, López-Martínez MJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, González-Bulnes A, Manzanilla EG, Goyena E, Tecles F, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in S100A8/A9 and S100A12 and Their Comparison with Other Analytes in the Saliva of Pigs with Diarrhea Due to E. coli. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2556. [PMID: 37627347 PMCID: PMC10451909 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of calgranulins includes S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), which can appear as a heterodimer known as S100A8/A9 or calprotectin, and S100A12 (calgranulin C). These proteins are related to different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis and are considered biomarkers of potential interest. This study aims to evaluate if S100A8/A9 and A12 could change in pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli and to compare the changes of S100A8/A9 and A12 with other analytes in order to explore the possible causes or mechanisms involved. For this purpose, a panel integrated by analytes related to inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor 4 (ITIH4), and total protein); immune system (adenosine deaminase, ADA); stress (alpha-amylase); tissue damage (lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)); sepsis (aldolase) and redox status (ferric-reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)) was evaluated. S100A8/A9 and A12 and the other analytes measured in this study showed increases in the saliva of pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli. S100A8/A9 and/or A12 showed a significant correlation of different magnitude with some of the other analytes evaluated. Further studies should be conducted to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications as biomarkers of the measurements of S100A8/A9 and A12 in the saliva of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Cuarte S.L. Grupo Jorge, Ctra. De Logroño, Km 9,2., Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, P61 C996 Fermoy, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Goyena
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
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Xu J, Noel SJ, Lauridsen C, Lærke HN, Canibe N. Liquid fermented cereals with added Pediococcus acidilactici did not reduce post-weaning diarrhea in pigs - an Escherichia coli challenge study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1147165. [PMID: 37252380 PMCID: PMC10213407 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1147165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of feeding fermented liquid feed (FLF) with added Pediococcus acidilactici to weaning piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 on aspects of diarrhea, performance, immune responses, and intestinal epithelial barrier function was investigated. A total of 46 weaners (weaning at 27-30 days of age) were assigned to four treatments: (1) Non-challenged and dry feed (Non-Dry); (2) Challenged and dry feed (Ch-Dry); (3) Non-challenged and FLF (Non-Ferm); (4) Challenged and FLF (Ch-Ferm). All groups received the same feed, either dry (Non-Dry and Ch-Dry), or in liquid form (Non-Ferm and Ch-Ferm) in which the cereals with added P. acidilactici (106 CFU/g cereals) had been fermented for 24 h at 30°C. On day 1 and 2 post weaning, Ch-Dry and Ch-Ferm were orally inoculated with 5 mL × 109 CFU ETEC F4/mL, whereas the Non-Dry and Non-Ferm received the same amount of saline. Fecal samples and blood samples were collected through the study period. The microbial composition, concentration of microbial metabolites and nutrient composition indicated that the quality of the FLF was high. In the first week, ADFI of both non-challenged groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the Ch-Ferm group. The two challenged groups had higher fecal levels of FaeG gene (ETEC F4 fimbriae) from day 2 to 6 post weaning (p < 0.01), and higher risk of having ETEC F4 present in feces from day 3 to 5 post weaning (p < 0.05) compared to non-challenged groups, indicating the validity of the ETEC challenge model. Generally, ADG of the two groups fed FLF were numerically higher than those fed dry feed. Neither challenge nor FLF affected diarrhea. No significant differences were measured between Ch-Ferm and Ch-Dry regarding the level of plasma haptoglobin and C-reactive protein, hematological parameters or parameters related to epithelial barrier. The data indicated a low level of infection caused by the ETEC challenge, while recovery from weaning stress could be observed. The study showed that a strategy like this can be a way of providing a high level of probiotics to pigs by allowing their proliferation during fermentation.
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Saco Y, Bassols A. Acute phase proteins in cattle and swine: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:50-63. [PMID: 36526287 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The major acute phase proteins (APPs) in cattle are haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and in swine, are Hp, SAA, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Pig major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP). Many methodologic assays are presently available to measure these parameters, which are still being improved to increase their specificity, sensitivity, user-friendliness, and economic availability. In cattle, the main applications are the diagnosis and monitoring of frequent diseases such as mastitis and metritis in dairy cows and respiratory problems in young calves. In pigs, APPs are useful in the control of bacterial and viral infections, and they may be used at the slaughterhouse to monitor subclinical pathologies and improve food safety. The utility of APP in animal production must not be forgotten; optimization of protocols to improve performance, welfare, and nutrition may benefit from the use of APPs. Other sample types besides serum or plasma have potential uses; APP determination in milk is a powerful tool in the control of mastitis, saliva is a non-invasive sample type, and meat juice is easily obtained at the slaughterhouse. Increasing our knowledge of reference intervals and the influence of variables such as age, breed, sex, and the season is important. Finally, worldwide harmonization and standardization of analytical procedures will help to expand the use of APPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Saco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Morphological Assessment and Biomarkers of Low-Grade, Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Production Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213036. [PMID: 36359160 PMCID: PMC9654368 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Production animals are continuously exposed to environmental and dietary factors that might induce a state of low-grade, chronic intestinal inflammation. This condition compromises the productive performance and well-fare of these animals, requiring studies to understand what causes it and to develop control strategies. An intestinal inflammatory process is generally associated with alterations in the structure and functionality of its wall, resulting in the release of cellular components into the blood and/or feces. These components can act as biomarkers, i.e., they are measured to identify and quantify an inflammatory process without requiring invasive methods. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation, its effects on animal production and sustainability, and the identification of biomarkers that could provide early diagnosis of this process and support studies of useful interventional strategies. Abstract The complex interaction between the intestinal mucosa, the gut microbiota, and the diet balances the host physiological homeostasis and is fundamental for the maximal genetic potential of production animals. However, factors such as chemical and physical characteristics of the diet and/or environmental stressors can continuously affect this balance, potentially inducing a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in the gut, where inflammatory parameters are present and demanding energy, but not in enough intensity to provoke clinical manifestations. It’s vital to expand the understanding of inflammation dynamics and of how they compromise the function activity and microscopic morphology of the intestinal mucosa. These morphometric alterations are associated with the release of structural and functional cellular components into the feces and the blood stream creating measurable biomarkers to track this condition. Moreover, the identification of novel, immunometabolic biomarkers can provide dynamic and predictors of low-grade chronic inflammation, but also provide indicators of successful nutritional or feed additive intervention strategies. The objective of this paper is to review the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation, its effects on animal production and sustainability, and the biomarkers that could provide early diagnosis of this process and support studies of useful interventional strategies.
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Li Y, Bao X, Yang F, Tian J, Su W, Yin J, Yao K, Li T, Yin Y. Ornithine α-Ketoglutarate Alleviates Inflammation via Regulating Ileal Mucosa Microbiota and Metabolites in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Infected Pigs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:862498. [PMID: 35747266 PMCID: PMC9211023 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.862498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the main causes of diarrhea in weaned piglets, and ornithine α-ketoglutarate (OKG) as a food supplement has been shown to improve intestinal immune status in animals and humans. However, it remains unknown whether OKG alleviates inflammation through the regulation of gut microbiota and its metabolites on ETEC-infected piglets. This study was conducted to explore the impact of OKG on growth performance, immunity, and ileal mucosa microbiota and its metabolites in piglets infected with ETEC. On a total of 40 pigs, a 2 × 2 factor design was performed; the major factors were diet (basal diet or 1% OKG diet) and challenge (E. coli or LB Broth). The results showed that ETEC-infection inhibited growth performance, and OKG supplementation alleviated growth performance. Interestingly, ETEC-infection increased the serum TNF-α and IL-6, decreased the serum IL-10, downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MyD88, and improved the mRNA expression of IL-8, IL-18, and TLR4. OKG inhibited serum IL-6, suppressed the phosphorylation of downstream signals of NF-κB/JNK in the ileum, and enhanced serum IL-10 and ileum SIgA in ETEC-challenged piglets. OKG supplementation enhanced the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-10 and reduced NF-κB and MyD88 in the ileum. Importantly, OKG reversed intestinal microbiota dysfunction, including the diversity of ileal microbiota, the relative abundances of Actinobacillus, Turicibacter, and [Acetivibrio]_ethanolgignens_group, which significantly affected arachidonic acid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Collectively, our results suggest that OKG improves growth performance, regulates immunity, and ileal mucosa microbiota and its metabolites in ETEC-infected piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junquan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Kang Yao,
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu M, Yuan B, Jin X, Zhu M, Xu H, Xie G, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xu Z, Li B, Huang Y, Lv Y, Wang W. Citric Acid Promoting B Lymphocyte Differentiation and Anti-epithelial Cells Apoptosis Mediate the Protective Effects of Hermetia illucens Feed in ETEC Induced Piglets Diarrhea. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:751861. [PMID: 34917669 PMCID: PMC8669560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.751861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets are prone to diarrhea after weaning as a result of changes in their environment and feed. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 strain is a typical pathogen that causes diarrhea in such stage of piglets. Hermetia illucens larvae are widely used in livestock and poultry production because of their high nutritional value and immunoregulatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of H. illucens feed in protecting against ETEC induced diarrhea in piglets and to unravel the mechanisms of immune modulation and intestinal barrier maintenance. The results showed that after ETEC infection, citric acid in the serum of the groups fed on H. illucens larvae increased significantly, which stimulated macrophages to secrete cytokines that promote B lymphocyte differentiation, ultimately increasing the production of IgA and IgG in serum. Concomitantly, citric acid also had a positive effect on the intestinal barrier damaged due to ETEC infection by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, reducing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and promoting the expression of tight junction proteins. Correlation analysis showed that the increase of citric acid levels might be related to Massilia. Thus, citric acid derived from H. illucens larvae can improve the immune performance of weaned piglets and reduce ETEC-induced damage to the intestinal barrier in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidong Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaijie Xie
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifan Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyun Xu
- Special Police Academy of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Beijing, China
| | - Bai Li
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Lv
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Jin X, Yuan B, Liu M, Zhu M, Zhang X, Xie G, Wu W, Wang Z, Xu H, Lv Y, Huang Y, Wang W. Dietary Hermetia illucens Larvae Replacement Alleviates Diarrhea and Improves Intestinal Barrier Function in Weaned Piglets Challenged With Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:746224. [PMID: 34901243 PMCID: PMC8655791 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.746224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-quality protein substitute, Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae powder, is rich in protein and often used in animal feed. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and optimal ratio of replacing fish meal with H. illucens larvae in weaned piglets and to demonstrate the effects on piglets' growth performance, intestinal microflora and immune performance. Forty-eight female weaned piglets were randomly classified into three groups. Each group consisted of eight pens (replicates), with two piglets per pen. Three groups containing different proportions of H. illucens larvae (0, 4, and 8%) were referred to as C, HI4, and HI8. We first designed a 28-day feeding experiment to detect growth performance; after that, the piglets were induced with oral gavage of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC K88) and recording diarrhea on day 29 of the experiment. Samples were taken on the 32nd day to detect the effect of H. illucens larvae on the immune performance of the weaned piglets. H. illucens larvae replacement did not cause any obvious change in the growth performance nether in HI4 nor in HI8 of weaned piglets with 28 d feeding stage. H. illucens larvae could improve the intestinal health of weaned piglets by increasing the content of Lactobacillus and reducing the content of Streptococcus. Compared with C+K88 group, the diarrhea rate was attenuated for the H. illucens supplemented group. The integrity of ileum villi in HI4+K88 and HI8+K88 groups was better than that in C+K88 group, and the villi in C+K88 group were severely damaged. The expression of IL-10, Occludin and Claudin-3 in the intestinal mucosa of the HI4+K88 group and HI8+K88 group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the expression of TNF-α was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the C+K88 group. The results of immunoblotting also validated that the same ETEC K88 treatment of weaned piglets enhanced the expression of tight junction protein in the intestinal mucosa of the H. illucens addition group. ETEC-induced diarrhea will be reduced by the diet of weaned piglets containing H. illucens larvae, ameliorating the immune performance of piglets. Our results indicates that the optimal dosage of H. illucens replacement in weaned piglets is 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jin
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaijie Xie
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Wu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifan Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidong Xu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Lv
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Isaka M, Araki R, Ueno H, Okamoto M. Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein and osteoprotegerin in anthracycline-induced rabbit models of dilated cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:185-189. [PMID: 34517162 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are used for chemotherapy in small animal cancer patients. However, cardiotoxic complications are very common with anthracycline use and induce multi-organ complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between multi-organ complications, focusing on the liver and intestine, and the serum concentrations of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in rabbits with daunorubicin-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Sixteen New Zealand white male rabbits (16-20 weeks old), weighing 2.4-3.65 kg, were randomly divided into the control (n = 8) and daunorubicin-induced DCM (n = 8) groups. The concentration of serum I-FABP was significantly elevated in the DCM group (201.9 ± 16.6 pg/mL) compared to the control group (152.2 ± 19.9 g/mL). Additionally, the concentration of serum lactate was markedly increased in the DCM group (0.16 ± 0.01 mM) compared to that in the control group (0.02 ± 0.01 mmol/mL). In addition, the OPG concentration was significantly higher in the DCM group (2.44 ± 0.14 ng/mL) than in the control group (0.1 ± 0.08 ng/mL). Although the histopathology of the ileum did not significantly differ between groups, pathological changes were observed in the livers of the DCM group animals. In conclusion, multi-organ complications were recognized in DCM models and were accompanied by elevated serum I-FABP and OPG concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Isaka
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Araki
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Okamoto
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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12
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Montoya D, D’Angelo M, Martín-Orúe SM, Rodríguez-Sorrento A, Saladrigas-García M, Araujo C, Chabrillat T, Kerros S, Castillejos L. Effectiveness of Two Plant-Based In-Feed Additives against an Escherichia coli F4 Oral Challenge in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072024. [PMID: 34359152 PMCID: PMC8300363 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the efficacy of two plant-based feed supplementations to fight colibacillosis in weanlings. A total of 96 piglets (32 pens) were assigned to four diets: a control diet (T1) or supplemented with ZnO (2500 ppm Zn) (T2) or two different plant supplements, T3 (1 kg/t; based on essential oils) and T4 (T3 + 1.5 kg/t based on non-volatile compounds). After one week, animals were challenged with ETEC F4, and 8 days after, one animal per pen was euthanized. Performance, clinical signs, microbial analysis, inflammatory response, intestinal morphology, and ileal gene expression were assessed. ZnO improved daily gains 4 days after challenge, T3 and T4 showing intermediate values (96, 249, 170, and 157 g/d for T1, T2, T3, and T4, p = 0.035). Fecal lactobacilli were higher with T3 and T4 compared to ZnO (7.55, 6.26, 8.71, and 8.27 cfu/gFM; p = 0.0007) and T3 increased the lactobacilli/coliforms ratio (p = 0.002). T4 was associated with lower levels of Pig-MAP (p = 0.07) and increases in villus/crypt ratio (1.49, 1.90, 1.73, and 1.84; p = 0.009). Moreover, T4 was associated with an upregulation of the REG3G gene (p = 0.013; pFDR = 0.228) involved in the immune response induced by enteric pathogens. In conclusion, both plant supplements enhanced animal response in front of an ETEC F4 challenge probably based on different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montoya
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.); (A.R.-S.); (M.S.-G.); (L.C.)
| | - Matilde D’Angelo
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.); (A.R.-S.); (M.S.-G.); (L.C.)
| | - Susana M. Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.); (A.R.-S.); (M.S.-G.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93581-1504
| | - Agustina Rodríguez-Sorrento
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.); (A.R.-S.); (M.S.-G.); (L.C.)
| | - Mireia Saladrigas-García
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.); (A.R.-S.); (M.S.-G.); (L.C.)
| | - Coralie Araujo
- Phytosynthese, 57 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 63200 Mozac, France; (C.A.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Thibaut Chabrillat
- Phytosynthese, 57 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 63200 Mozac, France; (C.A.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Sylvain Kerros
- Phytosynthese, 57 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 63200 Mozac, France; (C.A.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.); (M.D.); (A.R.-S.); (M.S.-G.); (L.C.)
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13
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Wang R, Yu H, Fang H, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Zhou C, Li R, Wang J, Fu Y, Zhang J. Effects of dietary grape pomace on the intestinal microbiota and growth performance of weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2020; 74:296-308. [PMID: 32308036 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2020.1743607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Grape pomace (GP) is an abundant by-product from wine production and is rich in phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, dietary fibre and beneficial bacteria. In this study, weaned piglets were fed a basic diet supplemented with 5% GP for 4 weeks. Compared with those in the control (CON) group, it was found that the proportion of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Olsenella umbonata and Selenomonas bovis in the caecum and the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) of the jejunum were both significantly increased in the GP group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, at the mRNA expression level, several proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α) were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) in piglet caecal tissue, and the short-chain fatty acid receptors (GPR41 and GPR43) were not significantly upregulated. In contrast, the levels of IgG was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the sera of weaned piglets in the GP group. However, no difference in growth performance between the two groups of piglets was detected. These results show that GP had no adverse effects on the growth performance of piglets, but GP can promote the content of some beneficial bacteria in the caecum; this effect is conducive to improving the disease resistance potential of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hengtong Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yongcheng Jin
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jinglin Shen
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Changhai Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Junmei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Fu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University , Changchun, P. R. China
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