Solvent effects on the spectroscopic properties of 4-hexylresorcinol

Computational and spectroscopic studies of biologically active coumarin-based fluorophores

We used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the various molecular properties of two coumarin derivatives, namely 4-(5-amino-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-7-methyl-chromen-2-one and 4-(5-amino-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanylmethyl)-7-methoxy-chromen-2-one at different levels of theory and basis sets. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies revealed that the investigated molecules were chemically active with a tendency for molecular interactions. The theoretical vibrational frequencies of these molecules were found to be consistent with the experimentally obtained frequencies. Moreover, solvatochromic measurements indicated no significant change in absorption spectral peak by varying the polarity of solvent. Under the same conditions we found that there was a red shift of 39 nm in the fluorescence spectral peak with increase in solvent polarity. The solvatochromic data were used to estimate excited dipole moments and the change in dipole moment was interpreted based on resonance structure of molecules.

Comparative stability-indicating chromatographic methods for determination of 4-hexylresorcinol in pharmaceutical formulation and shrimps

Three chromatographic stability-indicating methods were developed for determination of 4-hexylresorcinol in pure form and in a pharmaceutical formulation. Method A was based on a gradient elution liquid chromatographic HPLC determination of 4-hexylresorcinol, its related impurities and in presence of its degradation products. UPLC-MS/MS (Method B) was described for determination of the cited drug in presence of its degradation products. Method C was a thin- layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry method for the separation and determination of the active ingredient, one of its related impurities and in presence of its degradation products. The mechanism of alkali, oxidative and photodegradation of 4-hexylresorcinol was studied according to ICH guidelines. The degradation products were characterized by the LC-MS/MS method. Methods A and B were applicable for determination of 4-hexylresorcinol residues in shrimp meat. The studied drug was easily degraded in alkali medium giving toxic compounds. The results obtained by the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by applying a reported method.

A novel mechanism for red emission carbon dots: hydrogen bond dominated molecular states emission

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as novel fluorescent probes due to their remarkable optical properties; however, red emission is still rare, has a relatively low efficiency, and its mechanism remains ambiguous. Herein, relatively efficient red-emission CDs based on p-phenylenediamine were prepared through various solvothermal means, where the highest quantum yield approached 41.1% in n-amyl alcohol, which was the most efficient quantum yield reported to date. Various structural characterizations were performed and confirmed that the red emission originated from the molecular states consisting of a nitrogen-containing organic fluorophore. The CDs were dispersed in different organic solvents and showed tunable emission, evolving from green to orange-red in aprotic solvents and a red emission in protic solvents. Further solvent correlation studies indicated that the hydrogen bond effect between the CDs and solvents was the main mechanism leading to the spectral shift. Accordingly, solid-state luminescent CDs-polymers were fabricated, which also demonstrated continuously tunable emission properties. This work opens a new window for recognizing the generation of tunable and red-emission CDs.

Photophysical characteristics of biologically active 4-aryloxymethyl coumarins 4PTMBC and 1IPMBC

The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of biologically active coumarin derivatives 4-p-tolyloxymethyl-benzo[h]coumarin (4PTMBC) and 1-(4-iodo phenoxymethyl)-benzo[f]coumarin (1IPMBC) are studied at room temperature in a series of organic solvents and 1,4-dioxane - acetonitrile solvent mixture. The effect of pure solvents on the spectral properties are analyzed using Lippert-Mataga polarity function, Reichardt's microscopic solvent polarity parameter, Kamlet's and Catalan's multiple linear regression approaches. Both general solute - solvent interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions are operative in these systems. However, the contribution of hydrogen bonding interactions is less compared to general solute-solvent interactions. The solvatochromic correlations are used to estimate excited state dipole moment using experimentally determined ground state dipole moment. The bathochromic shift of the emission spectra and the increase in excited state dipole moment indicate the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character in the emitting singlet state. The solvation studies in 1,4-dioxane - acetonitrile solvent mixture suggest that these dyes are preferentially solvated by 1,4-dioxane.

Solvent effect on the relative quantum yield and fluorescence quenching of 2DAM

The relative quantum yield of diethyl 2-acetamido-2-((3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-1-yl)methyl)malonate [2DAM] is estimated using single point method with quinine sulfate as standard reference. The quantum yield varies between 0.1161 and 0.3181 depending on the nature of the solvent. The rates of radiative and non radiative decay constants are also calculated. The fluorescence quenching of [2DAM] by aniline is studied at room temperature, by steady state, in five different solvents namely acetonitrile (AN), 1,4 dioxane (DX), 1,2 dichloroethane (DCE), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene (TOL), in order to explore various possible quenching mechanisms. The experimental results show a positive deviation in Stern Volmer plots for all solvents. Various parameters for the quenching process are determined by ground state complex, sphere of action static quenching model and finite sink approximation model. The magnitudes of these rate parameters indicate that positive deviation in the Stern Volmer (SV) plot is due to both static and dynamic processes. Further, finite sink approximation model is used to check whether these bimolecular reactions were diffusion limited or not. The values of distance parameter R' and diffusion co efficient D are determined and then compared with the values of encounter distance R and diffusion coefficient D calculated using Stokes-Einstein equation.

Effect of solvents on the spectroscopic properties of LD-489 & LD-473: estimation of ground and excited state dipole moments by solvatochromic shift method

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6,8,9-trimethyl-4-(trifluoro methyl)-2H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,8]naphthyridin-2-one (LD-489) and 1,2,3,8-tetrahydro-1,2,3,3,8-pentamethyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[3,2-g]quinolin-7-one (LD-473) have been recorded at room temperature in different solvents and 1,4-dioxane-acetonitrile solvent mixtures. The UV-Visible absorption spectra are less sensitive to solvent polarity than the corresponding fluorescence spectra in both the dyes which show pronounced solvatochromic effect. The effects of solvents upon the spectral properties are analyzed using Lippert-Mataga polarity function, Richardts microscopic solvent polarity parameter and Catalán's multiple linear regression approach. Both general solute-solvent interactions and specific interactions are operative in these systems. The solvatochromic correlations are used to estimate excited state dipole moments using experimentally determined ground state dipole moments. The excited state dipole moment for both the dyes are found to be larger than their corresponding ground state dipole moment and is interpreted based on their resonance structures.

Synthesis and spectroscopy of novel branched fluorescent dyes containing benzophenone parts and the possibility as fluorescence probes

This paper describes a new fluorescent family of branched dyes containing benzophenone unit including 4-N, N-diphenylamino-4'-phenacyl-stilbene (C1), 4,4'-di(4-benzoylphenylethylene)yl-triphenylamine (C2) and 4,4',4″-tri(4-benzoylphenylethylene)yl-triphenylamine (C3). Benzophenone part is coupled with core through C-C double bond. The chemical structures of the derivatives are characterized with (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. Strong π-π stacking interactions are discovered with the analysis of the X-ray crystallographic data of C1. The absorption maxima and emission maxima of the derivatives exhibit gradual bathochromic shift from C1 to C3. The optical density of C1, C2 and C3 are shown to be related to the number of branches. The changes of dipole moments between the excited and ground states for C1, C2 and C3 were estimated to be 4.356, 8.091 and 8.479 Derby, respectively by Lippert equation, confirming that the internal charge transfer (ICT) dominates the process of excited singlet state. The possibility as fluorescence probes of the derivatives on the estimation of what region of micelles interacting with samples was evaluated.