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Farshchi F, Hasanzadeh M. Microfluidic biosensing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs): Recent progress and challenges in efficient diagnosis of cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111153. [PMID: 33360045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is one of the foremost causes of cancer incidence and fatality in the whole of the world. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been confirmed to be among the most significant stimuli of metastasis in recent years and presently are the subject of extensive research aiming to be accurately identified by using biological and physical properties. Among the various studies conducted for isolation, identification, and characterization of CTCs, microfluidic systems have aroused great attention owing to their unique advantages such as low-cost, simplicity, reduction in reagent consumption, miniaturization, fast and precise control. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current state of the microfluidic biosensors for the screening of CTCs. Additionally, given the recent progress in this field, future outlook for the development of the microfluidics biosensing is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farshchi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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The Theoretical Concept of Polarization Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy (PRIFS): An Optical Method to Monitor Molecule Adsorption and Nanoparticle Adhesion on the Surface of Thin Films. PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an improved reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) sensor principle which is suitable for thin films. The conventional RIfS technique is an appropriate method to detect interfacial interactions at the solid–gas or solid–liquid interface in the case of thin films with a thickness of a few hundred nanometers, but when a significantly lower layer thickness (~100 nm) is required, the method is barely usable. By applying polarized reflected light and monitoring the ratio of the p- and s-polarized components, a characteristic curve can be obtained with one or a few local extreme value(s) with significantly favorable intensity ratios compared to the conventional method. In this work we studied the effect of film thickness, incident angle and the refractive indices of the thin film, the medium and the substrate. As a main result, it was demonstrated that the sensitivity of the PRIfS method is 4–7 times higher than that of the conventional technique near a critical angle. In simulated adsorption experiments, it was determined that the sensitivity of RIfS is around 550 nm/RIU (refractive index unit), while it is 1825 and 3966 nm/RIU for PRIfS in gas and aqueous phase, respectively.
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Fabrication and Optimization of Bilayered Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Structures as Multi-Point Interferometric Sensing Platform. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020470. [PMID: 29415436 PMCID: PMC5855889 DOI: 10.3390/s18020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an innovative strategy for optimizing hierarchical structures of nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) to advance their optical sensing performance toward multi-analyte biosensing. This approach is based on the fabrication of multilayered NAA and the formation of differential effective medium of their structure by controlling three fabrication parameters (i.e., anodization steps, anodization time, and pore widening time). The rationale of the proposed concept is that interferometric bilayered NAA (BL-NAA), which features two layers of different pore diameters, can provide distinct reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) signatures for each layer within the NAA structure and can therefore potentially be used for multi-point biosensing. This paper presents the structural fabrication of layered NAA structures, and the optimization and evaluation of their RIfS optical sensing performance through changes in the effective optical thickness (EOT) using quercetin as a model molecule. The bilayered or funnel-like NAA structures were designed with the aim of characterizing the sensitivity of both layers of quercetin molecules using RIfS and exploring the potential of these photonic structures, featuring different pore diameters, for simultaneous size-exclusion and multi-analyte optical biosensing. The sensing performance of the prepared NAA platforms was examined by real-time screening of binding reactions between human serum albumin (HSA)-modified NAA (i.e., sensing element) and quercetin (i.e., analyte). BL-NAAs display a complex optical interference spectrum, which can be resolved by fast Fourier transform (FFT) to monitor the EOT changes, where three distinctive peaks were revealed corresponding to the top, bottom, and total layer within the BL-NAA structures. The spectral shifts of these three characteristic peaks were used as sensing signals to monitor the binding events in each NAA pore in real-time upon exposure to different concentrations of quercetin. The multi-point sensing performance of BL-NAAs was determined for each pore layer, with an average sensitivity and low limit of detection of 600 nm (mg mL−1)−1 and 0.14 mg mL−1, respectively. BL-NAAs photonic structures have the capability to be used as platforms for multi-point RIfS sensing of biomolecules that can be further extended for simultaneous size-exclusion separation and multi-analyte sensing using these bilayered nanostructures.
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Koukouvinos G, Petrou P, Goustouridis D, Misiakos K, Kakabakos S, Raptis I. Development and Bioanalytical Applications of a White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Label-Free Sensing Platform. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040046. [PMID: 29027976 PMCID: PMC5746769 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of a sensing platform based on white light reflectance spectroscopy (WLRS) is presented. The evolution of the system, from polymer film characterization and sensing of volatile organic compounds to biosensor for the label-free determination of either high (e.g., proteins) or low molecular weight analytes (e.g., pesticides), is described. At the same time, the passage from single to multi-analyte determinations, and from a laboratory prototype set-up to a compact device appropriate for on-site determination, is outlined. The improvements made on both the sensor and the optical set-up, and the concomitant advances in the analytical characteristics and the robustness of the assays performed with the different layouts, are also presented. Finally, the future perspectives of the system, aiming for the creation of a standalone instrument to be used by non-experts, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Koukouvinos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Goustouridis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
- Department of Electronics Engineering TEI of Piraeus, 12244 Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Optical sensors Lab, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., 12243 Egaleo, Greece.
- Optical sensors Lab, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
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Sebők D, Janovák L, Kovács D, Sápi A, Dobó DG, Kukovecz Á, Kónya Z, Dékány I. Room temperature ethanol sensor with sub-ppm detection limit: Improving the optical response by using mesoporous silica foam. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang F, Shen Y, Ren T, Wang L, Su Y. Synthesis of 2-alkenyl-3-butoxypropyl guar gum with enhanced rheological properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:317-322. [PMID: 28093331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new guar gum derivative was synthesized though the nucleophilic substitution of sodium hydroxide-activated guar gum with n-butyl glycidyl (BGE) ether. The physicochemical properties of 2-alkenyl-3-butoxypropyl guar gum (ABPG) were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA). The results showed that sodium hydroxide can be effectively substituted with BGE to form the ABPG. The steady and dynamic rheological properties of the aqueous solution and ABPG gel were determined using an RS6000 rheometer. Compared with the guar gum, ABPG enhanced the thickening property and improved the solution stability. The ABPG gel exhibited good temperature resistance and shear stability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum (group) Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiding Shen
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Ren
- Research Institute of Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum (group) Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Su
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Leidner L, Stäb J, Adam JT, Gauglitz G. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption studies towards a new optical biosensor. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1736-1742. [PMID: 28144523 PMCID: PMC5238651 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS), which is well-established in the visual regime, measures the optical thickness change of a sensitive layer caused, e.g., by binding an analyte. When operated in the mid-infrared range the sensor provides additional information via weak absorption spectra (fingerprints). The originally poor spectra are magnified by surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). This is demonstrated using the broad complex fluid water band at 3300 cm-1, which is caused by superposition of symmetric, antisymmetric stretching vibration, and the first overtone of the bending vibration under the influence of H-bonds and Fermi resonance effect. The results are compared with a similar experiment performed with an ATR (attenuated total reflectance) set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Leidner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Stäb
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer T Adam
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Ooya T, Sakata Y, Choi HW, Takeuchi T. Reflectometric interference spectroscopy-based sensing for evaluating biodegradability of polymeric thin films. Acta Biomater 2016; 38:163-7. [PMID: 27090591 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enzymatic degradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) thin films was analyzed by reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS)-based sensing system, and validated by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) imaging. The degradation of the PCL thin film spin-coated on the silicon substrate on which 65-nm silicon nitride layer was deposited as an interference layer was easily monitored by shifting the peak bottom of reflectance spectra (Δλ) that is known to be proportional to the thickness of thin films. The Δλ values decreased with increasing the concentration of lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, and the obtained sensorgrams were applied for kinetic analysis using a curve fitting software. ATR-IR spectra and imaging analysis on the surface of the PCL film revealed that carbonyl groups on the surface decreased with time, resulting from proceeding with the enzymatic hydrolysis, and importantly, extinction of the carbonyl group was declined with proportional to the decrease in the film thickness measured by the RIfS system. Consequently, the present RIfS-based label-free monitoring system can provide a simple and reliable way for evaluating biodegradability on synthetic materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A RIfS-based sensing system in combination with ATR-IR measurements can be an analytical method for evaluation of biodegradability of polymeric thin films. This study demonstrates the utility of the RIfS-based sensing approach for analyzing the lipase-catalyzed degradation of PCL. Despite the RIfS is known as an inexpensive label-free detection method for biological interaction, the RIfS applications as monitoring methods for enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polymers had not been systematically explored. This study additionally demonstrated the capability of combined analysis of the biodegradation with ATR-IR spectra/imaging and RIfS measurements, which could be broadly applied towards evaluating biodegradability of various biodegradable polymers in environmental protection research.
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Gauglitz G. Direct optical detection in bioanalysis: an update. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2363-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Inkjet printed LED based pH chemical sensor for gas sensing. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:308-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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