1
|
Kokalj Ladan M, Kočevar Glavač N. Statistical FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Characterization of 17 Vegetable Oils. Molecules 2022; 27:3190. [PMID: 35630666 PMCID: PMC9147165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable oils have been utilized for centuries in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, and they contribute beneficially to overall human health, to active skincare, and to effective treatments. Monitoring of the vegetable oils is carried out by the methods described in the European Pharmacopeia, which is time-consuming, has poor repeatability, and involves the use of toxic organic chemicals and expensive laboratory equipment. Many successful studies using IR spectroscopy have been carried out for the detection of geographical origin and adulteration as well as quantification of oxidation parameters. The aim of our research was to explore FT-IR spectroscopy for assessing the quality parameters and fatty acid composition of cranberry, elderberry, borage, blackcurrant, raspberry, black mustard, walnut, sea buckthorn, evening primrose, rosehip, chia, perilla, black cumin, sacha inchi, kiwi, hemp, and linseed oil. Very good models were obtained for the α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents, with R2 = 1.00; Rv2 values of 0.98, 0.92, 0.89, and 0.84 were obtained for iodine value prediction, stearic acid content, palmitic acid content, and unsaponifiable matter content, respectively. However, we were not able to obtain good models for all parameters, and the use of the same process for variable selection was found to be not suitable for all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meta Kokalj Ladan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mousa MAA, Wang Y, Antora SA, Al-Qurashi AD, Ibrahim OHM, He HJ, Liu S, Kamruzzaman M. An overview of recent advances and applications of FT-IR spectroscopy for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8009-8027. [PMID: 33977844 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1922872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Authenticity and adulteration detection are primary concerns of various stakeholders, such as researchers, consumers, manufacturers, traders, and regulatory agencies. Traditional approaches for authenticity and adulteration detection in edible oils are time-consuming, complicated, laborious, and expensive; they require technical skills when interpreting the data. Over the last several years, much effort has been spent in academia and industry on developing vibrational spectroscopic techniques for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils. Among them, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained enormous attention as a green analytical technique for the rapid monitoring quality of edible oils at all stages of production and for detecting and quantifying adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. The technique has several benefits such as rapid, precise, inexpensive, and multi-analytical; hence, several parameters can be predicted simultaneously from the same spectrum. Associated with chemometrics, the technique has been successfully implemented for the rapid detection of adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. After presenting the fundamentals, the latest research outcomes in the last 10 years on quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils using FT-IR spectroscopy will be highlighted and described in this review. Additionally, opportunities, challenges, and future trends of FT-IR spectroscopy will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdi A A Mousa
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Vegetables, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yangyang Wang
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Salma Akter Antora
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Adel D Al-Qurashi
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer H M Ibrahim
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Hong-Ju He
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Mohammed Kamruzzaman
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rocha WFDC, do Prado CB, Blonder N. Comparison of Chemometric Problems in Food Analysis Using Non-Linear Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:E3025. [PMID: 32630676 PMCID: PMC7411792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food analysis is a challenging analytical problem, often addressed using sophisticated laboratory methods that produce large data sets. Linear and non-linear multivariate methods can be used to process these types of datasets and to answer questions such as whether product origin is accurately labeled or whether a product is safe to eat. In this review, we present the application of non-linear methods such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, self-organizing maps, and multi-layer artificial neural networks in the field of chemometrics related to food analysis. We discuss criteria to determine when non-linear methods are better suited for use instead of traditional methods. The principles of algorithms are described, and examples are presented for solving the problems of exploratory analysis, classification, and prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werickson Fortunato de Carvalho Rocha
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av. N. S. das Graças, 50, Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil; (W.F.C.R.); (C.B.d.P.)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8390 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Charles Bezerra do Prado
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av. N. S. das Graças, 50, Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil; (W.F.C.R.); (C.B.d.P.)
| | - Niksa Blonder
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8390 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Study of the Quality Parameters and the Antioxidant Capacity for the FTIR-Chemometric Differentiation of Pistacia Vera Oils. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071614. [PMID: 32244701 PMCID: PMC7181075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize the pistachio oil of the Greek variety, "Aegina", evaluate its various quality indices, and investigate the potential use of FTIR as a tool to discriminate different oil qualities. For this purpose, the antioxidant capacity, the tocopherol content and the oxidation and degradation of fatty acids, as described by k, Δk, R-values, and free acidity were evaluated using 45 samples from eight different areas of production and two subsequent years of harvesting. The antioxidant capacity was estimated using 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazine (DPPH) assays, and the tocopherol content was quantified through HPLC analysis. FTIR spectra were recorded for all samples and multivariate analysis was applied. The results showed significant differences between the oil samples of different harvesting years, which were successfully discriminated by a representative FTIR spectral region based on R-value, total antioxidant capacity, and scavenging capacity, through ABTS. A similar approach could not be confirmed for the other quality parameters, such as the free acidity and the tocopherol content. This research highlighted the possibility of developing a simple, rapid, economic, and environment friendly method for the discrimination of pistachio oils according to their quality profile, through FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang L, Lin H, Luo Y, Sun Q, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang P, Wang Z, Sun J, Tuo Y. Post-mortem interval estimation in rat liver tissues using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1429016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hancheng Lin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiran Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junhong Sun
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya Tuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Electron Impact–Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting and Chemometrics for Rapid Assessment of Authenticity of Edible Oils Based on Fatty Acid Profiling. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
7
|
Karan A, Tokay F, Bağdat S. Determination of Ni and Zn in an Oil Matrix using Schiff Base-Assisted Extraction Followed by a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer: A Simple Strategy to Determine Ni and Zn. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arda Karan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts; Balıkesir University, Çağış Campus; Balıkesir 10145 Turkey
| | - Feyzullah Tokay
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts; Balıkesir University, Çağış Campus; Balıkesir 10145 Turkey
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center; Balıkesir University, Çağış Campus; Balıkesir 10145 Turkey
| | - Sema Bağdat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Arts; Balıkesir University, Çağış Campus; Balıkesir 10145 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan M, Sun S, Zhou Q, Chen J. A Simple and Portable Screening Method for Adulterated Olive Oils Using the Hand-Held FTIR Spectrometer and Chemometrics Tools. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1605-1612. [PMID: 29786845 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil has been one of the most common targets for economically motivated food adulteration. This research employed the hand-held FTIR spectrometer to develop the simple and portable screening methods for extra virgin olive oils adulterated with other cheaper vegetable oils. With the help of the ATR probe and chemometrics tools, oil samples can be measured directly without any pretreatment, then the spectra can be interpreted automatically to determine the possibility of adulteration and estimate the content of adulterant oil. A feasibility study of the hand-held FTIR screening method was carried out using olive oils adulterated with canola oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. The SIMCA model using the hand-held FTIR spectra can identify different kinds of vegetable oils correctly and recognize olive oils with not less than 10% of adulterant oils. Meanwhile, the content of adulterant oil in the range of 5% to 45% can be estimated by the PLS model using the hand-held FTIR spectra within an error of 3%. This research shows the potential of the hand-held FTIR technique in the rapid and field screening of olive oils adulterated with some cheaper vegetable oils. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This research provide a rapid and automatic detection method for olive oils adulterated with other cheaper vegetable oils. An oil sample can be measured directly within one minute, and the hand-held instrument can be used anywhere needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Univ. of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing Univ. of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Suqin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Dept. of Chemistry, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Dept. of Chemistry, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Univ. of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis for classification of three-way chemical data. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 938:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Attenuated total reflectance-mid infrared spectroscopy (ATR-MIR) coupled with independent components analysis (ICA): A fast method to determine plasticizers in polylactide (PLA). Talanta 2016; 147:569-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Li X, Wang S, Shi W, Shen Q. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis Model Based on Variable Selection Applied to Identify the Adulterated Olive Oil. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Talpur MY, Hassan SS, Sherazi STH, Mahesar SA, Kara H, Kandhro AA. A simplified FTIR chemometric method for simultaneous determination of four oxidation parameters of frying canola oil. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:656-661. [PMID: 25985130 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using 100 μm KCl cell was applied for the determination of total polar compounds (TPC), carbonyl value (CV), conjugated diene (CD) and conjugated triene (CT) in canola oil (CLO) during potato chips frying at 180 °C. The calibration models were developed for TPC, CV, CD and CT using partial least square (PLS) chemometric technique. Excellent regression coefficients (R(2)) and root mean square error of prediction values for TPC, CV, CD and CT were found to be 0.999, 0.992, 0.998 and 0.999 and 0.809, 0.690, 1.26 and 0.735, respectively. The developed calibration models were applied on samples of canola oil drawn during potato chips frying process. A linear relationship was obtained between CD and TPC with a good correlation of coefficient (R(2)=0.9816). Results of the study clearly indicated that transmission FTIR-PLS method could be used for quick and precise evaluation of oxidative changes during the frying process without using any organic solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Younis Talpur
- Government Muslim Science Degree College Hyderabad, Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey; National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | - S Sara Hassan
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - S T H Sherazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - S A Mahesar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Huseyin Kara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
| | - Aftab A Kandhro
- Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rohaeti E, Rafi M, Syafitri UD, Heryanto R. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:1244-1249. [PMID: 25305617 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicines (jamu). They have similar color for their rhizome and possess some similar uses, so it is possible to substitute one for the other. The identification and discrimination of these closely-related plants is a crucial task to ensure the quality of the raw materials. Therefore, an analytical method which is rapid, simple and accurate for discriminating these species using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with some chemometrics methods was developed. FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid-IR region (4000-400 cm(-1)). Standard normal variate, first and second order derivative spectra were compared for the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for the classification of the three species. Samples could be discriminated by visual analysis of the FTIR spectra by using their marker bands. Discrimination of the three species was also possible through the combination of the pre-processed FTIR spectra with PCA and CVA, in which CVA gave clearer discrimination. Subsequently, the developed method could be used for the identification and discrimination of the three closely-related plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eti Rohaeti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Rafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Biopharmaca Research Center - Research and Community Empowerment Institute, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Taman Kencana No. 3 Kampus IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Utami Dyah Syafitri
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Meranti Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Heryanto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Biopharmaca Research Center - Research and Community Empowerment Institute, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Taman Kencana No. 3 Kampus IPB Taman Kencana, Bogor 16128, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lecellier A, Gaydou V, Mounier J, Hermet A, Castrec L, Barbier G, Ablain W, Manfait M, Toubas D, Sockalingum G. Implementation of an FTIR spectral library of 486 filamentous fungi strains for rapid identification of molds. Food Microbiol 2015; 45:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Martelo-Vidal MJ, Vázquez M. Classification of red wines from controlled designation of origin by ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectral analysis. CIÊNCIA E TÉCNICA VITIVINÍCOLA 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/ctv/20142901035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
17
|
Haixia R, Weiqi L, Weimin S, Qi S. Classification of Edible Oils by Infrared Spectroscopy with Optimized K-Means Clustering by a Hybrid Particle Swarm Algorithm. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.807816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|