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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Tutorial Review on the Fluorescent Probes as a Molecular Logic Circuit-Digital Comparator. Molecules 2023; 28:6327. [PMID: 37687156 PMCID: PMC10489932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in the field of fluorescent probes and fluorescent sensing material extended this research area toward more complex molecular logic gates capable of carrying out a variety of sensing functions simultaneously. These molecules are able to calculate a composite result in which the analysis is not performed by a man but by the molecular device itself. Since the first report by de Silva of AND molecular logic gate, all possible logic gates have been achieved at the molecular level, and currently, utilization of more complicated molecular logic circuits is a major task in this field. Comparison between two digits is the simplest logic operation, which could be realized with the simplest logic circuit. That is why the right understanding of the applied principles during the implementation of molecular digital comparators could play a critical role in obtaining logic circuits that are more complicated. Herein, all possible ways for the construction of comparators on the molecular level were discussed, and recent achievements connected with these devices were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Sakr AR, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Design and Synthesis of a Novel ICT Bichromophoric pH Sensing System Based on 1,8-Naphthalimide Fluorophores as a Two-Input Logic Gate and Its Antibacterial Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083631. [PMID: 37110865 PMCID: PMC10145821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, sensor activity, and logic behavior of a novel 4-iminoamido-1,8-naphthalimide bichromophoric system based on a "fluorophore-receptor" architecture with ICT chemosensing properties is reported. The synthesized compound showed good colorimetric and fluorescence signaling properties as a function of pH and proved itself as a promising probe for the rapid detection of pH in an aqueous solution and base vapors in a solid state. The novel dyad is able to work as a two-input logic gate with chemical inputs H+ (Input 1) and HO- (Input 2) executing INHIBIT logic gate. The synthesized bichromophoric system and the corresponding intermediates demonstrated good antibacterial activity toward Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria when compared with the Gentamycin standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa R Sakr
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Polymer based ON-OFF-ON fluorescent logic gate: Synthesis, characterization and understanding. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Low Molecular Weight Probe for Selective Sensing of PH and Cu 2+ Working as Three INHIBIT Based Digital Comparator. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:405-417. [PMID: 34988841 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel simple molecular chemosensor 2 was synthesized and examined for pH, cations and anions detection. At pH values higher than 10, probe 2 switches on a green emission where the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is ceased. Also, the probe absorption spectrum shows a clear pH dependence, and the probe aqueous solution (ethanol/water = 1:2, borate buffer) responds selectively and sensitively through its fluorescence spectrum to the presence of Cu2+. Job's plot gave a 2:1 stoichiometry of Probe-2/Cu2+ complex, which responds to the presence of S2- and H2PO4- in aqueous solution (ethanol/water = 1:2, borate buffer) by its absorption and fluorescence spectra. In addition, probe 2 mimics a digital comparator based on three INHIBIT logic gates by different outputs using HO- and H+ as inputs. Moreover, probe 2 also executes AND and NOT TRANSFER logic gates using Cu2+ and S2- as inputs.
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Dwivedi SK, Ali R, Singh M, Gupta T, Kar AK, Prakash V, Sadasivam A, Patnaik S, Misra A. A simple naphthalimide based PET probe for Fe3+ and selective detection of pyrophosphate through displacement approach: Cell imaging studies and logic interpretation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Said AI, Georgiev NI, Hamdan SA, Bojinov VB. A chemosensoring molecular lab for various analytes and its ability to execute a molecular logical digital comparator. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:1431-1443. [PMID: 31760584 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We reported here the unique ability of a Rhodamine 6G-based probe (3) to detect discriminately several targets, including H+, HO-, Cu2+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, Ni2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Ce3+and Ag+, by unambiguously colorimetric and fluorimetric outcomes. In aqueous solutions, the presence of proton induced the ring-opening of rhodamine moiety but the presence of hydroxide induced the conversion of 2-hydroxyphenyl hydrazone moiety from the non-fluorescent benzenoid form into the fluorescent quinoid form. The probe could to distinguish between different cations in DMF and to work like an artificial tongue at molecular level. Several logic gates including OR, INHIBIT and TRANSFER, were performed by the probe. Moreover, the probe is able to execute three INHIBIT logic gates by two inputs, which was exploited to execute a digital molecular comparator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad I Said
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shaimaa A Hamdan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Solid‐State‐Emissive 1,8‐Naphthalimide Probe Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Aggregation‐Induced Emission. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str. 1756 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str. 1756 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str. 1756 Sofia Bulgaria
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The simplest molecular chemosensor for detecting higher pHs, Cu2+ and S2- in aqueous environment and executing various logic gates. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Said AI, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Synthesis of a single 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore as a molecular logic lab for simultaneously detecting of Fe 3+, Hg 2+ and Cu 2. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 196:76-82. [PMID: 29433042 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence sensing 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore is synthesized and investigated. The novel probe comprising two different binding moieties is capable to detect selectively Fe3+ over the other representative metal ions as well as a combination of biologically important cations such as Fe3+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in the physiological range without an interfering effect of the pHs. Due to the remarkable fluorescence changes in the presence of Fe3+, Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions, INH and AND logic gates are executed and the system is able to act as a single output combinatorial logic circuit with three chemical inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad I Said
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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McKinney BOF, Daly B, Yao C, Schroeder M, de Silva AP. Consolidating Molecular Logic with New Solid-Bound YES and PASS 1 Gates and Their Combinations. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1760-1766. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Daly
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Chaoyi Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - Marc Schroeder
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Belfast BT9 5AG UK
| | - A. Prasanna de Silva
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Belfast BT9 5AG UK
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Zhang C, Sun C, Lu Y, Wang J, He X, Lu J, Yin S, Qiu H. A dithienosilole-based fluorescent chemosensor for multiple logic operations at the molecular level. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:731-736. [PMID: 26099823 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chemosensor consisting of two terpyridines covalently linked to a dithienosilole unit (1) has been synthesized, and its optical and metal sensing properties have been investigated. Due to the metal-organic coordination function, 1 can bind with many transition metal ions and display different fluorescence responses that cause it to function as a "turn-off" fluorescent chemosensor. A significant bathochromic shift in the fluorescence spectra is observed in the presence of Zn(2+). Meanwhile, the emission of 1 is weakened upon exposure to Ag(+) and Fe(2+) and completely quenched by Ni(2+), Co(2+), and Cu(2+). Based on the observed results, several logic gates, such as XNOR, INHIBIT, and IMPLICATION, have been achieved by controlling the chemical inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yahong Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China
| | - Junxing Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China
| | - Xingxing He
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China
| | - Junting Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China.
| | - Huayu Qiu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China.
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Said AI, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Sensor activity and logic behavior of dihydroxyphenyl hydrazone derivative as a chemosensor for Cu 2+ determination in alkaline aqueous solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Novel nanosized water soluble fluorescent micelles with embedded perylene diimide fluorophores for potential biomedical applications: cell permeability, localization and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 51:7-15. [PMID: 25842102 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel biocompatible water-soluble fluorescent micelles with embedded perylene diimides (PDI) for intracellular applications have been prepared by self assembling of amphiphilic poly(vinyl alcohol)-b-poly(acrylonitrile) (PVA-b-PAN) copolymers in the presence of synthesized fluorophores. Amphiphilic PVA-b-PAN copolymers were obtained by selective hydrolysis of well-defined poly(vinyl acetate)-b-poly(acrylonitrile) (PVAc-b-PAN) copolymer. The preparation of the novel fluorescence micelles consisting of PVA hydrophilic shell and PAN hydrophobic core with incorporated PDI fluorophores has been confirmed by DLS and TEM analysis. The cytotoxicity of the water-soluble fluorophores and their internalization into living cells depending on the micellar concentration have been tested. It was shown that they could successfully enter in living cells without destroying their morphology. The results obtained indicate that the novel water-soluble fluorescent micelles with embedded PDI fluorophores would be suitable for potential intracellular biomedical applications.
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Alamry KA, Georgiev NI, El-Daly SA, Taib LA, Bojinov VB. A highly selective ratiometric fluorescent pH probe based on a PAMAM wavelength-shifting bichromophoric system. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:792-800. [PMID: 25150429 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel PAMAM wavelength-shifting bichromophoric system has been successfully developed. Novel compound was configured as a light harvesting antenna where the system surface is labeled with yellow-green emitting 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide "donor" units capable of absorbing light and efficiently transferring the energy to a focal Rhodamine 6G "acceptor". The periphery of the system was designed on the "fluorophore-spacer-receptor" format, capable of acting as a molecular fluorescence photoinduced electron transfer based probe. Due to the both effects, photoinduced electron transfer in the periphery of the system and pH dependent rhodamine core absorption, novel antenna is able to act as a selective ratiometric pH fluorescence probe in aqueous medium. Thus, the distinguishing features of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer systems were successfully combined with the properties of classical ring-opening charge transfer systems, which may be beneficially for monitoring pH variations in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Samy Abdullah El-Daly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla A Taib
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Georgiev NI, Lyulev MP, Alamry KA, El-Daly SA, Taib LA, Bojinov VB. Synthesis, sensor activity, and logic behavior of a highly water-soluble 9,10-dihydro-7H-imidazo[1,2-b]benz[d,e]isoqionolin-7-one dicarboxylic acid. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dimov SM, Georgiev NI, Asiri AM, Bojinov VB. Synthesis and sensor activity of a PET-based 1,8-naphthalimide Probe for Zn(2+) and pH determination. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1621-8. [PMID: 25199470 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel blue-emitting 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore designed as a molecular PET-based probe for determination of pH and detection of transition metal ions in the environment was successfully synthesized. Novel compound was configured on the "fluorophore-spacer-receptor" format. Due to the tertiary amine receptor the novel system showed "off-on" switching properties under the transition from alkaline to acid media (FE = 3.2) and in the presence of Zn(2+) ions (FE = 2.5). The results obtained illustrate the high potential of the synthesized blue-emitting 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore as an efficient pH chemosensing material and a selective probe for Zn(2+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Dimov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Bulv, 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Georgiev NI, Asiri AM, Alamry KA, Obaid AY, Bojinov VB. Selective ratiometric pH-sensing PAMAM light-harvesting dendrimer based on Rhodamine 6G and 1,8-naphthalimide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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