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Liu H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. Physicochemical understanding of biomineralization by molecular vibrational spectroscopy: From mechanism to nature. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230033. [PMID: 38264681 PMCID: PMC10742219 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The process and mechanism of biomineralization and relevant physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are remarkably sophisticated multidisciplinary fields that include biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. The components of the organic matter, structural construction of minerals, and related mechanical interaction, etc., could help to reveal the unique nature of the special mineralization process. Herein, the paper provides an overview of the biomineralization process from the perspective of molecular vibrational spectroscopy, including the physicochemical properties of biomineralized tissues, from physiological to applied mineralization. These physicochemical characteristics closely to the hierarchical mineralization process include biological crystal defects, chemical bonding, atomic doping, structural changes, and content changes in organic matter, along with the interface between biocrystals and organic matter as well as the specific mechanical effects for hardness and toughness. Based on those observations, the special physiological properties of mineralization for enamel and bone, as well as the possible mechanism of pathological mineralization and calcification such as atherosclerosis, tumor micro mineralization, and urolithiasis are also reviewed and discussed. Indeed, the clearly defined physicochemical properties of mineral crystals could pave the way for studies on the mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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2
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Li H, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Bao H, Peng A, Shao Y. Real-time and accurate calibration detection of gout stones based on terahertz and Raman spectroscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1218927. [PMID: 37520298 PMCID: PMC10374424 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1218927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a metabolic disease that can result in the formation of gout stones. It is essential to promptly identify and confirm the type of gout stone to alleviate pain and inflammation in patients and prevent complications associated with gout stones. Traditional detection methods, such as X-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning, and blood uric acid measurement, have limitations in early diagnosis. Therefore, this article aims to explore the use of micro Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems to detect gout stone samples. Through comparative analysis, Terahertz technology and Raman spectroscopy have been found to provide chemical composition and molecular structure information of different wavebands of samples. By combining these two technologies, faster and more comprehensive analysis and characterization of samples can be achieved. In the future, handheld portable integrated testing instruments will be developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of testing. Furthermore, this article proposes establishing a spectral database of gout stones and urinary stones by combining Raman spectroscopy and Terahertz spectroscopy. This database would provide accurate and comprehensive technical support for the rapid diagnosis of gout in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Bao
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai Peng
- Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongni Shao
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Technology Cooperative Innovation Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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3
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The relationship between the stone's composition and the biochemical parameters of blood and urine in patients with urolithiasis. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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4
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Lucas IT, Bazin D, Daudon M. Raman opportunities in the field of pathological calcifications. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Y W, F H, L A F, M H, H H. A Spatial Distribution Analysis on the Deposition Mechanism Complexity of the Organic Material of Kidney Stone. J Biomed Phys Eng 2020; 10:273-282. [PMID: 32637371 PMCID: PMC7321398 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Kidney stones in the urinary system are formed from complex minerals that can interfere with the function of the kidney. This formation occurs gradually and can be observed from the appearance of the kidney stones cross-section which are cut along its longitudinal axis resembling a tree cambium. A deeper study on the composition of these layers will provide etiological and pathophysiological information on the mechanism of the formation and development of kidney stones. In addition, an accurate analysis on the composition of the kidney stone can provide a scientific basis to determine the choice of medical treatment and efforts to prevent from forming of kidney stones in humans. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the organic material that makes up kidney stones in each layer. Material and Methods: In this analytical study, the components and morphological properties of five kidney stones in each layer were characterized using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and Scanning Elecron Microscope-Element Distribution Analysis (SEM-EDS). Results: FTIR-ATR displayed the typical absorption peaks for each stone constituent component. The components of each layer showed the same peak value for each absorption peak which consisted of calcium oxalate monohydrate, struvite, ammonium ion calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate-calcium phosphate and uric acid. Meanwhile, the difference in the percentage and composition of the elements in each stone can be observed by SEM-EDS. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that each layer of the kidney stones has a different percentage and composition of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warty Y
- MSc, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Haryanto F
- PhD, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Fitri L A
- MSc, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Haekal M
- PhD, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Herman H
- PhD, Magnetic and Photonic Physics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Chandrajith R, Weerasingha A, Premaratne KM, Gamage D, Abeygunasekera AM, Joachimski MM, Senaratne A. Mineralogical, compositional and isotope characterization of human kidney stones (urolithiasis) in a Sri Lankan population. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1881-1894. [PMID: 30671690 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the processes of stone formation, compositional, spectroscopic, mineralogical and crystallographic characteristics of human urinary stones collected from patients in Sri Lanka were investigated in detail. The data showed that the majority of urinary calculi were calcium oxalate, either whewellite or weddellite. Other solid phases of stones were composed of struvite, uricite and hydroxylapatite. However, mixed compositions were common except for whewellite stones which occur frequently in pure form. Scanning electron microscope observations and associated energy-dispersive X-ray analyses revealed that whewellite or weddellite was well crystalized compared to other stones types, while phosphate stones were mostly cryptocrystalline. The average δ13C and δ18O of stones were - 32.2‰ (- 37.3 to - 17.4‰) and - 24.2‰ (- 26.7‰ to - 8.9‰), respectively. The δ13C values were highly depleted compared to North American and European urinary stones. This may be due to food habits of Asians who consume rice as the staple food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohana Chandrajith
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Anushka Weerasingha
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kusala M Premaratne
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Dhanushke Gamage
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Michael M Joachimski
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Atula Senaratne
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Cui X, Zhao Z, Zhang G, Chen S, Zhao Y, Lu J. Analysis and classification of kidney stones based on Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4175-4183. [PMID: 30615745 PMCID: PMC6157795 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients with kidney stones worldwide is increasing, and it is particularly important to facilitate accurate diagnosis methods. Accurate analysis of the type of kidney stones plays a crucial role in the patient's follow-up treatment. This study used microscopic Raman spectroscopy to analyze and classify the different mineral components present in kidney stones. There were several Raman changes observed for the different types of kidney stones and the four types were oxalates, phosphates, purines and L-cystine kidney stones. We then combined machine learning techniques with Raman spectroscopy. KNN and SVM combinations with PCA (PCA-KNN, PCA-SVM) methods were implemented to classify the same spectral data set. The results show the diagnostic accuracies are 96.3% for the PCA-KNN and PCA-SVM methods with high sensitivity (0.963, 0.963) and specificity (0.995,0.985). The experimental Raman spectra results of kidney stones show the proposed method has high classification accuracy. This approach can provide support for physicians making treatment recommendations to patients with kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zeyin Zhao
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
- Authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gejun Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
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Castiglione V, Sacré PY, Cavalier E, Hubert P, Gadisseur R, Ziemons E. Raman chemical imaging, a new tool in kidney stone structure analysis: Case-study and comparison to Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201460. [PMID: 30075002 PMCID: PMC6075768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The kidney stone's structure might provide clinical information in addition to the stone composition. The Raman chemical imaging is a technology used for the production of two-dimension maps of the constituents' distribution in samples. We aimed at determining the use of Raman chemical imaging in urinary stone analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen calculi were analyzed by Raman chemical imaging using a confocal Raman microspectrophotometer. They were selected according to their heterogeneous composition and morphology. Raman chemical imaging was performed on the whole section of stones. Once acquired, the data were baseline corrected and analyzed by MCR-ALS. Results were then compared to the spectra obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Raman chemical imaging succeeded in identifying almost all the chemical components of each sample, including monohydrate and dihydrate calcium oxalate, anhydrous and dihydrate uric acid, apatite, struvite, brushite, and rare chemicals like whitlockite, ammonium urate and drugs. However, proteins couldn't be detected because of the huge autofluorescence background and the small concentration of these poor Raman scatterers. Carbapatite and calcium oxalate were correctly detected even when they represented less than 5 percent of the whole stones. Moreover, Raman chemical imaging provided the distribution of components within the stones: nuclei were accurately identified, as well as thin layers of other components. Conversion of dihydrate to monohydrate calcium oxalate was correctly observed in the centre of one sample. The calcium oxalate monohydrate had different Raman spectra according to its localization. CONCLUSION Raman chemical imaging showed a good accuracy in comparison with infrared spectroscopy in identifying components of kidney stones. This analysis was also useful in determining the organization of components within stones, which help locating constituents in low quantity, such as nuclei. However, this analysis is time-consuming, making it more suitable for research studies rather than routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castiglione
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSante Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSante Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
| | - Romy Gadisseur
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Ziemons
- University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, VibraSante Hub, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Liège, Belgium
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Muhammed Shameem KM, Chawla A, Mallya M, Barik BK, Unnikrishnan VK, Kartha VB, Santhosh C. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy-Raman: An effective complementary approach to analyze renal-calculi. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700271. [PMID: 29411942 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Presence of renal-calculi (kidney stones) in human urethra is being increasingly diagnosed over the last decade and is considered as one of the most painful urological disorders. Accurate analysis of such stones plays a vital role in the evaluation of urolithiasis patients and in turn helps the clinicians toward exact etiologies. Two highly complementary laser-based analytical techniques; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used to identify the chemical composition of different types of renal-calculi. LIBS explores elemental characteristics while Raman spectroscopy provides molecular details of the sample. This complete information on the sample composition might help clinicians to identify the key aspects of the formation of kidney stones, hence assist in therapeutic management and to prevent recurrence. The complementarity of both techniques has been emphasized and discussed. LIBS spectra of different types of stones suggest the probable composition of it by virtue of the major, minor and trace elements detected from the sample. However, it failed to differentiate the crystalline form of different hydrates of calcium oxalate stone. This lacuna was overcome by the use of Raman spectroscopy and these results are compared with conventional chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Muhammed Shameem
- Centre for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
| | - Arun Chawla
- Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | | | | | - V K Unnikrishnan
- Centre for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
| | - V B Kartha
- Centre for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
| | - C Santhosh
- Centre for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
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Kocademir M, Baykal A, Kumru M, Tahmaz ML. Structural characterization and vibrational studies of human urinary stones from Istanbul, Turkey. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 160:1-7. [PMID: 26890204 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven human urinary stones were collected from urinary bladders of patients hailing from Istanbul, Turkey. Their XRD, EDX, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra as well as SEM images have been recorded to determine their chemical compositions, morphologies, crystal structures, and crystallite sizes. XRD and vibrational (FT-IR and FT-Raman) analyses indicate that six out of the seven stones have identical contents. The ratios of organic and inorganic contents of the stones have been determined by their thermogravimetric analyses. The stones have been found to contain calcium oxalate monohydrate and apatite as the major components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kocademir
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Fatih University, 34500 Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulhadi Baykal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Fatih University, 34500 Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kumru
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Fatih University, 34500 Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M Lutfu Tahmaz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Hospital, Fatih University, 34180 Sirinevler-Bahcelievler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tonannavar J, Deshpande G, Yenagi J, Patil SB, Patil NA, Mulimani BG. Identification of mineral compositions in some renal calculi by FT Raman and IR spectral analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 154:20-26. [PMID: 26495905 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present in this paper accurate and reliable Raman and IR spectral identification of mineral constituents in nine samples of renal calculi (kidney stones) removed from patients suffering from nephrolithiasis. The identified mineral components include Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (COM, whewellite), Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (COD, weddellite), Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (MAPH, struvite), Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (CHPD, brushite), Pentacalcium Hydroxy Triphosphate (PCHT, hydroxyapatite) and Uric Acid (UA). The identification is based on a satisfactory assignment of all the observed IR and Raman bands (3500-400c m(-1)) to chemical functional groups of mineral components in the samples, aided by spectral analysis of pure materials of COM, MAPH, CHPD and UA. It is found that the eight samples are composed of COM as the common component, the other mineral species as common components are: MAPH in five samples, PCHT in three samples, COD in three samples, UA in three samples and CHPD in two samples. One sample is wholly composed of UA as a single component; this inference is supported by the good agreement between ab initio density functional theoretical spectra and experimental spectral measurements of both sample and pure material. A combined application of Raman and IR techniques has shown that, where the IR is ambiguous, the Raman analysis can differentiate COD from COM and PCHT from MAPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tonannavar
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, India.
| | - Gouri Deshpande
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - Jayashree Yenagi
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - Siddanagouda B Patil
- Department of Urology, Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijaypur 586 103, India
| | - Nikhil A Patil
- Department of Urology, Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijaypur 586 103, India
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The contribution of Raman spectroscopy to the analytical quality control of cytotoxic drugs in a hospital environment: Eliminating the exposure risks for staff members and their work environment. Int J Pharm 2014; 470:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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