A highly sensitive and selective assay of doxycycline by dualwavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering

The Growing Interest in Development of Innovative Optical Aptasensors for the Detection of Antimicrobial Residues in Food Products

The presence of antimicrobial residues in food-producing animals can lead to harmful effects on the consumer (e.g., allergies, antimicrobial resistance, toxicological effects) and cause issues in food transformation (i.e., cheese, yogurts production). Therefore, to control antimicrobial residues in food products of animal origin, screening methods are of utmost importance. Microbiological and immunological methods (e.g., ELISA, dipsticks) are conventional screening methods. Biosensors are an innovative solution for the development of more performant screening methods. Among the different kinds of biosensing elements (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), enzymes), aptamers for targeting antimicrobial residues are in continuous development since 2000. Therefore, this review has highlighted recent advances in the development of aptasensors, which present multiple advantages over immunosensors. Most of the aptasensors described in the literature for the detection of antimicrobial residues in animal-derived food products are either optical or electrochemical sensors. In this review, I have focused on optical aptasensors and showed how nanotechnologies (nanomaterials, micro/nanofluidics, and signal amplification techniques) largely contribute to the improvement of their performance (sensitivity, specificity, miniaturization, portability). Finally, I have explored different techniques to develop multiplex screening methods. Multiplex screening methods are necessary for the wide spectrum detection of antimicrobials authorized for animal treatment (i.e., having maximum residue limits).

The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection

In recent decades, drugs used to treat malaria infection have been shown to be beneficial for many other diseases, including viral infections. In particular, they have received special attention due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs against new emerging viruses (i.e., HIV, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, etc.) or against classic infections due to drug-resistant viral strains (i.e., human cytomegalovirus). Here, we reviewed the in vitro/in vivo and clinical studies conducted to evaluate the antiviral activities of four classes of antimalarial drugs: Artemisinin derivatives, aryl-aminoalcohols, aminoquinolines, and antimicrobial drugs.

The triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering method and the fluorescence quenching method for the determination of chitooligosaccharides using trisodium-8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate as a probe

In this assay, the triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering (TWO-RRS) method and the fluorescence quenching method for the quantitative detection of chitooligosaccharides (COS) were developed. In the weakly Britton-Robinson buffer solution, COS interacted with Trisodium-8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS) to form an ion-association complex of HPTS-COS, which increased the RRS intensities at 321 nm, 430 nm and 511 nm and decreased the fluorescence intensities of the system at 512 nm. And the changes in the intensities of both methods were related to the changes in the concentration of COS. Moreover, for the TWO-RRS method, OP-10 made the RRS intensities increased stronger, finally, the three peaks' total was linear to the concentration of COS in the range of 1.00-8.00 μg/mL and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.247 μg/mL, and for the fluorescence quenching method, the linear range was 0.50-3.50 μg/mL with the LOD of 0.108 μg/mL. Based on these, two new and fast spectral methods with high sensitivity and simplicity for the determination of trace COS had been established. The generation mechanism of the TWO-RRS and the fluorescence quenching was studied. At the same time, the two methods were applied to the determination of COS in health products with satisfactory results.

Europium metal-organic framework for selective and sensitive detection of doxycycline based on fluorescence enhancement

Metal-organic framework is an extended coordination compound with repeating coordination entities and voids, which shows potential applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, and etc. This work reports the synthesis of a new functional metal-organic framework of pyromellitic acid and europium, and its application in fluorescence sensing of doxycycline, a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic on the basis of fluorescence turn-on method. The metal-organic framework was initially non-fluorescent, however, with the addition of doxycycline, the system exhibited significant fluorescence enhancement at 526 nm and 617 nm, where both fluorescence intensities showed good linear correlations with the doxycycline concentration, suggesting the possibility for direct two-channel detection without any sensitization materials such as metal particles or surface-modified quantum dots. More interestingly, the unique fluorescence response of the system could discriminate doxycycline from other tetracycline antibiotics with high selectivity, and a limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 47 nM. It has been further demonstrated that the material has been successfully applied as sensing materials for selective determination of doxycycline in real samples of fish and urine.

Triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering method for facile and rapid assay of perfluorooctane sulfonate

In the present study, a novel triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering (TWO-RRS) method had been well established to detect perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). We found that crystal violet (CV) could react with PFOS to form 1:1 ion-association complex by electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic effect over a wide pH range (5.0∼11.0) in less than 60 s. The complexes would further self-aggregated into nanoparticles [CV-PFOS]n. Based on this phenomenon, not only the absorption and Raman spectra were changed but also the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensities were significantly enhanced. And three new RRS peaks located at 327, 492, and 654 nm were clearly observed, respectively. At the same time, it was found that both the enhanced single-wavelength resonance Rayleigh scattering (SW-RRS) and TWO-RRS intensities against the concentration of PFOS showed an excellent correlation. The detection limits for the three single peaks were 27.4 nmol L(-1) (13.7 μg L(-1), 327 nm), 27.5 nmol L(-1) (13.8 μg L(-1), 492 nm), and 31.4 nmol L(-1) (15.7 μg L(-1), 654 nm), and for TWO-RRS method was 5.9 nmol L(-1) (3.0 μg L(-1)). Moreover, it could be applied to determine PFOS water samples successfully.

A combination of doxycycline and ribavirin alleviated chikungunya infection

Lack of vaccine and effective antiviral drugs against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreaks have led to significant impact on health care in the developing world. Here, we evaluated the antiviral effects of tetracycline (TETRA) derivatives and other common antiviral agents against CHIKV. Our results showed that within the TETRA derivatives group, Doxycycline (DOXY) exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against CHIKV replication in Vero cells. On the other hand, in the antiviral group Ribavirin (RIBA) showed higher inhibitory effects against CHIKV replication compared to Aciclovir (ACIC). Interestingly, RIBA inhibitory effects were also higher than all but DOXY within the TETRA derivatives group. Docking studies of DOXY to viral cysteine protease and E2 envelope protein showed non-competitive interaction with docking energy of -6.6±0.1 and -6.4±0.1 kcal/mol respectively. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of DOXY and RIBA was determined to be 10.95±2.12 μM and 15.51±1.62 μM respectively, while DOXY+RIBA (1:1 combination) showed an EC₅₀ of 4.52±1.42 μM. When compared, DOXY showed higher inhibition of viral infectivity and entry than RIBA. In contrast however, RIBA showed higher inhibition against viral replication in target cells compared to DOXY. Assays using mice as animal models revealed that DOXY+RIBA effectively inhibited CHIKV replication and attenuated its infectivity in vivo. Further experimental and clinical studies are warranted to investigate their potential application for clinical intervention of CHIKV disease.

Study on erythrosine-phen-Cd(II) systems by resonance Rayleigh scattering, absorption spectra and their analytical applications

In pH 7.0-8.0 KH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer solution, Cd(II) reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline to form chelate cation [Cd(phen)3]2+, which further reacted with anion of erythrosine to form ternary ion-association complex through electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic effect. This process could result in remarkable absorption spectra change and produce obvious fading reaction at 528 nm. Absorbance change (ΔA) of system was directly proportional to the concentration of Cd(II). Hereby, a highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of Cd(II) was established. The molar absorption coefficient was 2.29×10(5) L mol(-1) cm(-1) and the detection limit of Cd(II) was 26.5 ng mL(-1). Furthermore, the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) of this system with two peaks located at 371 and 590 nm enhanced significantly, and second-order scattering (SOS) and frequence doubling scattering (FDS) of this system changed notably at 640 and 350 nm, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the scattering intensities (ΔIRRS, ΔIDWO-RRS, ΔISOS and ΔIFDS) had good linear relationship with the concentration of Cd(II) in certain ranges. The detection limits of Cd(II) were 1.27 ng mL(-1), 1.39 ng mL(-1), 4.03 ng mL(-1), 5.92 ng mL(-1) and 14.7 ng mL(-1) for dual-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering (DWO-RRS), RRS (371 nm), RRS (590 nm), SOS and FDS, respectively. In addition, the suitable reaction conditions and effects of coexisting substances were investigated. The methods had been successfully applied to the determination of Cd(II) in environmental water samples. The recovery range was between 93.0% and 103.0% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 2.5% and 4.3%. The results were in agreement with those obtained from atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Incorporation of flow injection analysis with dual-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering for rapid determination of malachite green and its metabolite in fish

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system combined with dual-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering (DWO-RRS) has been established and validated for rapid determination of malachite green (MG) and its metabolite in fish samples. Under experimental condition, MG would react with Erythrosin (Ery) to form ion-association complexes, resulting in the occurrence of two RRS peaks and a dramatic enhancement of RRS intensity. The maximum RRS peaks were located at 286 nm and 337 nm. It is noted that the increments of both of these two peaks were proportional to the concentration of MG. The detection limit of DWO-RRS was 1.5 ng/mL, which was comparable to several reported methods. Moreover, the results of real sample analysis exhibited an acceptable recovery between 97.5% and 103.6%, indicating that the method had good reproducibility.

A rapid and sensitive resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra method for the determination of quinolones in human urine and pharmaceutical preparation

A new method based on resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) was proposed for the determination of quinolones (QNS) at the nanogram level. In pH 3.3-4.4 Britton-Robinson buffer medium, quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, pipemidic acid (PIP), lomefloxacin (LOM), norfloxacin (NOR) and sarafloxacin (SAR) were protonated and reacted with methyl orange (MO) to form an ion-pair complex, which then further formed a six-membered ring chelate with Pd(II). As a result, new RRS spectra appeared and the RRS intensities were enhanced greatly. RRS spectral characteristics of the MO-QNS-Pd(II) systems, the optimum conditions for the reaction, and the influencing factors were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the scattering intensity (∆I) increments were directly proportional to the concentration of QNS with in certain ranges. The method had high sensitivity, and the detection limits (3σ) ranged from 6.8 to 12.6 ng/mL. The proposed method had been successfully applied for the determination of QNS in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine samples. In addition, the mechanism of the reaction system was discussed based on IR, absorption and fluorescence spectral studies. The reasons for the enhancement of scattering spectra were discussed in terms of fluorescence-scattering resonance energy transfer, hydrophobicity and molecular size.

A novel method for detecting allura red based on triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering

A simple, sensitive and selective assay was established to detect trace allura red with ethyl violet in drinks, based on triple-wavelength overlapping resonance Rayleigh scattering.