Synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopy of bioactive Cd(II) polymeric complex of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium: antiproliferative and biological activity

Ru(II)/diclofenac-based complexes: DNA, BSA interaction and their anticancer evaluation against lung and breast tumor cells

Ruthenium(ii) diclofenac-based complexes of the general formula [Ru(dicl)(P-P)(bpy)]PF6 [dicl = diclofenac, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and P-P = 1,4'-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) (1), 1,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) (2), 1,3'-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) (3) and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) (4)] are synthesized. The complexes (1-4) are characterized by elemental analyses, infrared, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy and (3) and (4) are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The DNA binding of complexes (1-4), studied by circular dichroism (CD) and Hoechst 33 258 staining assay, indicates their binding with the minor grooves. The complexes interact with BSA with binding constants (Kb) in the range of 2.5 × 103-5.5 × 104 M-1. The complexes exhibit high cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines A549, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 0.56 to 15.28 μM. The complexes are more selective for the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast tumor cell line and complex (1) is the most potent one. The study demonstrates the anticancer activity of ruthenium(ii)/diclofenac-based complexes.

Oxidative stress in the galaxiid fish, Galaxias maculatus, exposed to binary waterborne mixtures of the pro-oxidant cadmium and the anti-oxidant diclofenac

Chemical mixtures represent environmentally-realistic exposures of contaminants to aquatic biota. However, there remains a limited understanding of how toxicant mixtures may impact biological function, relative to their individual components. In the current study, oxidative stress responses of the freshwater galaxiid fish inanga (Galaxias maculatus) were examined following exposure to the pro-oxidant trace metal cadmium (2 or 9 μg L^-1), and the anti-oxidant pharmaceutical drug diclofenac (770 μg L^-1), individually or in simple binary mixtures. Cadmium exposure in the absence of diclofenac significantly decreased renal catalase activity, increased hepatic catalase activity, decreased renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity, effects that are suggestive of anti-oxidant defense inhibition and/or generation of increased reactive oxygen species. Diclofenac exposure in the absence of cadmium resulted in a decreased renal lipid peroxidation, consistent with its known anti-oxidant properties. The presence of waterborne diclofenac altered the effects of cadmium on catalase activity in the liver, SOD activity in the gill, and lipid peroxidation in the liver. Co-exposure with cadmium modulated diclofenac effects on lipid peroxidation in the kidney. These data indicate the capacity of each of these toxicants to offset biological effects of the other when both co-occur in urban waters at specific concentrations. This study also demonstrates the complexity of outcomes in contaminant mixtures, even when these stressors are presented as simple binary combinations.

A novel binuclear hydrazone-based Cd(II) complex is a strong pro-apoptotic inducer with significant activity against 2D and 3D pancreatic cancer stem cells

A novel binuclear Cd complex (1) with hydrazone-based ligand was prepared and characterized by spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Complex 1 reveals a strong pro-apoptotic activity in both human, mammary adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and pancreatic AsPC-1 cancer stem cells (CSCs). While apoptosis undergoes mostly caspase-independent, 1 stimulates the activation of intrinsic pathway with noteworthy down regulation of caspase-8 activity in respect to non-treated controls. Distribution of cells over mitotic division indicates that 1 caused DNA damage in both cell lines, which is confirmed in DNA interaction studies. Compared to 1, cisplatin (CDDP) does not achieve cell death in 2D cultured AsPC-1 cells, while induces different pattern of cell cycle changes and caspase activation in 2D cultured MCF-7 cells, implying that these two compounds do not share similar mechanism of action. Additionally, 1 acts as a powerful inducer of mitochondrial superoxide production with dissipated trans-membrane potential in the majority of the treated cells already after 6 h of incubation. On 3D tumors, 1 displays a superior activity against CSC model, and at 100 μM induces disintegration of spheroids within 2 days of incubation. Fluorescence spectroscopy, along with molecular docking show that compound 1 binds to the minor groove of DNA. Compound 1 binds to the human serum albumin (HSA) showing that the HSA can effectively transport and store 1 in the human body. Thus, our current study strongly supports further investigations on antitumor activity of 1 as a drug candidate for the treatment of highly resistant pancreatic cancer.

Solvation of diclofenac in water from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations - interplay between solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions

The solubility-permeability relationship of active pharmaceutical ingredients determines the efficacy of their usage. Diclofenac (DCL), which is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is characterized by extremely good membrane permeability, but low water solubility limiting drug effectiveness. The present research focuses on the fundamental explanation of this limitation using the combination of ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations of different ionic forms of DCL in water, namely, ionized, un-ionized and the mixture of them both. The analysis of diclofenac solvation in an aqueous environment is used to understand the origin of drug precipitation, especially in gastric pH. The used computational approach reveals the formation of micelle-like self-associated aggregates of diclofenac in water as the result of intermolecular π-π interactions and C-Hπ hydrogen bonds. The DCL aggregation in water is shown to depend mostly on drug concentration, protonation and temperature of the aqueous environment. The detected self-association properties of the drug in water are likely to be of great importance during the development of new drug formulations and fabrication of drug adsorbents for wastewater.

Ruthenium(ii) arene NSAID complexes: inhibition of cyclooxygenase and antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines

Ru(ii)–arene complexes with NSAIDs as co-ligands show marked antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines along with cyclooxygenase inhibition properties.

A new antibacterial silver(I) complex incorporating 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and the anti-inflammatory diclofenac

Ag^I-containing coordination complexes have attracted attention because of their photoluminescence properties and antimicrobial activities and, in principle, these properties depend on the nature of the structural topologies. A novel two-dimensional silver(I) complex with the anti-inflammatory diclofenac molecule, namely bis{μ-2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetato-κ³O,O':O}bis(μ-2,5-dimethylpyrazine-κ²N:N')silver(I), [Ag₂(C₁₄H₁₀Cl₂NO₂)₂(C₆H₈N₂)]_n, (I), has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing that the Ag^I ions are chelated by the carboxylate groups of the anionic 2-[2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetate (dicl) ligand in a μ₃-η¹:η² coordination mode. Each dicl ligand links three Ag^I atoms to generate a one-dimensional infinite chain. Adjacent chains are connected through 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (dmpyz) ligands to form a two-dimensional layer structure parallel to the crystallographic bc plane. The layers are further connected by C-H...π interactions to generate a three-dimensional supramolecular structure. Additionally, the most striking feature is that the structure contains an intramolecular C-H ...Ag anagostic interaction. Furthermore, the title complex has been tested for its in vitro antibacterial activity and is determined to be highly effective on the studied microorganisms.

Natural remedies for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced toxicity

The liver is an important organ of the body, which has a vital role in metabolic functions. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac causes hepato-renal toxicity and gastric ulcers. NSAIDs are noted to be an agent for the toxicity of body organs. This review has elaborated various scientific perspectives of the toxicity caused by diclofenac and its mechanistic action in affecting the vital organ. This review suggests natural products are better remedies than current clinical drugs against the toxicity caused by NSAIDs. Natural products are known for their minimal side effects, low cost and availability. On the other hand, synthetic drugs pose the danger of adverse effects if used frequently or over a long period. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.