Different approaches in manipulating ratio spectra applied for the analysis of Cefprozil in presence of its alkaline-induced degradation product: a comparative study

A quality by design HPLC method for cephalosporin analysis in pharmaceuticals and water samples with environmental impact assessment

The present study applied a combined analytical quality-by-design and green analytical chemistry approach to develop an HPLC method for the determination of four cephalosporin pharmaceuticals in both their formulations and water samples. These drugs include ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefoperazone. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize three chromatographic parameters: mobile phase composition, flow rate and buffer pH. The predicted optimal conditions involved using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.04 M phosphate buffer at pH 6 in a 7:93 (v/v) ratio, pumped at 1.3 mL/min through a Nucleosil C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) column with UV detection at 240 nm. Under these optimum conditions, the developed HPLC method successfully separated the four drugs with good resolution in less than 6 min. Linearity was established across the concentration ranges of 5-300 µg/mL for ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, 5-400 µg/mL for ceftazidime and 5-100 µg/mL for cefoperazone. Furthermore, full validation of the method in terms of accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness was carried out as per ICH guidelines. The greenness profile of the optimized HPLC method was also evaluated using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tool and found to be environmentally friendly with AGREE score of 0.75, making it a greener alternative for quality control and routine analysis of the investigated cephalosporins in their pharmaceutical formulations and tap water samples. Furthermore, the blueness assessment of the proposed HPLC method using the blue applicability grade index (BAGI) tool yielded a value of 77.5, indicating its high analytical practicality and substantial potential for routine analysis applications.

Three spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of bisoprolol fumarate and telmisartan in fixed-dose combination utilizing ratio spectra manipulation methods

Hypertension is a chronic condition with multiple drug regimens. Limiting these medicines is critical to patient compliance. Therefore, bisoprolol and telmisartan were recently developed in a fixed-dose combination to control blood pressure. The UV absorption spectra of bisoprolol and telmisartan overlapped significantly. Thus, three spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous determination of bisoprolol and telmisartan without prior separation. Method A is ratio difference of ratio spectra (RD), which measures the amplitude difference between (210-224) nm for bisoprolol and between (255-365) nm for telmisartan. Method B, the first derivative of ratio spectra (1DD), measures amplitude signals at 232 and 243 nm for bisoprolol and telmisartan, respectively. Method C is the mean centering of ratio spectra (MC), which measures the mean-centered ratio spectra's values at 223 nm for bisoprolol and 245 nm for telmisartan. The applied methods showed good linearity 2-20 µg/mL for bisoprolol, 4-32 µg/mL for telmisartan, with sufficient accuracy and precision. The methods were sensitive, with LOD values of 0.243 µg/mL and 0.596 µg/mL in RD method, 0.313 µg/mL and 0.914 µg/mL in 1DD method, and 0.406 and 0.707 µg/mL in MC method for bisoprolol and telmisartan, respectively, the methods were validated per ICH criteria. The novel methods are precise and accurate and can be used for routine analysis and quality control of bisoprolol and telmisartan in pure and dosage form. Furthermore, the greenness of the approaches was evaluated using Analytical Greenness assessment (AGREE), and the suggested method received a high greenness score.

Application of signal processing techniques for the spectroscopic analysis of dolutegravir and lamivudine: a comparative assessment and greenness appraisal

HIV treatment has greatly improved over the years, with the introduction of antiretroviral drugs that target the virus and suppress its replication. Dolutegravir and lamivudine are two such antiretroviral drugs that are commonly used in HIV treatment regimens. Herein, three spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra were developed for the simultaneous analysis of dolutegravir and lamivudine in their binary mixtures. These methods include mathematical processing stages like ratio difference method or signal processing approaches such as the first derivative of the ratio spectra, and continuous wavelet transform. The developed spectrophotometric methods exploit the characteristic spectral differences between dolutegravir and lamivudine in order to quantify them simultaneously. These methods have shown promising results in terms of sensitivity and selectivity as validated per the ICH guidelines. Moreover, these methods offer a straightforward and economical alternative to more intricate analytical methodologies like high-performance liquid chromatography. By incorporating the analytical eco-scale and AGREE for greenness evaluation of the proposed methods, we can further ensure that these techniques are effective and environmentally friendly, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. This evaluation will provide a comprehensive understanding of the environmental friendliness of these spectrophotometric methods in pharmaceutical analysis.

Derivative spectroscopy and wavelet transform as green spectrophotometric methods for abacavir and lamivudine measurement

Herein, two different sustainable and green signal processing spectrophotometric approaches, namely, derivative spectroscopy and wavelet transform, have been utilized for effective measurement of the antiretroviral therapy abacavir and lamivudine in their pharmaceutical formulations. These methods were used to enhance the spectral data and differentiate between the absorption bands of abacavir and lamivudine in order to accurately measure their concentrations. For determining abacavir and lamivudine, the first derivative spectrophotometric method has been applied to the zero-order and ratio spectra of both drugs. The same approach has been tested using the continuous wavelet transform method where a second order 2.4 of rbio and bior wavelet families were found to be optimum for measuring both drugs. Validation of the proposed methods affirmed their reliability in terms of linearity over the concentration range 1.5-30 µg/mL and 1.5-36 µg/mL for abacavir and lamivudine, respectively, precision (RSD < 2 %), and accuracy with mean recoveries ranging between 98 % and 102 %. Additionally, these spectrophotometric methodologies were applied to real pharmaceutical preparations and yielded results congruent with a prior chromatographic method. Most prominently, the proposed methods stood out for their greenness and sustainability with 97 points as evaluated by the analytical eco-scale method and a score value of 0.79 as analyzed by AGREE method, thereby making them suitable for resource-limited settings and highlighting the potential for broader application of green analytical methods in pharmaceutical analysis.

Different Approaches in Manipulating Ratio Spectra for Analyzing Amlodipine Besylate and Irbesartan Combination

Background

Hypertension is a key risk factor for ischemic heart disease and atherosclerosis. Most patients require a combination of antihypertensive medications to accomplish their therapeutic goals. Antihypertensive medicines such as calcium channel blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers are indicated for patients whose high blood pressure cannot be controlled with monotherapy. The combination of amlodipine besylate (AML) with irbesartan (IRB) is an example of this synergistic activity in lowering blood pressure.

Objective

In this regard, the goal of the research is to develop sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and irbesartan.

Methods

Three simple ratio spectra-manipulating spectrophotometric methods namely, ratio difference, mean centering of ratio spectra, and derivative ratio, were developed for the simultaneous assay of the cited mixture.

Results

Linear correlations were attained over the concentration range of 1–35 μg/mL and 2–35 μg/mL for amlodipine besylate and irbesartan, respectively. The methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with good results.

Conclusion

The methods developed were successfully applied for the assay of the cited drugs in their marketed formulation. They could be efficiently used for routine analysis of the mentioned drugs in QC laboratories.

Highlights

The proposed approaches do not require expensive solvents or complex instruments. They could be used in routine laboratory tests where time and cost are crucial.

Advanced eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric approach for resolving overlapped spectral signals of antihypertensive agents in their binary and tertiary pharmaceutical dosage form

Cardiovascular disorders are among the foremost causes of death worldwide, especially hypertension, a silent killer syndrome that requires multiple drug therapy for proper management. This work presents novel and green spectrophotometric methods for the concurrent analysis of Amlodipine (AML), Telmisartan (TEL), Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), and Chlorthalidone (CLO) in their pharmaceutical dosage form. The suggested methods were Fourier-self deconvolution, amplitude factor, and first derivative methods developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of a tertiary mixture of AML, TEL, and HCTZ in TELVAS 3D 80 mg tablet and a binary mixture of TEL and CLO in TELMIKIND-CT 40 tablets. The investigated methods revealed limits of detection 0.7283 µg/ml for AML and ranging from 0.0121 to 0.0433, 0.1547 to 0.1767 µg/ml and 0.0578 to 0.1262 µg/ml for TEL, HCTZ, and CLO, respectively.The greenness of the suggested techniques was examined by an eco-scale scoring method called the penalty points, which revealed that the methods were excellent green regarding several parameters as reagents, instrument, and waste safety. The introduced methods' validity was investigated by resolving prepared laboratory mixtures containing different AML, TEL, HCTZ, or TEL and CLO ratios. Furthermore, the introduced methods were ensured by the standard addition technique. Finally, the obtained results were statistically compared by the reported spectrophotometric methods, showing no significant difference concerning precision and accuracy.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole in the presence of Salicylic Acid as a Degradation Product: A Comparative Evaluation of Different Univariate/Multivariate Post Processing Algorithms

BACKGROUND

A recent combination of aspirin (ASP) and omeprazole (OMP) has been presented in a fixed dosage form for treatment of many CVD, particularly in patients with gastric diseases. However, ASP is very sensitive to degradation into salicylic acid (SAL) as its main degradation product. Hence, it is very important to develop methods for the determination of ASP and OMP in the presence of SAL.

OBJECTIVE

In this study, UV spectrophotometry assisted by different univariate/multivariate post processing algorithms have been presented for quantitative determination of ASP, OMP and SAL without any prior separation.

METHODS

The univariate/multivariate algorithms include double divisor ratio difference and double divisor mean centering as the univariate approaches while the multivariate methods include principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) models. Validation of the univariate methods was done according to the ICH guidelines while the multivariate models were validated using external validation set.

RESULTS

The univariate algorithms displayed excellent regression and validation capabilities in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. Regarding PCR and PLS, the number of latent variables were carefully optimized, and the model's validation criteria displayed excellent recoveries and lower errors of prediction.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that the developed methods were comparable to the only reported chromatographic methods but with much shorter analysis time and simplicity.

HIGHLIGHTS

Overall, this report presents the first spectrophotometric methods applied for determination of possible combination of ASP, OMP, and SAL, and poses theses methods as valuable analytical tools in in-process testing and quality control analysis.

Spectral analysis of severely overlapping spectra based on newly developed mathematical filtration techniques and ratio spectra manipulations: An application to the concurrent determination of dapoxetine and sildenafil in combined dosage form

BACKGROUND

Dapoxetine hydrochloride (DAP) and sildenafil citrate (SIL) have proven clinically effective in the treatment of comorbid conditions like erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. The analysis of DAP and SIL combinations represents a challenge because of the severe overlap of these compounds' spectra. Six newly developed methods were proven effective for resolving such a challenging overlap. They also exhibited the advantage of simplicity as they depend on the zero-order spectrum and only require simple mathematical handling.

OBJECTIVE

We suggested six simple, precise, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods based on mathematical filtration techniques and ratio spectra manipulations to resolve the spectra of DAP and SIL in their bulk and combined pharmaceutical dosage form and estimate the relevant individual concentrations.

METHODS

The first three methods were based on the zero-order range and involved modest mathematical manipulations. They are the induced dual-wavelength, Fourier self-deconvolution, and absorptivity factor spectrophotometric methods. Three other methods that are based on ratio spectra manipulation were developed: ratio difference, mean centering of the ratio spectra, and derivative ratio spectrum.

RESULTS

We determined the performance of the suggested methods for estimating DAP and SIL in their laboratory mixtures and their combined pharmaceutical dosage form. The linear ranges for DAP and SIL were 1-40 µg/ml and 2-60 µg/ml, respectively. The detection limits were in the 0.18-1.10 µg/ml range for DAP and in the 0.68-1.11 µg/ml range for SIL. The developed methods were validated as per the ICH guidelines for linearity, detection limit, quantitation limit, selectivity, precision, and accuracy. Normal probability, interval, and Tukey's simultaneous significant difference plots were utilized to confirm and better visualize the analysis of variance test results. Statistically, no significant difference was observed to exist between results obtained from the hereby developed and the previously reported methods.

Smart UV spectrophotometric methods based on simple mathematical filtration for the simultaneous determination of celecoxib and ramipril in their pharmaceutical mixtures with amlodipine: A comparative statistical study

Two newly introduced pharmaceutical mixtures of amlodipine/celecoxib and amlodipine/ramipril were developed to manage hypertension and the associated osteoarthritis. The current work presents three newly developed UV spectrophotometric methods depending on minimal mathematical manipulations on the zero-order spectrum namely: absorption correction, induced dual-wavelength, and Fourier self deconvoluted method; for the simultaneous determination of celecoxib and ramipril in their pharmaceutical combined dosage forms with amlodipine. In absorption correction and induced dual-wavelength method, celecoxib and ramipril were determined at 253 and 222 nm for absorption correction and (251-270 nm) and (222-230 nm) for induced dual-wavelength method, respectively from the zero-order spectrum after calculating the absorption correction and equality factors for amlodipine. Amlodipine itself was determined at 361 nm from the zero-order spectrum in both methods. In Fourier self deconvoluted method, celecoxib and amlodipine zero-order spectra were deconvoluted, using the spectrophotometer software built-in Fourier wavelet function, and then was determined at 360 and 269 nm, respectively. The proposed methods were simple, accurate, and sensitive requiring minimal mathematical manipulations saving the time needed for analysis. The methods were linear over the range of (5-60 μg/ml), (5-30 μg/ml), and (5-110 μg/ml) for each of amlodipine, celecoxib, and ramipril, respectively. The limit of detection was in the range of (0.5781-0.7132 μg/ml) for amlodipine, (0.6497-1.0450 μg/ml) for celecoxib, and (0.0001-0.0003 μg/ml) for ramipril that indicated the sensitivity of these suggested methods. All methods were validated as per ICH recommendations regarding linearity, range, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. A statistical comparative study executed for the proposed methods with each other and with the reported methods showed no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported methods.

Analysis of quinary therapy targeting multiple cardiovascular diseases using UV spectrophotometry and chemometric tools

Herein, UV spectrophotometry assisted by multivariate chemometric analysis have been presented for quantitative determination of complex quinary therapy containing atenolol, ramipril, hydrochlorothiazide, simvastatin and aspirin without any prior separation. Such combination is very useful for treating various cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia in addition to its antiplatelet aggregating activity. Calibration (15 samples) and validation (10 samples) sets were prepared of different concentrations for these drugs via implementing partial factorial experimental design. The zero order UV spectra of these sets were recorded and then subjected for further chemometric analysis. Partial least square (PLS) with/without variable selection procedure i.e. genetic algorithm (GA) were employed to untangle the UV spectral overlapping of these mixtures. The performance of these chemometric techniques were compared in terms of accuracy and predictive abilities using cross-validation and external validation methods. It was found that PLS provides good recoveries with prompt predictive ability albeit GA-PLS exhibited better analytical performance owing to its capability to remove redundant variables i.e. the number of absorbance variables had been reduced to about 19-28%. The developed methods allowed reliable determination of such complex therapy in its laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical preparation within comparable results to those reported by HPLC method, posing these chemometric methods as valuable and indispensable analytical tools in in-process testing and quality control analysis of many pharmaceutical compounds targeting CVD.

Different spectrophotometric methods applied for the analysis of simeprevir in the presence of its oxidative degradation product: Acomparative study

Five simple spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of simeprevir in the presence of its oxidative degradation product namely, ratio difference, mean centering, derivative ratio using the Savitsky-Golay filters, second derivative and continuous wavelet transform. These methods are linear in the range of 2.5-40μg/mL and validated according to the ICH guidelines. The obtained results of accuracy, repeatability and precision were found to be within the acceptable limits. The specificity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. Furthermore, these methods were statistically comparable to RP-HPLC method and good results were obtained. So, they can be used for the routine analysis of simeprevir in quality-control laboratories.

Spectrophotometric determination of meclizine hydrochloride and pyridoxine hydrochloride in laboratory prepared mixtures and in their pharmaceutical preparation

In this paper, three rapid, simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of meclizine hydrochloride in the presence of pyridoxine hydrochloride without previous separation. The methods under study are dual wavelength (DWL), ratio difference (RD) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT). On the other hand, pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYH) was determined directly at 291nm. The methods obey Beer's law in the range of (5-50μg/mL) for both compounds. All the methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines where the accuracy was found to be 98.29, 99.59, 100.42 and 100.62% for DWL, RD, CWT and PYH; respectively. Moreover the precision of the methods were calculated in terms of %RSD and it was found to be 0.545, 0.372, 1.287 and 0.759 for DWL, RD,CWT and PYH; respectively. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. So, they can be used for the routine analysis of pyridoxine hydrochloride and meclizine hydrochloride in quality-control laboratories.

Stability-indicating methods for the analysis of ciprofloxacin in the presence of its acid induced degradation product: A comparative study

Four rapid, simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were used for the determination of ciprofloxacin in the presence of its acidic degradation product. The methods under study are ratio derivative, ratio difference, mean centering and dual wavelength. All the methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines and the obtained accuracy, precision and repeatability were found to be within the acceptable limits. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. So, they can be used for the routine analysis of ciprofloxacin in quality-control laboratories.

Stability indicating methods for the analysis of cefprozil in the presence of its alkaline induced degradation product

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of cefprozil (CZ) in the presence of its alkaline induced degradation product (DCZ). The first method was the bivariate method, while the two other multivariate methods were partial least squares (PLS) and spectral residual augmented classical least squares (SRACLS). The multivariate methods were applied with and without variable selection procedure (genetic algorithm GA). These methods were tested by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures of the above drug with its alkaline induced degradation product and they were applied to its commercial pharmaceutical products.

Zero order and signal processing spectrophotometric techniques applied for resolving interference of metronidazole with ciprofloxacin in their pharmaceutical dosage form

Four rapid, simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were used for the determination of ciprofloxacin in the presence of metronidazole as interference. The methods under study are area under the curve, simultaneous equation in addition to smart signal processing techniques of manipulating ratio spectra namely Savitsky-Golay filters and continuous wavelet transform. All the methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines where accuracy, precision and repeatability were found to be within the acceptable limits. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. So, they can therefore be used for the routine analysis of ciprofloxacin in quality-control laboratories.